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Ibu ibu

 Templeeti:Human body weight

Ibu ibu

Mbelata ịdị arọ, n'ihe gbasara ọgwụ, ahụike, ma ọ bụ ahụike, na-ezo aka na mbelata nke oke ahụ, site na mbelata mmiri, abụba ahụ (anụ ahụ gbakwunyere), ma ọ bụ obere ibu (ya bụ, ọkpụkpụ mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, na anụ ahụ njikọ ndị ọzọ). Mbelata ibu nwere ike ime n'amaghị ama n'ihi nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa dị n'ime ya, ma ọ bụ site na mgbalị a na-eme iji melite oke ibu ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ buru oke ibu. "Ọnwụ ibu a na-akọwaghị akọwa" nke na-esoghị na mbelata nke calorific iri nri ma ọ bụ mmega ahụ a na-akpọ cachexia ma nwee ike ịbụ mgbaàmà nke ọnọdụ ahụike siri ike.

 

Ihe ama a ma mee

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Ịma n'obi ibu ibu bụ ịla n'iyi n'ibu ahụ n'ihi mgbalị iji melite ahụike na ahụike, ma ọ bụ ịgbanwe ọdịdị site na ịkpụcha. Mbelata ibu bụ ọgwụgwọ bụ isi maka oke ibu, ma enwere ihe akaebe siri ike nke a nwere ike igbochi ọganihu site na prediabetes gaa na ụdị ọrịa shuga nke 2 na 7-10% ibu ibu ibu ma jikwaa ahụike obi maka ndị na-arịa ọrịa shuga na 5-15% ibu ibu ibu ibu.[1][2][3][4]

Ibu ibu n'ime ndị buru oke ibu ma ọ bụ buru oke ibu nwere ike belata ihe ize ndụ ahụike, mee ka ahụike dịkwuo mma, ma nwee ike igbu oge mmalite nke ọrịa shuga.[5][6][5] Ọ nwere ike belata ihe mgbu ma mee ka mmegharị ahụ dịkwuo n'etiti ndị nwere ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nke ikpere.[6] Mbelata ibu nwere ike iduga na mbelata ọbara mgbali elu (ọbara mgbali elu), agbanyeghị ma nke a na-ebelata mmerụ ahụ metụtara ọbara mgbali ala edoghị anya. [nchọpụta na-adaghị ada] A na-enweta mbelata ibu site na ịnakwere ụdị ndụ nke a na'eri calorie ole na ole karịa ka a na-emefu.[5][7] Ịda mbà n'obi, nrụgide ma ọ bụ ike ọgwụgwụ nwere ike itinye aka n'ịbawanye ibu, na n'ọnọdụ ndị a, a na-adụ ndị mmadụ ọdụ ka ha chọọ enyemaka ahụike.[8] Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2010 chọpụtara na ndị na-eri nri na-ehi ụra abalị zuru ezu tụfuru ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke abụba karịa ndị na-enweghị ụra.[9][10] Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eche na mgbakwunye vitamin D nwere ike inye aka, nnyocha anaghị akwado nke a.[11] Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eri nri na-ebuwanye ibu n'ime ogologo oge.[12] Dị ka UK National Health Service na Dietary Guidelines for Americans si kwuo, ndị na-enweta ma na-achịkwa ịdị arọ dị mma na-eme ya nke ọma site n'ịkpachara anya iri calorie zuru ezu iji gboo mkpa ha, na ịrụsi ọrụ ike.[13][7]

Maka ibu ibu ka ọ bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide, mgbanwe na nri na ụzọ ndụ ga-abụkwa nke na-adịghị adịgide adịgide.[14][15][16] E nwere ihe akaebe na ndụmọdụ ma ọ bụ mmega ahụ naanị anaghị akpata ibu ibu, ebe naanị iri nri na-ebute ibu ibu ogologo oge, na njikọta nke iri nri na mmega ahụ na-enye nsonaazụ kachasị mma.[17] Ntinye nri, orlistat, nri na-enweghị calorie, na nlekọta ahụike siri ike nwekwara ike ịkwado ibu ibu.[18][19]

