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Ihe mkpofu na-asọ

Ihe mkpọfu na-agafe bụ ihe omume ala nke mmiri mmiri n'ala na nkume gbawara agbawa na-agbadata n'ụdị ugwu, na-abanye n'ime mmiri mmiri, na ihe n'ụzọ ha, ma na-ahụ nnukwu. , apịtị n'ala aro. Ha na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke yiri nke nkume na ụdị ala ndị ọzọ (ihe dị ka kilogram 2000 kwa cubic mita), mana n'ihi nnukwu mmiri na-esi n'ime ala apụta nke àgwà dị elu na-ese, ha nwere ikike. ike ịgafe ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri dị ka mmiri. Ihe mkpofu na-agbadata na ọwa dị elu na-enwekarị ọsọ nke ọsọ nke 10 m / s (36 km / h), ọ bụ ebe na ụfọdụ nnukwu mmiri nwere ike iru ọsọ nke ukwuu. Ihe mkpofu na-ahọba n'ihe ruru 100,000 cubic mita na-eme ugboro ugboro na mpaghara ugwu n'ụwa niile. nnukwu mmirika ndị na-ahọba tupu ihe mere ihe eme enweela oke egwu 1 ekiri cubic mita (ya bụ, 1 cubic kilomita). N'ihi oke ha na-agagharị agagharị, ihe mkpofu nwere ike ike ihe.

Ọwa ihe mkpofu na-asọba na nkwụnye ego fọdụrụ mgbe oké ifufe 2010 gasịrị na Ladakh, NW Indian Himalaya. Ihe mgbochi nkume siri ike na-eme ka akụkụ ọwa ahụ dị iche iche. Nkume ndị a na-ahazi nke ọma dị n'ala ọwa mmiri.
Ihe mkpofu na-asọba na Saint-Julien-Mont-Denis, France, July 2013
Ọnyá ndị e mepụtara site na iberibe ihe na Ventura, nnukwu Los Angeles n'oge oyi nke afọ 1983. E sere foto ahụ n'ime ọnwa ole na ole mgbe ihe mkpofu ahụ na-agafe.[1]

Ọdachi ndị a ma ama na narị afọ nke iri abụọ metụtara ihe karịrị mmadụ 20,000 nwụrụ na Armero, Colombia, na 1985 na ọtụtụ iri puku na Vargas State, Venezuela, na 1999.

Akụkụ na omume

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Ihe mkpofu na-ahọọ na-enwe ọnụọgụ nke ihe ofufe 40 ruo 50%, na ihe ike na mmirika. Site na mkpa, "ihe mkpofu" na-agụnye osisi nwere ike na nha iche iche, nke na-esikarị na ụrọ microscopic ruo nnukwu nkume. Akụkọ mgbasa ozi na-ihe okwu ap ịtiadị apịtị apụ, mana ezigbo ọgụ apụ na-e amụma na ọka dị obere ntakiri. N'elu ala nke ụwa, apịtị na-agafe agafe kpara akpa ihe mkpofu. Otú ọ dị, aptịtị na-ahọba n'okpuru mmiri dị n'ekiri kọntinent dị n'okpuru ala, ebe ha nwere ike iketa mmiri na-adịghị mma. Ihe mkpofu na-aṣọba n'ike ndị dị n'oké ike nwere ike ịdebe ihe mkpofu osisi dị ka osisi na ogwe osisi. Idei nwere mmiri na sediment nke oke siri ike site na ihe dị ka 10 ruo 40% na-akpa akpa dịtụ iche site na mkpọfu na-aga ma mara dị ka idei mmiri hyperconcentrated. Mmiri iyi na-agafe agafe nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala.

