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Ihe Omume Na-adịgide Adịgide Maka Ọhịa

 

The Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) bụ òtù na-arụ ọrụ na US na Canada nke na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ofe ogidi anọ: ụkpụrụ, nchekwa, obodo, na agụmakwụkwọ. SFI tọrọ ntọala na 1994 site na American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA).[1][2] SFI bụ ọkọlọtọ kachasị n'ụwa maka otu asambodo ọhịa site na mpaghara.[3] SFI nwere isi na Ottawa na Washington, D.C.

N'afọ 2005, mmemme maka nkwado nke asambodo ọhịa, nke n'onwe ya bụ usoro asambodo ọhịa kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, ghọtara ọkọlọtọ SFI.[4]

Ụkpụrụ SFI

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SFI 2022 Forest Management Standard na-ekpuchi ụkpụrụ ndị dị mkpa dị ka nchedo nke ụdị dị iche iche, ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ na ebe obibi anụ ọhịa; ọkwa owuwe ihe ubi na-adịgide adịgide; nchedo nke ogo mmiri; na mmeghari ngwa ngwa.[5] SFI akwadowo ihe karịrị nde acres 370 (150 nde hekta) na ọkọlọtọ ya na United States na Canada.[6]

SFI 2022 Fiber Sourcing Standard na-akwalite ọrụ ndị dị n'ọhịa dabere na 13 Principles, 11 Objectives, 29 Performance Measures na 59 Indicators na-ekwu maka pasent 90 nke oké ọhịa ụwa ndị a na-akwadoghị.[7] SFI 2022 Fiber Sourcing Standard na-eme ka SFI dị iche na mmemme asambodo ọhịa ndị ọzọ niile n'ihi na ọ na-esetịpụ ihe achọrọ maka ịzụta eriri niile, ọbụlagodi na ọ sitere na ala na-enweghị asambodo. Ihe ndị a na-achọ maka inweta eriri gụnyere usoro iji gbasaa omume nke ụdị dị iche iche, jiri usoro nchịkwa kachasị mma iji chebe ogo mmiri, ma jiri ọrụ nke ndị na-elekọta ọhịa na ndị ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi. N'ihi na ọ na-achịkwa otu ụlọ ọrụ SFI-certified si enweta eriri site na ala na-enweghị asambodo, ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwu na ọkọlọtọ ahụ na-agba ume ịgbasa omume ndị dị mma n'oké ọhịa.

SFI 2022 Chain-of-Custody Standard bụ usoro ndekọ ego nke na-agbaso ọdịnaya fiber ọhịa (ihe dị n'oké ọhịa, ihe a kwadoro na ihe a rụgharịrị arụgharị) site na mmepụta na nrụpụta ruo na ngwaahịa ikpeazụ.[8]

asambodo SFI niile chọrọ nyocha onwe onye, nke atọ ma bụrụ nke ndị otu asambodo mba ụwa kwadoro na-eme.[9][10]

Usoro ọhụrụ nke SFI 2022 Standards and Rules, mepụtara site na usoro nyocha mepere emepe, malitere na Jenụwarị 1, 2022.[11] SFI 2022 Standards and Rules gụnyere ihe ọhụrụ achọrọ n'ọtụtụ ebe. SFI Climate Smart Forestry Objective chọrọ ụlọ ọrụ SFI-certified iji hụ na ọrụ nchịkwa ọhịa na-edozi mgbanwe ihu igwe na usoro ibelata. Ebumnuche SFI Fire Resilience and Awareness chọrọ ka ụlọ ọrụ SFI kwadoro iji belata mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke ọkụ ọhịa na iji mee ka obodo mara uru ọkụ, ihe ize ndụ, na usoro ibelata. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọhụrụ nke 8, Na-amata ma na-akwanyere ikike ụmụ amaala ùgwù, na-eme ka a kwanyere ikike ụmụ Amaala na ọmụma ọdịnala ùgwù, ma kwekọọ na ụkpụrụ nke nkwupụta United Nations na ikike nke ụmụ amaala.