Usoro

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Orlistat (Xenical), ọgwụ a na-ejikarị agwọ oke ibu na sibutramine (Meridia), ọgwụ a kwụsịrị n'ihi mmetụta ndị ọzọ nke obi

Nri na mmega ahụ

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Ụzọ ndị na-adịchaghị arọ, na ndị a na-atụkarị aro, bụ mgbanwe na usoro iri nri na mmụba nke mmega ahụ, n'ozuzu n'ụdị mmega ahụ.[20] Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-atụ aro ka ndị mmadụ jikọta mbelata nke nri ndị a na-edozi nke nwere abụba, shuga na nnu, yana mbelata iri calorie na mmụba nke mmega ahụ.[21][22] Ma mmemme mmega ahụ ogologo oge na ọgwụ mgbochi oke ibu na-ebelata abụba dị n'afọ.[23] Nnyocha onwe onye nke nri, mmega ahụ, na ịdị arọ bụ usoro bara uru maka ịdị arọ, ọkachasị n'oge mmemme ịdị arọ.[20][24][25][26] Nnyocha na-egosi na ndị na-ede nri ha ihe dị ka ugboro atọ n'ụbọchị na ihe dị ka okpukpu iri abụọ n'ọnwa nwere ike ịbawanye ibu.[20][27]

Mbelata ịdị arọ na-adịgide adịgide na-adabere n'ịnọgide na-enwe nguzozi ike na-adịghị mma ọ bụghị ụdị macronutrients (dị ka carbohydrate) a na-eri.[28] Nri protein dị elu egosila ịdị irè dị ukwuu n'oge dị mkpirikpi (n'okpuru ọnwa 12) maka ndị mmadụ na-eri ad libitum n'ihi mmụba nke okpomọkụ na afọ ojuju, agbanyeghị mmetụta a na-apụ n'anya ka oge na-aga.[29]

Ọgwụ

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Ụzọ ndị ọzọ e si eme ka mmadụ belata ibu na-agụnye iji ọgwụ ndị na-egbochi oke ibu nke na-ebelata agụụ, na-egide ịmịkọrọ abụba, ma ọ bụ na-ebepụ ọnụ ọgụgụ afọ. Ibu oke ibu anọwo na-eguzogide ọgwụgwọ dabere na ọgwụ, na nyocha 2021 na-ekwu na ọgwụ ndị dị ugbu a "na-enyekarị ọrụ na-ezughị ezu na nchekwa a na-enyo enyo".[30]

Ịwa ahụ n'ahụ

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Enwere ike igosi ịwa ahụ bariatric n'ọnọdụ oke ibu. Usoro ịwa ahụ abụọ a na-ahụkarị bụ gastric bypass na gastric banding.[31] Ha abụọ nwere ike ịdị irè n'ibelata ike nri site n'i belata ogo afọ, mana dịka usoro ịwa ahụ ọ bụla, ha abụọ nwere ihe ize ndụ nke ha nke a ga-atụle na ndụmọdụ na dọkịta.[32]

Ụlọ ọrụ na-ebelata ibu

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E nwere nnukwu ahịa maka ngwaahịa ndị na-azọrọ na ha na-eme ka ibu dịkwuo mfe, ngwa ngwa, dị ọnụ ala, bụrụ ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, ma ọ bụ ghara ịdị arọ. Ndị a gụnyere akwụkwọ, DVD, CD, cremes, lotions, ọgwụ, mgbaaka na ọla ntị, mkpuchi ahụ, belt na ihe ndị ọzọ, ebe mmega ahụ, ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị nkuzi onwe onye, ìgwè ndị na-ebelata ibu, na ngwaahịa nri na ihe mgbakwunye.[33] Ihe mgbakwunye nri, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, anaghị ele ya anya dị ka nhọrọ dị mma maka ibu ibu, ọ nweghịkwa ihe akaebe ahụike nke ịdị irè.[34] E gosighi na ọgwụ ahịhịa dị irè.[35]