Mmiri mmiri siri ike ma ọ bụ snow na-agbaze, site na mgbawa mmiri ma ọ bụ idei mmiri, ma ọ bụ site na mbuze ala nke nwere ike ma ọ bụghị na mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ala ọma jijiji. N' Aha niile, ọnọdụ ndị dị mkpa maka ihe nke mkpofu na-agụnye nke nke dị elu ụfọdụ ihe dị ka ogo 25, nnweta nke ọtụtụ ala, ala, ma ọ bụ nkume nwere ihu igwe, na mmiri zuru ezu iji weta. ihe a na- isi na ọnọdụ nke echiche nke nta ka ọ bụrụ oghere zuru ezu. Ihe mkpofu nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-agafe ugboro ugboro na-esote ọkụ na brush, dị ka omume na ndị California na-egosi. Ha na-eweta ihe ize ndụ n'ọtụtụ ebe dị elu, ugwu, ma ike nlebara anya esere na Japan, China, Taiwan, USA, Canada, New Zealand, Philippines, European Alps, Russia, na Kazakhstan. Na Japan, a na-akpọ nnukwu ihe mkpofu ma ọ bụ mbuze ala yamatsunami (山津波), nke ọnụ n'ụzọ n'akụkụ ugwu tsunami.

 
Ebe a na-etinye ihe mkpofu oge ochie na Resting Springs Pass, California

A na-eme ka ihe mkpofu na-agbadata n'ugwu site na ike ndoda ma na-agba ọsọ ọwa ugwu dị elu nke na-akpa na ndị na-efe efe ma ọ bụ ala mmiri. N'ihu, ma ọ bụ 'isi' nke ihe mkpofu na-enwekarị ọtụtụ ihe siri ike dịka nkume na osisi ndị na-enye nnukwu mkpakọ. Ịga n'azụ isi mmiri dị elu bụ ihe dị ala, nke ka ukwuu bụ mmiri na-agbapụta nke nwere ike dị elu nke ájá, silt na ụrọ. Ihe ndị a dị nro na-enyere aka ijigide ịdị elu nke na-eme ka ihe mkpọfu na-agagharị. N'ụdị ụfọdụ, a na-esochi mmiri na-asɔ asɔ ahụ site na ọdụ mmiri nke na-agafe n'ime mmiri na-agagharị. Ihe mkpọfu na-agagharị n'usoro, ma ọ bụ ụzarị dị iche iche, ebe ụzarị ọ lla ma ọ bụ akara ọ ware nwere isi, ahụ na ọdụ iche.

 
Ihe mkpofu na-asọba na Ladakh, nke oké ifufe kpatara na 2010. Ọ nwere nhazi na-adịghị mma na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. A na-ahụ isi iyi dị elu n'azụ.

A na-ahụ ngwa ngwa ihe mkpofu na ubi ahụ. Ha nsogbu dịịrị egwuregwu ama nke ọtụtụ ndị na-efe efe na ihe mkpofu n'ịhụ ugwu dị elu. Ihe ndị a na-ama na-enwe ọnụ ụdị lobate nwere nnukwu nkume, na nke nke ihe mkpofu na ụzọ na- misalin nke nkume na nkume. Ihe ndị a sitere n'okike na-ahụ mgbe ha na-agagharị, mmiri, ihe mkpọfu dị nro n'ime ihe mkpọfu na-agafe n'ubu na-enweghị ike, ihe mmetụta dị elu nke na-anakọta n'isi ihe. mkpọfu dịka nke nkewa nke ọka (ihe a mara nke ọma na granular mechanics). Ihe mmiri mmiri ndị dị n'ụdị nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ nke ihe mkpofu na-esote, na-eche nke ihe mmiri ochie na-eche echiche echiche oke nke mkpọ nke gara aga na-aga n'otu mpaghara. Site na oge nke osisi na-eto n'ebe ndị dị otú ahụ, na-egosi ike ọnụọgụ nke ihe mkpofu na-ebibi ihe. Nke a bụ ozi dị mkpa maka mkpa ala n'ebe a na-ahụ ihe mkpofu. Ihe mkpofu oge ochie nke a na-ebube na mpụta siri ike ike, mana a na-egosikarị ya site na ijikọta mmetụta osisi nwere na nha dị iche iche. USB a na-adịghị mma nke emetụta ala na-eme ka ndụ dị n'etiti ihe mkpofu na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri mmiri.