A na-enyocha ụkpụrụ SFI ma na-emelite mgbe niile iji tinye ozi sayensị kachasị ọhụrụ na iji hụ na ọganihu na-aga n'ihu. A na-enweta ụkpụrụ SFI n'ihu ọha n'oge usoro nyocha ahụ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ SFI. A natara ntinye n'oge webinars 10 nke ọha na eze. SFI chịkọtara ntinye aka site n'aka ihe karịrị mmadụ 2,300 sitere na ndị na-echekwa ihe, obodo ndị nwe ala, ngalaba ngwaahịa ọhịa, ndị nwe akara, ndị nwe ala ọhịa na ndị na'ọhịa ọha na eze, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, òtù azụmahịa, òtù ndị nwe ala.[12]

E nyere nlekọta onwe onye na ọkwa ọ bụla nke usoro nyocha site na SFI External Review Panel, otu ndị ọkachamara onwe ha na-anọchite anya nchekwa, ndị ọkachamara, agụmakwụkwọ na òtù ọha na eze, na-arụ ọrụ na ogologo aka site na S FI. SFI External Review Panel nyochara nkwupụta ọha na eze ọ bụla e nyere iji hụ na a tụlere nkwupụta niile, na iji hụ na usoro nyocha Standard bụ ihe doro anya, ihe ziri ezi na ihe a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi. A na-etinye nzaghachi maka nkọwa na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ SFI.

Ụkpụrụ SFI na-emetụta naanị ọhịa dị na United States na Canada, na ụlọ ọrụ SFI-certified ga-agbaso iwu niile dị mkpa. Maka isi mmalite ndị na-abụghị nke North America na-enweghị iwu dị irè, ndị sonyere ga-ezere isi mmalite iwu na-akwadoghị ma ọ bụ nke ndị ọzọ na-ese okwu.[13] SFI na-akwado ọrụ nke ndị ọkachamara mba ụwa iji chọta ụzọ isi dozie nsogbu nke igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị ma bụrụ onye otu mba ụwa, nke nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-etinye aka na Forest Legality Alliance.[14][15]

SFI kwadoro mgbalị ndekọ ụwa maka ịkụ osisi. N'oge mgbalị a na Mee 2015, ìgwè 29 gbakọtara ọnụ ịkụ osisi 202,935 n'otu awa gafee North America. Ndị otu ahụ gụnyere ndị ntorobịa, ndị otu obodo na ndị mmekọ ụlọ ọrụ.[16]

Ndị nduzi SFI

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Ndị isi nke na-achịkwa SFI nwere ụlọ atọ kewara na ngalaba akụ na ụba, gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.[17]

Ndị nduzi nke ugbu a gụnyere ndị ama ama na ụlọ ọrụ ọhịa nke Canada, gụnyere Don Kayne, onye isi nke Canfor na James K. Irving, onye nwe J. D. Irving. Ndị nnọchi anya gburugburu ebe obibi ama ama na bọọdụ ahụ gụnyere Dr. Tracey Farrell, CEO nke International Union for Conservation of Nature na Andrew Parr, Onye isi oche nke American Bird Conservancy. Ndị ọzọ so na bọọdụ ahụ sitere n'òtù ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, òtù ụmụ amaala, gọọmentị, òtù ndị ọkachamara nke ndị na-elekọta ọhịa, na ndị ọzọ na-enweghị uru.[18]

Akwụkwọ nyocha

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SFI na-enye iwu ka e mepụta nchọpụta nchedo na nke nwere mmetụta nke na-ewulite ihe ọmụma ma na-eme ka nsonaazụ ọhịa dị mma.[19] Òtù ndị SFI kwadoro ga-akwado nyocha ọhịa dị ka ọnọdụ nke asambodo ha. Ndị ọrụ sayensị na nchekwa SFI na-enye aka na akwụkwọ nyocha gbasara nyocha SFI kwadoro. Kemgbe afọ 1995, etinyela ijeri $ 1.9 na nyocha ọhịa site na SFI na netwọk ya.[20]