N'afọ 2008, a na-emefu n'etiti ijeri US $ 33 na ijeri $ 55 kwa afọ na US na ngwaahịa na ọrụ ndị na-ebelata ibu, gụnyere usoro ahụike na ọgwụ, na ebe ndị na-eburu ibu na-ewere n'etiti pasent 6 na 12 nke ngụkọta mmefu kwa afọ. A na-emefu ihe karịrị ijeri $ 1.6 kwa afọ na mgbakwunye na-ebelata ibu. Ihe dị ka pasent 70 nke mgbalị iri nri ndị America bụ nke enyemaka onwe onye.[36]

N'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe, ahịa nke ngwaahịa ndị na-ebelata ibu, ewezuga ọgwụ ndị e dere ede, gafere ijeri euro 1.25 (£ 900 nde / $ 1.4 ijeri) na 2009.[36]

Eziokwu sayensị nke nri azụmahịa site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ibu ahịa dịgasị iche iche, n'ịbụ ndị na-adabereghị na ihe akaebe, yabụ enwere naanị ihe akaebe pere mpe na-akwado ojiji ha, n'ihi ọnụego dị elu.[37][38][39][40][41][42] Nri azụmaahịa na-akpata obere ibu n'oge na-adịghị anya, na nsonaazụ yiri nke ahụ n'agbanyeghị akara, yana n'otu aka ahụ na nri ndị na-abụghị nke azụmahịa na nlekọta ọkọlọtọ.[39][41][43][44][37][3] Usoro nri zuru oke, na-enye ndụmọdụ na ebumnuche maka iri calorie, dị irè karịa iri nri na-enweghị nduzi ("onwe-enyere aka"), ọ bụ ezie na ihe akaebe ahụ pere mpe.[37][45][44][42] National Institute for Health and Care Excellence chepụtara usoro ihe ndị dị mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nlekọta ibu azụmahịa ga-ezute iji kwado.[40]

Amaghi ama

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Ịnọda ibu n'amaghị ama nwere ike ịpụta site na ọnwụ nke abụba ahụ, ọnwụ nke mmiri ahụ, nkwarụ nke uru ahụ, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke ndị a.[46][47] A na-ewere ya dị ka nsogbu ahụike mgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 10% nke ịdị arọ nke ahụ mmadụ efunahụla n'ime ọnwa isii ma ọ bụ 5% n'ọnwa gara aga.[46][48] Ụkpụrụ ọzọ a na-eji atụle ịdị arọ nke dị ala bụ body mass index (BMI).[49] Otú ọ dị, ọbụna obere ibu ibu nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara nchegbu siri ike na onye agadi na-adịghị ike.[50]

Ịdị arọ n'amaghị ama nwere ike ime n'ihi nri na-adịghị edozi ahụ nke ọma na mkpa ike nke mmadụ (nke a na-akpọkarị nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ). Usoro ọrịa, mgbanwe na metabolism, mgbanwe homonụ, ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ, mgbanwe nri metụtara ọrịa ma ọ bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ, ma ọ bụ mbelata agụụ na-emetụta ọrịa ma ọ dị ọgwụgwọ nwekwara ike ịkpata ibu ibu na-enweghị isi.[46][47][51][52][53] Ojiji na-adịghị mma nke ihe oriri nwere ike ibute ibu, ọ pụkwara ibute site na fistulae na eriri afọ, afọ ọsịsa, mmekọrịta ọgwụ na-edozi ahụ, enzyme depletion na muscle atrophy.

Ịnọgide na-ebelata ibu nwere ike ịka njọ n'imebi, ọnọdụ akọwapụtara nke ọma a na-akpọ cachexia.[50] Cachexia dị iche na agụụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọ na-agụnye mmeghachi omume mgbu.[50] A na-ejikọta ya na nsonaazụ ndị na-adịghị mma.[46][50][51] N'oge dị elu nke ọrịa na-aga n'ihu, metabolism nwere ike ịgbanwe ka ha wee belata ibu ọbụna mgbe ha na-enweta ihe a na-ewere dị ka nri na-edozi ahụ na ahụ enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ. Nke a na-eduga n'ọnọdụ a na-akpọ anorexia cachexia syndrome (ACS) na nri na-edozi ahụ ma ọ bụ mgbakwunye agaghị enyere aka. Mgbaàmà nke ibu ibu site na ACS gụnyere oke ibu ibu site n'ike karịa abụba ahụ, enweghị agụụ na mmetụta nke afọ ojuju mgbe ha risịrị obere ihe, agbọ onunu, ụkọ ọbara, adịghị ike na ike ọgwụgwụ.[54]