Ụdị

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A na-enyekarị ọwa ala ndị ọzọ a pụrụ ịkọwa dị ka ọwa ihe mkpofu aha ndị ọzọ. Ndị a gụnyere:

Lahar

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Lahar bụ ihe mkpọfu na-emetụta n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ọrụ ugwu mgbawa, ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem n'ihi mgbawa, ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-enweghị ìhè site na ike nke ihe na-achọ isi na ugwu mgbawa. Ihe iche iche nwere ike iketa lahar, ịgbaze ice, mpaghara, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na ihe pyroclastic, ma ọ bụ mgbawa nke ịhụnanya mmiri nke pyroclastik ma ọ bụ glacial sediments mebiri na mbụ. Okwu lahar sitere na Indonesia, mana ndị ọrịa ala n'ụwa niile na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a iji ihe mkpofu nke ugwu mgbawa. Ihe ahụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile egbochi ukwuu n'ụwa, ihe mkpọfu njọ bụ lahar nke sitere na ugwu mgbawa. Otu ihe atụ bụ lahar nke obodo n'obodo Armero, Colombia.

Jökulhlaup

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jökulhlaup bụ idei mmiri nke ice. Jökulhlaup bụ okwu Icelandic, na Iceland ọtụtụ idei mmiri na-agbawa site na mgbawa ugwu. (Iceland dị n'elu Mid-Atlantic Ridge, nke ọtụtụ ugwu mgbawa nke dị n'okpuru mmiri ozuzo). N'ebe ọzọ, ihe a na-ama na-akpata jökulhlaups bụ ngosipụta nke ɔdɔ mmiri mmiri ice-dammed ma ọ bụ moraine-damming. Ihe omume ndị dị otú ahụ na-akpatakarị site na mbupụ ike nke ice n'ime ɔdɔ mmiri, nke na-eme ka ebili mmiri na-emebi moraine ma ọ bụ ice dam. Ndagwurugwu nke ebe mgbawa ahụ, jökulhlaup nwere ike ikike nke ukwuu site na nkọwa ihe na-ahụ mma site na National nke ọ na-agafe. Mmiri na-adokpụ nke ọma nwere ike ime ka idei mmiri ahụ ike ka ọ bụrụ ihe mkpofu. Ogologo njem nwere ike ịgafe 100 kilomita.

Echiche na ihe nlereanya nke ihe mkpofu na-aga

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E jirila ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche mee ihe iji mepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe mkpofu, kinematics, na dynamics.[2] E depụtara ụfọdụ ebe a.

  • Ụdị ndị dabeere na Rheologically nke na-emetụta apịtị na-agwọ ihe mkpofu dị ka ihe yiri ibe ya (Ihe atụ gụnyere: Bingham, viscoplastic, Bagnold-type dilatant fluid, thixotropic, wdg.)
  • Mmiri na-agbaji, dịka Hunt, Chanson na ndị ọzọ[3][4]
  • Roll wave, dịka, Takahashi, Davies[5][6]
  • Ugboro ole na ole[7]
  • Ụdị mmiri na-asụgharị nkume[8]

Nhazi na ịkwado ụdị dị mgbagwoju anya dị otú ahụ chọrọ data edere nke ọma site na nyocha ubi ma ọ bụ nnwale ụlọ nyocha.[9][10]

Akụkụ Abụọ

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Echiche ngwakọta, nke Iverson chepụtara na mbụ ma mesịa bụrụ nke ndị ọzọ nabatara ma gbanwee, na-emeso ihe mkpofu dị ka ngwakọta mmiri siri ike abụọ.[11]

N'ime ezigbo okpukpu abụọ (ihe mkpofu) na-agafe, enwere njikọ siri ike n'etiti ihe siri ike na mbufe mmiri, ebe nrụgide siri ike na-ebelata site na ịwụli elu, nke na-ebepụkwa nguzogide frictional, na-eme ka nrụgide dịkwuo elu, ma na-ebelatara ịdọrọ aka na ihe siri ike. Ifufe bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ihe mkpofu abụọ, n'ihi na ọ na-eme ka ọganihu na-agagharị (ogologo njem) site n'ibelata nguzogide na ngwakọta ahụ. Ịnwụli elu dị ma ọ bụrụhaala na e nwere mmiri na ngwakọta ahụ.[12] Ọ na-ebelata nrụgide siri ike, nrụgide siriike n'akụkụ, na nrụgide shear (ya mere, nguzogide frictional) site na ihe (), ebe bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'etiti mmiri na usoro siri ike.   Mmetụta ahụ dị ukwuu mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ () buru ibu (dịka, na ihe mkpofu sitere n'okike). 