PLOS Climate (June 2023) Climate-Smart Forestry: Nkwa na ihe ize ndụ maka oké ọhịa, ọha mmadụ, na ihu igwe ― Akwụkwọ a, nke Lauren Cooper, Chief Conservation Officer nke SFI, dere, na-atụle otú mgbanwe ihu igwe si egosi ihe ịma aka zuru ụwa ọnụ nye ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a na-agbanwe usoro ogologo oge iji chọpụta uru nke oké ọhịa iji tinye ọrụ ha na mbelata ihu igwe na mgbanwe, yana ngwaahịa na ọrụ ọhịa ọdịnala. Oké ọhịa aghọwo ihe dị mkpa na mkparịta ụka mgbanwe ihu igwe, karịa mkparịta ụka ihu igwe mba ụwa, n'ihi nhazi ha dị ka Ngwọta ihu igwe (NCS) ma ọ bụ Ngwọta Na-adabere na Okike (NBS). N'aka nke ya, okwu ahụ bụ "Climate-Smart Forestry" (CSF) abanyela n'asụsụ obodo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'ọtụtụ ọzụzụ na ndị na-eme mkpebi na-akwado njikọ dị n'etiti ọhịa na ihu igwe. Mmetụta ọhụrụ a na mgbanwe ihu igwe na ọhịa nwere nkọwa na ngwa dịgasị iche iche. Akwụkwọ a na-achọpụta na CSF ka na-akọwapụta ma na-etinye ya n'ọrụ n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.[21]

International Journal of Forest Engineering (Dec. 2022) Ebe ndị a na-ahụ anya n'ime owuwe ihe ubi site na mpaghara gafee ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ US ― Nnyocha a lekwasịrị anya na nsogbu ala, erosion, na mmiri na-emetụta okporo ụzọ owuwe ihe ọkụkụ ọhịa, ụzọ, na ịgafe iyi. Nnyocha ahụ gosipụtara mmụba nke mpaghara owuwe ihe ubi zuru oke na mbelata dị ịrịba ama na mpaghara pasent nke ihe ndị dị ka okporo ụzọ, ụzọ, na ebe iyi na-agafe.Ọrụ a kwadoro site na SFI, Virginia Tech Forest Operations and Business Research Cooperative, Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, McIntire-Stennis Program nke National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, na National Council for Air and Stream Improvement.[22]

Forest Ecology and Management (Sept. 2022) Mmụba nke usoro nchịkwa kachasị mma nke ọhịa na-ebelata nnyefe sediment site na Piedmont na Upper Coastal Plain clearcut owuwe ihe ubi na njirimara ohere, steeti ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, USA ― "Omume nchịkwa kachasị elu na ndị ha na mba ụwa nwere ike ịbụ nke afọ ofufo, nke iwu steeti ma ọ bụ nke gọọmentị etiti nyere iwu (Titus et al., 2021), ma ọ bụ chọrọ site na usoro asambodo ọhịa nke atọ dị ka Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) ma ọ bụ Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) (Tum et al., 2018". Nnyocha a na-atụle ọrụ dị mkpa nke nchịkwa ọhịa na nchịkwa mbuze na nchedo mmiri na Piedmont na Upper Coastal Plain nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ US.[23]

The Forestry Source (July 2022) At Issue is Deforestation "Right Here in River City" ― "N'olileanya nke izere mgbochi iwu, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na nke steeti na-ahụ maka imepụta, ịkwụ ụgwọ, na ịme ọrụ na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ ọkụ ọhịa kwesịrị ịbụ nke doro anya na nke kwesịrị ekwesị na-ekere òkè n'ihe gbasara ndị nwere mmasị. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-ahụ maka ọhịa kwesịrị ịtụle itinye aka na nlekọta nke atọ nke mmemme asambodo nlekọta ọhịa abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na US: Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) na Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Isiokwu a, nke sitere na Society of American Foresters, na-eme ka ọrụ nke asambodo ọhịa na-alụ ọgụ megide mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe.[24]

Forest Science (March 2022) Nkọwapụta Erosion site na Clearcut Wood Harvests na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ United States - Mkpụrụ osisi na-enweghị usoro nlekọta kachasị mma nke ọhịa (BMPs) nwere ike ime ka mbuze ala dị ngwa, nke a jikọtara ya na mbelata nke mmiri na mmepụta ebe. Nnyocha ndị gara aga na-akwado mmetụta dị mma nke mmiri na-enweta site na owuwe ihe ubi na BMPs. Otú ọ dị, ọmụmụ ole na ole na-edekọ ọnụego erosion na oke metụtara owuwe ihe ubi na ịnweta netwọk (dịka, oche, okporo ụzọ, ụzọ, ụzọ mmiri) gafee mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ dị iche iche. Nnyocha a nyochara ihe ubi 109 na-adịbeghị anya gafee steeti iri na otu ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na mpaghara atọ dị iche iche (Coastal Plain, Piedmont, na Mountains). Ọrụ a na-egosipụta mkpa ọ dị atụmatụ owuwe ihe ubi na ibelata ala ndị na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla, ọkachasị na ala dị elu ma bụrụ ihe ịma aka nke mpaghara Ugwu. Nnyocha a nwetara nkwado ego site na National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, SFI, Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech Forest Operations and Business Research Cooperative, na McIntire-Stennis Program nke National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture.[25]

