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Igbo-Ukwu bronzes

ebe ihe omumu ihe ochie di na Anambra State, Nigeria
Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu
archaeological site
mba/obodoNaijiria Dezie
dị na ngalaba nhazi mpagharaAnambara Steeti Dezie
ebeIgboland Dezie
nhazi ọnọdụ6°1′0″N 7°1′0″E Dezie
Map

Nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke Igbo-Ukwu kpughere ihe ndị e ji ọla kọpa dị na narị afọ nke itoolu AD bụ ndị Isiah Anozie chọtara na mbụ n'afọ 1939 ka ọ na-egwu olulu mmiri n'ogige ya dị n'Igbo-Ukwu, obodo Igbo dị na steeti Anambra, Nigeria . N'ihi nchọpụta ndị a, e gwupụtara ebe ihe ochie atọ na 1959 na 1964 site na Charles Thurstan Shaw bụ nke kpughere ihe karịrị 700 ihe dị elu nke ọla kọpa, bronze na ígwè, yana ihe dị ka iko 165000, carnelian na nkume beads, ite, textiles. na ọdụm. Ha bụ ihe ọla kọpa kacha ochie mara na West Africa ma arụpụtara ya ọtụtụ narị afọ tupu ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ọla dị ka nke Ife na Benin pụta . Bronze ndị ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ arịa emume, pendants, okpueze, epekele obi, ihe ịchọ mma mkpara, mma agha, na aka ijiji . [1]

Mmetụta na akụkọ nka mgbe ochie

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Peter Garlake atụnyere bronze ukwu Igbo "na ọla kacha mma nke rococo Europe ma ọ bụ nke Carl Faberge," na William Buller Fagg na-ekwu na e kere ha na "rococo dị ịtụnanya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Faberge ụdị omume ọma." Frank Willett na-ekwu na igbo ukwu bronze na-egosi ọkọlọtọ nke yiri nke Benvenuto Cellini guzobere narị afọ ise ka e mesịrị na Europe. Denis Williams kpọrọ ha "mgbawa mara mma na-enweghị ihe mbụ ma ọ bụ okwu. Otú ihe ha hụrụ bụ ite mmịrị a dosara na eriri e kere eke na usoro Hugh Honor na John Fleming kọwara dika

A omume ọma nke cire Perdue (waxii furu efu) nkanye. Ya mara imewe na nụchara anụcha nkowa Peter Garlake compares the Igbo-Ukwu bronzes "to the finest jewelry of rococo Europe or of Carl Faberge,"[2] and William Buller Fagg states they were created with "a strange rococo almost Faberge type virtuosity."[3] Frank Willett says that the Igbo-Ukwu bronzes portray a standard that is comparable to that established by Benvenuto Cellini five hundred years later in Europe.[4] Denis Williams calls them "an exquisite explosion without antecedent or issue."[5] One of the objects found, a water pot set in a mesh of simulated rope is described by Hugh Honour and John Fleming as Templeeti:BlockquoteỌkachamara nka dị elu na enweghị ihe atụ ama ama nke bronze Igbo-Ukwu mere ka a na-eche na mbụ n'obodo agụmakwụkwọ na ọ ga-abụrịrị na e mebere ha ka ndị Europe kpakọrịtachara na ndị njem ụgbọ mmiri. Agbanyeghị nyocha na nyocha isotope egosila na isi mmalite ọla ndị ahụ sitere na mpaghara yana mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị redio ekwenyela na narị afọ nke 9, ogologo oge tupu mmekọrịta mbụ na Europe. Ihe ndị Igbo-Ukwu mere kagburu echiche ndị mgbe ochie na-eche na ọrụ nka na nka mara mma nwere ike ịmalite naanị na mpaghara Europe, ma ọ bụ na a pụghị imepụta ha n'ime obodo na- enweghị isi ma ọ bụ na-eme ihe n'otu n'otu. dika nke ndi Igbo. Achọtala ụfọdụ n'ime ugegbe na bead carnelian na-emepụta na Old Cairo na ogbako nke Fustat wee gosi na usoro ahia ogologo oge sitere na Igbo Ukwu ruo n'oge Byzantine Egypt dị. [6] [7] [8] [9] Egwupụtala ebe ihe mgbe ochie nwere igwe na-esi agbaze n'afọ 2000 BC na Lejja na 750 BC na Opi, ma na mpaghara Nsukka dị ihe dịka 100 Kilomita ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Igbo-Ukwu. [10] [11]

Nchọpụta

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Nnyocha e mere na-esote bụ iji gosi na ọ mehiere. Afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị, na 1959 na ọzọ na 1964 Thurstan Shaw na ndị otu ya gwupụtara saịtị atọ n'akụkụ ihe mbụ chọtara maka ngalaba oge ochie nke Naijiria na emesịa maka Mahadum Ibadan . Ihe ndị mgbe ochie e gwupụtara n’ala gosiri ọtụtụ narị arịa ọla kọpa na ọla ọla nakwa mma agha ígwè, isi ube ígwè, agụba ígwè na ihe ndị ọzọ e depụtara na narị afọ iri gara aga. [12] [13]

Metallurgy

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Onye isi mkpara ọla ọla; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria ( Lagos )