Ọ bụrụ na mmiri ahụ na-agagharị agagharị, ya bụ, , (lee, dịka, Bagnold, 1954) ihe mkpofu ahụ na-agbagharị ma na-aga ogologo oge. [13] Nke a nwere ike ime na ihe mkpofu sitere n'okike.[14] Maka mmiri na-aga n'ihu na-agagharị agagharị, mkpakọ Coulomb na-apụ n'anya, gradient nrụgide siri ike n'akụkụ na-apụ, coefficient drag bụ efu, na mmetụta ndagwurugwu na mpaghara siri ike na-apụkwa. N'ọnọdụ a na-egbochi, naanị ike siri ike fọdụrụ bụ n'ihi ike ndọda, ya mere ike jikọtara ya na ịdị elu. N'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a nke nkwado hydrodynamic nke ụmụ irighiri ihe site na mmiri ahụ, a na-eme ka ihe mkpofu ahụ dị mmiri (ma ọ bụ mmanụ) ma na-agagharị n'ụzọ dị oke ọnụ ahịa, na-akwalite njem dị anya. N'iji ya tụnyere mmiri na-efe efe, mmiri na-eme ihe na-adịghị efe na-egosi omume dị iche iche. Maka nke ikpeazụ, usoro siri ike na nke mmiri na-aga n'otu, a na-eme ka ihe mkpofu ahụ dị larịị, ihu na-agafe n'ebe dị anya, ọdụ na-agbadata n'azụ, a na'ozuzu ya. Mgbe , mmiri ahụ anaghị enwe mmetụta ọ bụla na-ese n'elu mmiri.  Mgbe ahụ, nrụgide dị irè nke ịkpụcha maka akụkụ siri ike bụ nke na-agafe na granular. N'ọnọdụ a, a na-agbanwe ike n'ihi nrụgide gradient, ịdọrọ dị elu na mmetụta nke oke ahụ na-apụ n'anya na ike siri ike. Ihe a niile na-eduga n'ịkwụsị mmegharị ahụ.

Mgbochi mmebi

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Almaty, Kazakhstan, mgbe ọdachi nke 1921. E wuru ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere Medeu Dam, kemgbe ahụ iji gbochie ụdị mmiri a iru obodo ahụ.[15]

Iji gbochie ihe mkpofu iru n'ụlọ na ndị mmadụ, enwere ike iwu efere mkpofu. A na-emepụta ihe mkpofu iji chebe ala na ihe onwunwe mmiri ma ọ bụ iji gbochie mmebi mmiri. A na-ewere ihe owuwu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ihe ikpeazụ n'ihi na ha dị oke ọnụ iji wuo ma chọọ nkwenye maka mmezi kwa afọ.[16] Ọzọkwa, ebe ndị a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere ike ijide ihe ndị na-esi n'akụkụ iyi ndị na-agbanye mmiri n'ugwu.

Tupu oké ifufe nke nwere ike ime ka ihe mkpofu na-agafe, usoro ịkọ ọdịnihu nwere ike ịkọwapụta ohere nke ihe mkpofu nwere ike ime na mmiri; Otú ọ dị, ọ ka bụ ihe ịma aka ịkọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe mkpuchi a chịkọtara ya mere, ngụkọta nke ihe mkpo nke nwere ike ịme maka oké ifufe a nyere, yana ma ọ bụ na ọ ga-enwe ikike ichebe obodo ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri.[17] Ihe ịma aka ndị a na-eme ka ihe mkpofu na-agafe dị ize ndụ karịsịa maka obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ ugwu.[18]Templeeti:Wide image

N'omenala a ma ama

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N'afọ 1989, dị ka akụkụ nke nnukwu David Gordon's United States, na mgbe e mesịrị, n'afọ 1999, dị ka akụkụ ya nke Autobiography of a Liar, onye na-ede ihe nkiri David Gordon jikọtara egwu Harry Partch na okwu John McPhee sitere na The Control of Nature, nke Norma Fire gụrụ, n'egwú akpọrọ "Debris Flow", "akụkọ na-egbu mgbu nke ezinụlọ na nnukwu mudslide.."