Business Strategy and the Environment (May 2021) N'iji teknụzụ emeziwanye njikwa nke mmetụta mmepe na ụdị dị iche iche ― Nke Leo Viana, osote onye isi oche nke SFI, Conservation Collaboration, dere, akwụkwọ ahụ na-atụle otu njikọ aka n'etiti azụmahịa na teknụzụ si enye ohere maka nsonaazụ ka mma maka nchekwa dị iche iche site na iji teknụzụ dị ugbu a na nke na-apụta.[26]

Oké ọhịa (Jenụwarị 2021) Non-Native Earthworms Invade Forest Soils in Northern Maine, USA ― Ọrụ a na-edekọ ọnụnọ nke non-native earthworms nke nwere ike ịgbanwe na mberede ihe onwunwe ala ma mebie ma ọ bụ kesaa ala carbon. Na Northern Maine, ebe nyocha ahụ mere, a na-eche na oge oyi dị oke njọ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ earthworm iji dịrị ndụ. N'ihi ọrụ a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọkachamara na ngalaba ọhịa maara ugbu a banyere ọnụnọ nke ikpuru ma nwee ike ịmalite ịtụle ụzọ isi belata mmetụta ha. Ọrụ a kwadoro site na SFI Conservation Grant na Mahadum Maine.[27]

Ọhịa, Ugwu na Ala Ọhịa (July 2020) Mmetụta nke owuwe ihe ubi osisi na mkpakọ ala n'oké ọhịa siri ike nke ugwu ― Akwụkwọ ahụ na-akọwa ọrụ nke nyochara ma nụchaa ụzọ maka ibelata mkpakọ nke ala n'oge owuwe ihe ọmụma. Nchịkọta ala nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ikike ọhịa nwere itolite ọzọ mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị, ọrụ a na-enyekwa aka mee ka omume nchịkwa kachasị mma iji nyere aka belata nsogbu a ma melite nchịkwa nke ọhịa ndị a kwadoro na SFI Forest Management Standard. Ọrụ a kwadoro site na SFI Conservation Grant na Mahadum Maine.[28]

Nkwupụta mgbasa ozi

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"4 Ụzọ Iwu Mbelata Ọnụ Ọsọ Na-etinye ego n'oké ọhịa na obodo ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ," Magazin Popular Science.[29] Isiokwu a na-elekwasị anya na ndokwa ọhịa nke Iwu Mbelata Ọnụ Ọsọ (IRA). Nadine Block, onye isi osote onye isi oche nke mmekọrịta obodo na gọọmentị nke SFI, ka e hotara na-eto ịgafe nke iwu ahụ na ụzọ ọ na-esi kwalite ọrụ ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi n'ọhịa nke na-akwalite ahụike na ume ọhịa. Block kwukwara na ọ dị mkpa inye ndị nwe ala onwe ha ihe onwunwe iji jikwaa ọhịa ha na omume kachasị mma nke ihu igwe.

"N'ihe gbasara ya bụ Deforestation Right Here in River City," The Forestry Source, site na Society of American Foresters.[30] Dr. Robert J. Hrubes dere banyere ihe ịma aka nke ibelata ọkụ ọhịa. Ọ na-akpọ ndị ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na nke steeti ka ha "... tụlee itinye aka na nlekọta nke atọ nke mmemme asambodo nchịkwa ọhịa abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na US: Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) na Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)."

"Ụlọ klas ndị dị n'èzí na-eme ka ụmụaka dị ike n'oge ọrịa a," CNN.[31] Akụkọ akụkọ a gosipụtara ndị nkụzi na-eji mmụta sitere na Project Learning Tree, mmemme agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke SFI.