N'ụzọ doro anya, ndị na-arụ ọrụ ígwè n'oge ochie Igbo-Ukwu amachaghị maka usoro a na-ejikarị eme waya, ịgbanye waya ma ọ bụ ịwa mmiri nke na-egosi mmepe onwe ya na ikewapụ omenala ọrụ ha ogologo oge. [14] Ya mere, ọ na-agbagwoju anya na ha nwere ike ịmepụta ihe ndị nwere nkọwa dị mma nke na ha na-egosi, dịka ọmụmaatụ ụmụ ahụhụ ndị dị ka ha dara n'elu. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndị a yiri ka a kpụrụ akpụ ma ọ bụ resịrị ya na ihe ndị ahụ, a tụbara ha n'otu akụkụ. The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art na -akọwa ha dị ka "otu n'ime bronze ndị a rụpụtara nke ọma na nke a rụpụtara nke ọma." [14] Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji usoro nkedo wax furu efu mepụta ọla, ma eleghị anya, a na-eji latex eme ihe n'Igbo-Ukwu kama iji beeswax kọwaa otú ndị na-ese ihe si nwee ike ịmepụta nkọwa dị mma na nke dị n'elu. Ụfọdụ usoro ndị a na-eji oge ochie na-eji ya eme ihe amabeghị ka e jiri ya mee ihe n'èzí Igbo-Ukwu dị ka imepụta ihe mgbagwoju anya na nkebi nke akụkụ dị iche iche emesịa na-ejikọta ọnụ site na brazing ma ọ bụ site na nkedo njikọ njikọ iji sonyere ha. [15] Otú ọ dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụfọdụ ihe ndị Igbo-Ukwu ebutela nnukwu esemokwu n'etiti ndị ọkachamara n'ịgba ígwè dị iche iche na arụmụka gbasara usoro mmepụta ihe n'ezie nke bụ ihe akaebe maka ọrụ dị egwu nke tolitere ma dị mgbagwoju anya nke ndị omenkà oge ochie. [16]

Ngwakọta nke ọla ndị a na-eji na-emepụta bronze bụ ihe pụrụ iche, nke nwere ọlaọcha dị elu na-enweghị atụ ma dị iche na alloys eji na Europe, Mediterranean ma ọ bụ ebe ọla ọla ndị ọzọ nke Africa. [17] Ebe sitere na ọla ndị e ji amịpụta ọla kọpa dị ka ogbunigwe ochie dị n’Abakiliki dị ihe dị ka otu narị kilomita site n’Igbo-Ukwu. [6] [18]

Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka

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  •  
    ite emume ọla; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria ( Lagos )
  •  
    Ihe emume ọla n'ụdị shei eju; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria
  •  
    Ite ọla; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria
  •  
    Ite ọla; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria
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    Cresentric efere; ọla kọpa; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria
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    Bronze mgbagwoju anya ịchọ mma isi mkpara; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria
  •  
    ite emume ọla dị mgbagwoju anya; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria

Ebendesibia

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  1. ↑ Apley (October 2001). Igbo–Ukwu (ca. 9th century). Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved on December 15, 2014.
  2. ↑ (2002) Early art and architecture of Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192842619. 
  3. ↑ (1984) Red gold of Africa : copper in precolonial history and culture. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299096045. 
  4. ↑ "Who taught the smiths of Igbo Ukwu?", 14 April 1983.
  5. ↑ (1974) Icon and Image: A Study of Sacred and Secular Forms in African Classical Ar. Allen lane London. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 CHIKWENDU (February 1989). "NIGERIAN SOURCES OF COPPER, LEAD AND TIN FOR THE IGBO-UKWU BRONZES". Archaeometry 31 (1): 27–36. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1989.tb01053.x. 
  7. ↑ Insoll (March 1997). "Gao and Igbo-Ukwu: Beads, interregional trade, and beyond". African Archaeological Review 14 (1): 9–23. DOI:10.1007/BF02968364. 
  8. ↑ Sutton (1991). "The international factor at Igbo-Ukwu". The African Archaeological Review 9 (1): 145–160. DOI:10.1007/BF01117219. 
  9. ↑ Sutton (2001). "Igbo-Ukwu and the Nile". African Archaeological Review 18 (1): 49–62. DOI:10.1023/A:1006792806737. 
  10. ↑ Eze–Uzomaka. Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja. Academia.edu. University of Nigeria,Nsukka, Nigeria. Retrieved on 12 December 2014.
  11. ↑ Holl (6 November 2009). "Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy". Journal of World Prehistory 22 (4): 415–438. DOI:10.1007/s10963-009-9030-6. 
  12. ↑ Shaw (November 1960). "210. Excavations at Igbo-Ukwu, Eastern Nigeria: An Interim Report". Man 60: 161. DOI:10.2307/2797876. 
  13. ↑ Shaw (November 1965). "217. Further Excavations at Igbo-Ukwu, Eastern Nigeria: An Interim Report". Man 65: 181. DOI:10.2307/2797731. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 (2008) in Ward: The Grove encyclopedia of materials and techniques in art. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195313918. 
  15. ↑ Willet (1972). "The Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu". The Journal of African History 13 (3): 514–516. DOI:10.1017/S0021853700011804. 
  16. ↑ Berns (July 1978). "Unearthing Igbo-Ukwu: Archaeological Discoveries in Eastern Nigeria". African Arts 11 (4): 14. DOI:10.2307/3335338. 
  17. ↑ Bunney. "West African metalworking predates European contact", New Scientist, 10 June 1989. Retrieved on 14 December 2014.
  18. ↑ Craddock (January 1997). "Metal Sources and the Bronzes From Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria". Journal of Field Archaeology 24 (4): 405–429. DOI:10.1179/jfa.1997.24.4.405. 
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