Hụkwa

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  • Colluvium
  • Illhorn, n'okpuru nke dị Illgraben ebe a ma ama na-eme njem nleta
  • Ọrịa na-emetụta mmiri

Ihe odide

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Ihe edeturu

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  1. ↑ D.M. Morton, R.M. Alvarez, and R.H. Campbell. "Preliminary Soil-Slip Susceptibility Maps, Southwestern California" (Open-File Report OF 03-17 USGS 2003)
  2. ↑ Trujillo-Vela (2022). "An overview of debris-flow mathematical modelling". Earth-Science Reviews 232: 104135. DOI:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104135. 
  3. ↑ Hunt,B. (1982). "Asymptotic Solution for Dam-Break Problems." Jl of Hyd. Div., Proceedings, ASCE, Vol. 108, No. HY1, pp. 115–126.
  4. ↑ Hubert Chanson, Sebastien Jarny & Philippe Coussot (2006). "Dam Break Wave of Thixotropic Fluid". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 132 (3): 280–293. DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2006)132:3(280). 
  5. ↑ Takahashi (1981). "Debris Flow". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13: 57–77. DOI:10.1146/annurev.fl.13.010181.000421. 
  6. ↑ Davies (1986). "Large debris flows: A macro-viscous phenomenon". Acta Mechanica 63 (1–4): 161–178. DOI:10.1007/BF01182546. 
  7. ↑ Hungr,O. 2000. Analysis of debris flow surges using the theory of uniformly progressive flow. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25, 483–495
  8. ↑ Coleman, P. F., 1993. A new explanation for debris flow surge phenomena (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 74(16), Spring Meet. Suppl., 154.
  9. ↑ Baselt, Ivo (2021). "Evolution of stony debris flows in laboratory experiments". Geomorphology 372: 107431. DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107431. 
  10. ↑ Baselt, Ivo (2022). "Deposition morphology in large-scale laboratory stony debris flows". Geomorphology 396: 107992. DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107992. 
  11. ↑ Iverson, R.M., 1997, The physics of debris flows, Reviews of Geophysics, 35(3): 245–296.. Archived from the original on 2013-06-03. Retrieved on 2013-10-18.
  12. ↑ E. B., Pitman (2005). "A two-fluid model for avalanche and debris flows". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 363 (1832): 1573–1602. DOI:10.1098/rsta.2005.1596. PMID 16011934. 
  13. ↑ R. A. Bagnold (1954). "Experiments on a gravity-free dispersion of large solid spheres in a Newtonian fluid under shear". Proceedings of the Royal Society A 225 (1160): 49–63. DOI:10.1098/rspa.1954.0186. 
  14. ↑ B. W., McArdell (2007). "Field observations of basal forces and fluid pore pressure in a debris flow". Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 (7): L07406. DOI:10.1029/2006GL029183. 
  15. ↑ Jakob (2005). Debris-flow hazards and related phenomena. Springer, 38–39. ISBN 3-540-20726-0. 
  16. ↑ Debris Basins. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved on 30 January 2013.
  17. ↑ Staley, D.M., Negri, J.A., Kean, J.W., Laber, J.L., Tillery, A.C. and Youberg, A.M., 2017. Prediction of spatially explicit rainfall intensity–duration thresholds for post-fire debris-flow generation in the western United States. Geomorphology, 278, pp.149-162.
  18. ↑ Kean (2019-08-01). "Inundation, flow dynamics, and damage in the 9 January 2018 Montecito debris-flow event, California, USA: Opportunities and challenges for post-wildfire risk assessment" (in en). Geosphere 15 (4): 1140–1163. DOI:10.1130/GES02048.1. ISSN 1553-040X. Templeeti:USGS Index ID. 
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