"Opaskwayak Cree Nation ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme atụmatụ virtual ice fishing derby," CBC.[32] Akụkọ akụkọ a gosipụtara mmemme Green Leaders nke Project Learning Tree Canada, nke na-agba ndị ntorobịa obodo ume ịhazi ma nye ọrụ ndị dabeere na obodo. Gọọmentị Canada na-akwado PLT Canada n'akụkụ ụfọdụ ma SFI na netwọk Canadian Parks Council na-enye ya.

"Forging a Career Path in the Forest Sector," Alternatives Journal, magazin ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi kacha ochie na Canada.[33]

"Nkwado Chekwaa Anụ Ọhịa North America site na Nhazi Nnụnụ," Onye Nlekọta Ihe owuwu.[34] SFI na American Bird Conservancy jikọrọ aka na nke a iji mee ka mkpa ọ dị mgbalị ha jikọrọ aka iji kwe ka ụlọ ọrụ SFI nweta ozi ọhụrụ gbasara ebe obibi nnụnụ na mkpa nchekwa, nke enwere ike iji melite njikwa ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide.

Nnyocha na ntụnyere

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Nnyocha nke ndị ọzọ

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United Nations Economic Commission for Europe/Food and Agriculture Organization, na 2009-2010 Forest products Annual Review, na-ekwu, sị: "N'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ, ọtụtụ n'ime nsogbu ndị kewara usoro (akwụkwọ ikike) aghọwo ihe na-adịchaghị iche. Usoro asambodo kachasị ukwuu ugbu a n'ozuzu ha nwere otu usoro mmemme ahụ. "[35]

Dovetail Partners Inc., na 2010 Forest Certification: A Status Report, na-ekwu, sị: "ọdịiche ndị gara aga n'etiti mmemme asambodo ọhịa dị obere ... mmemme ọ bụla n'ozuzu ya nwere otu usoro mmemme ahụ achọrọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọdịnaya achọrọ na ọkwa nkọwa nke onye ọ bụla nyere nwere ike ịdị iche iche. "[36]

Ụfọdụ ndị na-ewere SFI dị ka ihe na-adịghị ike karịa Forest Stewardship Council (FSC).[37][38] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, SFI na-enye ohere ịkpa osisi karịa ma ọ dịghị achọ atụmatụ nchekwa ma ọ bụ mkparịta ụka na ndị obodo na ndị obodo (ma e wezụga maka ala ọha na eze).[38]

SFI enweghị ọkwa dị elu karịa FSC dịka ọmụmaatụ site na Consumer Reports "Greener Choices", na Green America.[39] Ndị ọzọ na-atụle SFI / PEFC na FSC n'otu ụzọ ahụ: TerraChoice (akụkụ nke Underwriters Laboratories Global Network) na akụkọ ya nke 2010 Sins of Greenwashing, dị ka nke 2009, na-agụ SFI / FSC na ndepụta nke abụọ nke ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na asambodo; dị ka EcoLogo nke Environment Canada.[40][41]

Nkwupụta iwu asambodo nke National Association of State Foresters nke e mere site na mkpebi na 2008 na-ekwu, sị: "Ọ bụ ezie na n'ụzọ dị iche iche, ATFS (American Tree Farm System), FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), na usoro SFI gụnyere ihe ndị bụ isi nke ntụkwasị obi ma nye aka dị mma na nkwado ọhịa.[42] Enweghị usoro asambodo nwere ike ikwu na ọ bụ 'nke kachasị mma', ọ nweghịkwa usoro asambodo nke na-akwalite onwe ya dị ka naanị nhọrọ asambodo nwere ikike ịnọgide na-enwe ntụkwasị obi.

Green Building Council

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N'April 5, 2016, U.S. Green Building Council wepụtara Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) pilot alternative compliance path (ACP) nke e mere iji nyochaa ngwaahịa ọhịa iwu na-akwadoghị site na ụlọ LEED. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-anwale ACP dị ka ihe nrite, ọ ga-emesị bụrụ ihe achọrọ nke na-emetụta ọrụ LEED niile. Dị ka onye na-anya ụgbọelu, ACP anaghị abụ akụkụ na-adịgide adịgide nke ọkọlọtọ LEED na-enweghị votu nke ndị otu USGBC. Onye na-anya ụgbọelu ACP na-amata isi mmalite niile - FSC, PEFC, SFI na ATFS na mmemme.[43] ACP ga-emetụta usoro nyocha LEED v4 niile gụnyere Ụlọ v4 na usoro nyocha LE ED 2009 niile.[44][45]

ACP na-ekewapụta ụkpụrụ asambodo ọhịa dị iche iche dabere na ọkọlọtọ ASTM D7612-10 (2015), nke akpọrọ "Categorizing Wood and Wood-Based Products According to Their Fiber Sources".[46] ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) International bụ onye ndú a ma ama n'ụwa niile na mmepe na nnyefe nke ụkpụrụ nkwekọrịta afọ ofufo.

Ngwá ọrụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, gụnyere usoro nyocha abụọ American National Standards Institute (ANSI) kwadoro na United States - ANSI-ICC 700-2008: National Green Building Standard na ANSI / GBI 01-2010: Green Building Assessment Protocol for Commercial Buildings (nke bụbu Green Globes U.S.) - Green Globes na Built Green Canada na-amata ngwaahịa ndị a kwadoro site na mmemme asambodo osisi nke atọ dị ka SFI.[47][48]

Òtù ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa

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Ndị otu nchekwa dị ka American Bird Conservancy, Ducks Unlimited Canada, Arbor Day Foundation, American Forests, na Canadian Parks Council na-akwado SFI (nke niile na-eje ozi na SFI Board).[49]

N'adịghị ka SFI, FSC gụnyere òtù gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka Greenpeace n'etiti ndị guzobere ya.[50][51] National Wildlife Federation na World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) na-eje ozi ugbu a na FSC Board.[52] Sierra Club kwadoro naanị FSC.[53]

Ndị na-akatọ SFI

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Omume ahịa

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Na Septemba 9, 2009 Washington State Forest Law Center, n'aha otu nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ForestEthics, tinyere mkpesa megide SFI Inc. na Federal Trade Commission na Internal Revenue Service.[54][54]

Mkpesa FTC boro SFI Inc. ebubo na ọ na-eduhie ndị na-azụ ahịa site na omume ahịa aghụghọ. Mkpesa ahụ kwuru akụkụ dị iche iche nke ahịa SFI, gụnyere nkwupụta ya na ọ bụ "òtù kwụụrụ onwe ya" na-abụghị maka uru, ịdabere na ụlọ ọrụ osisi maka ego, na enweghị nghọta nke ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke SFI, nke na-enye ndị nwe ala SFI asambodo ka a kwado ha naanị n'ihi na onye nwe ala na-agbaso ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe dị na steeti. Mkpesa 2009 kwuru na asambodo SFI bụ atụ nke greenwash.

Ma FTC na IRS nyochara mkpesa ndị e mere megide SFI ma chọpụta na ha enweghị uru. Ọ dịghị ọ bụla e mere site n'aka òtù nyocha. [citation needed]

Esemokwu nke ọdịmma

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Mkpesa ahụ e tinyere na IRS rịọrọ ka a nyochaa ọnọdụ SFI Inc. na-enweghị uru, dabere na arụmụka na SFI na-abara ndị nwe ala ụlọ ọrụ ya uru ọ bụghị ọdịmma ọha na eze, yana eziokwu ahụ bụ na SFI si na ụlọ ọrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nweta ego. Mkpesa ahụ na-ekwusi ike na n'ịrụ ọrụ onwe onye nke ụlọ ọrụ osisi na akwụkwọ chọrọ onyinyo "akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ", a na-enye SFI ọnọdụ na-enweghị uru maka ọrụ ebere ọha na eze.[55]

IRS nyochara mkpesa ahụ yana nyocha zuru oke banyere ọnọdụ SFI na-enweghị uru ma kwubie na ọ dabara adaba na ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ achọrọ.

Mkpesa Sierra Club

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Sierra Club tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa na SFI, na-ebo Weyerhaeuser ebubo na ọ na-etinye aka n'ịkụ osisi n'ụzọ dị ize ndụ na enweghị ọrụ n'elu ndagwurugwu nke dugara na 1,259 landslides na 2007 na ala Weyerhaeusar SFI kwadoro na steeti Washington.[56][57][58] Na-ama SFI aka iji kwado nkwupụta ya nke "nnwere onwe" na "nnyocha siri ike", Sierra Club rịọrọ ka ewepụ asambodo SFI nke Weyerhaeuser.[56]

Nnyocha nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara na-ekwu na mbuze ala nke Washington State nke Sierra Club kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị egwu dị ka nnukwu mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụghị n'ihi mkpocha ala nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. [ odide dị mkpa] Nkwụsị ala na-eme na ebe ndị a na-egbutu egbutu egwupụta egwupụta, mana sayensị na-egosi na ịkpụ osisi (na okporo ụzọ ndị a na) na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke mbuze ala dị egwu.[59]

2022 Greenwashing mkpesa

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Na ngwụcha afọ 2022, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Canada jupụtara mkpesa na Canadian Competition Bureau na SFI na-etinye aka na-eduhie omume mgbasa ozi site n'ịsị na asambodo ya akwadoghị ọrụ ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide.[60] Ha boro SFI ebubo "Greenwashing". N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, ụlọ ọrụ Canada Competition Bureau malitere nyocha iji nyochaa.

Hụkwa

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  • Osisi a kwadoro
  • Nlekọta ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Barneycastle (2001). "The Sustainable Forestry Initiative of the American Forest & Paper Association". General Technical Report (41): 110-112. 
  2. ↑ Berg, Cantrel (1999). "Sustainable Forestry Initiative: Toward a Higher Standard". Journal of Forestry 97 (11): 33-35. 
  3. ↑ SFI Inc. Launches New Standard, Leads Forest Certification Forward. Archived from the original on 2012-10-18. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  4. ↑ National Members. pefc.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  5. ↑ SFI Forest Management Standard (en-US). forests.org (2022-02-07). Archived from the original on 2022-01-20. Retrieved on 2022-02-07.
  6. ↑ Forest Management Standard. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved on 2021-02-22.
  7. ↑ SFI Fiber Sourcing Standard (en-US). forests.org (2022-02-07). Archived from the original on 2022-03-25. Retrieved on 2022-02-07.
  8. ↑ SFI Chain-of-Custody Standard (en-US). forests.org (2022-02-07). Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved on 2022-02-07.
  9. ↑ Independent Certification Bodies. Sfiprogram.org. Archived from the original on 2012-09-15. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  10. ↑ SFI Accreditation. Sfiprogram.org (2008-09-09). Archived from the original on 2012-09-15. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  11. ↑ SFI Standards Officially Launched (en-US). forests.org (2022-01-24). Retrieved on 2022-02-07.
  12. ↑ Sfi updates Standard. YouTube.
  13. ↑ SFI Requirements 2010–2014 Section 7. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  14. ↑ Prevent Illegal Logging. Sfiprogram.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  15. ↑ Forest Legality Alliance. Wri.org. Archived from the original on 2011-01-24. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  16. ↑ sfiprogram. Community – Guinness Attempt (en-US). SFI Program. Archived from the original on 2020-09-21. Retrieved on 2020-07-18.
  17. ↑ SFI Governance. Sfiprogram.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  18. ↑ Board (en-US). forests.org. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  19. ↑ SFI Conservation Impact Project.
  20. ↑ SFI Collaborates for Conservation.
  21. ↑ Cooper. PLOS Climate June 2023.
  22. ↑ Horton. International Journal of Forest Engineering December 2022 Pages 168-175.
  23. ↑ Hawks. Forest Ecology and Management September 2022.
  24. ↑ Hrubes. The Forestry Source July 2022 Page 12.
  25. ↑ Fielding. Forest Science March 2022 Pages 334-342.
  26. ↑ White (2021). "Using technology to improve the management of development impacts on biodiversity". Business Strategy and the Environment 30 (8): 3502–3516. DOI:10.1002/bse.2816. 
  27. ↑ Puhlick (2021). "Non-Native Earthworms Invade Forest Soils in Northern Maine, USA". Forests 12. DOI:10.3390/f12010080. 
  28. ↑ Puhlick (2020). "Influence of mechanized timber harvesting on soil compaction in northern hardwood forests". Soil Science Society of America Journal 84 (5): 1737–1750. DOI:10.1002/saj2.20127. 
  29. ↑ 4 Ways the Inflation Reduction Act Invests in Healthier Forests and Greener Cities.
  30. ↑ Outdoor classrooms reenergize kids during pandemic.
  31. ↑ Outdoor classrooms reenergize kids during pandemic. CNN. Archived from the original on 2021-03-06. Retrieved on 2021-03-22.
  32. ↑ Opaskwayak Cree Nation student plans virtual ice fishing derby. Archived from the original on 2021-03-22. Retrieved on 2021-03-22.
  33. ↑ Forging a Career Path in the Forest Sector – A\J (4 September 2020). Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved on 19 August 2023.
  34. ↑ Help Protect North American Wildlife with Bird-Friendly Construction Design. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved on 2021-03-22.
  35. ↑ 2009–2010 Forest Products- Annual Market Review. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  36. ↑ 2010 Forest Certification: A Status Report. Archived from the original on 2013-05-31. Retrieved on 2013-04-06.
  37. ↑ Navarro. "Groups Spar Over Certifications of Paper Products", The New York Times, 2009-09-11. Retrieved on 2019-04-13. (in en-US)
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 MacDonald (12 August 2009). Environment – FSC Versus SFI – 2009.0812. ArchitectureWeek. Archived from the original on 2019-02-23. Retrieved on 2019-04-13.
  39. ↑ GreenerChoices.org | Label category (2011-08-27). Archived from the original on 2011-08-27. Retrieved on 2019-04-13.
  40. ↑ Sins of Greenwashing. Sins of Greenwashing (2012-09-13). Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  41. ↑ Environment Canada's EcoLogo. Ec.gc.ca (2012-02-20). Archived from the original on 2011-06-11. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  42. ↑ NASF Resolution No. 2008-7: Forest Certification Policy Statement. Stateforesters.org (2008-10-01). Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  43. ↑ USGBC Announces New LEED Pilot ACP Designed to Help Eliminate Irresponsibly Sourced Materials—Like Illegal Wood—From the Building Material Supply Chain. U.S. Green Building Council. Archived from the original on 2016-04-09. Retrieved on 2016-04-14.
  44. ↑ LEED Reference Guide for Homes Design and Construction. U.S. Green Building Council. Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved on 2016-04-14.
  45. ↑ LEED 2009 Rating System Selection Guidance." U.S. Green Building Council. U.S. Green Building Council. Archived from the original on 2016-04-22. Retrieved on 2016-04-14.
  46. ↑ Standard Practice for Categorizing Wood and Wood-Based Products According to Their Fiber Sources. American Society for Testing and Materials. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23. Retrieved on 2016-04-14.
  47. ↑ National Green Building Standard. Nahbgreen.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-07. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  48. ↑ ANSI / GBI Standard. Thegbi.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-29. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  49. ↑ Board Members. forests.org. Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved on 2021-01-28.
  50. ↑ History of FSC. Fsc.org. Archived from the original on 2012-04-22. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  51. ↑ Solutions to Deforestation. Greenpeace.org. Archived from the original on 2013-02-17. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  52. ↑ Board of Directors. Fsc.org. Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  53. ↑ Forest Certification Committee. Sierraclub.org. Archived from the original on 2013-03-01. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Complaints filed against SFI. Wflc.org (2009-09-09). Archived from the original on 2012-08-25. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  55. ↑ Washington State Forest Law Center complaint against SFI filed with IRS. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Sierra Club complaint filed with SFI. Wflc.org. Archived from the original on 2012-04-22. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  57. ↑ High Tension Over Big Timber. Architectureweek.com (2009-10-21). Archived from the original on 2013-01-26. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  58. ↑ Landslide Reconnaissance Following the Storm Event of December 1–3, 2007, in Western Washington. Archived from the original on 2012-08-13. Retrieved on 2013-02-19.
  59. ↑ Heiken. LANDSLIDES AND CLEARCUTS: What Does The Science Really Say?. www.oregonwild.org. Oregon Wild. Archived from the original on April 28, 2015. Retrieved on February 2, 2017.
  60. ↑ Canada’s Competition Bureau to probe forestry industry ads on sustainable management - National | Globalnews.ca (en-US). Global News. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.

Njikọ mpụga

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Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ihe_Omume_Na-adịgide_Adịgide_Maka_Ọhịa&oldid=195666