Mbelata ịdị arọ dị njọ nwere ike belata ogo ndụ, mebie ịdị irè nke ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ mgbake, mee ka usoro ọrịa ka njọ ma bụrụ ihe ize ndụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ.[46][50] Nsogbu na-edozi ahụ nwere ike imetụta ọrụ ọ bụla nke ahụ mmadụ, site na mkpụrụ ndụ ruo ọrụ kachasị mgbagwoju anya nke ahụ, gụnyere:[49]

  • mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụike;
  • ọgwụgwọ ọnyá;
  • ike nke uru ahụ (gụnyere uru iku ume);
  • ikike akụrụ na mbelata na-eduga na nsogbu mmiri na electrolyte;
  • njikwa okpomọkụ; na
  • ịhụ nsọ.

Nsogbu na-edozi ahụ nwere ike ibute vitamin na ụkọ ndị ọzọ na enweghị ọrụ, nke n'aka nke ya nwere ike ibu ụzọ nweta nsogbu ndị ọzọ, dị ka ọnyá nrụgide.[49] Ịdị arọ n'amaghị ama nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-eduga na nchọpụta nke ọrịa dịka ọrịa kansa na ụdị ọrịa shuga 1.[46][55] Na UK, ihe ruru 5% nke ndị bi n'ozuzu ha erughị oke, mana ihe karịrị 10% nke ndị nwere ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ eriri afọ na ndị a wara ahụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.[49] Dabere na data na UK site na iji Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ('MUST'), nke na-agụnye ibu ibu na-enweghị isi, ihe karịrị 10% nke ndị karịrị afọ 65 nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ.[49] Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu (10-60%) nke ndị ọrịa ụlọ ọgwụ nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ yiri nke ahụ n'ụlọ nlekọta.[49]

Ihe na-akpata oria

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Enwere ike ịtụle nsogbu na-edozi ahụ metụtara ọrịa n'ụdị anọ:[49]

Nsogbu Ihe kpatara ya
Enweghị ike iri nri Nri na-adịghị mma nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbaàmà nke ọrịa, ma ọ bụ ọrịa nwere ike ime ka iri nri na-egbu mgbu ma ọ bụ na-akpata agbọ onunu. Ọrịa nwekwara ike ịkpata enweghị nri.

Enweghị ike iri nri nwere ike ịpụta site na: mbelata nke ịma ihe ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju anya, ma ọ bụ nsogbu anụ ahụ na-emetụta aka ma ọ bụ aka, ilo ma ọ bụ ịta. A pụkwara itinye ihe mgbochi iri nri dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ nyocha. Enweghị nri nwere ike ịpụta site na: ịda ogbenye, ihe isi ike n'ịzụ ahịa ma ọ bụ isi nri, na nri na-adịghị mma.

Nsogbu ịgbari nri na/ma ọ bụ ịmịkọrọ Nke a nwere ike ịpụta site na ọnọdụ na-emetụta usoro mgbari nri.
Ihe ndị a chọrọ gbanwere Mgbanwe na ihe ndị metabolic chọrọ nwere ike ibute ọrịa, ịwa ahụ na dysfunction nke akụkụ ahụ.
Ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ gabigara ókè Mfu site na eriri afọ nwere ike ime n'ihi mgbaàmà dịka ịgbọ agbọ ma ọ bụ afọ ọsịsa, yana fistulae na stomas. Enwere ike ịnwe mfu site na nsị, gụnyere tubes nasogastric.

Mfu ndị ọzọ: Ọnọdụ ndị dị ka ọkụ nwere ike ijikọta ya na mfu ndị dị ka akpụkpọ ahụ.

  • Ka ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala (COPD) na-aga n'ihu, ihe dị ka 35% nke ndị ọrịa na-enwe oke ibu a na-akpọ pulmonary cachexia, gụnyere mbelata nke uru ahụ.[51] Ihe dị ka pasent iri abụọ na ise na-enwe oke ibu, ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ebelata ibu.[51] A na-ejikọta ibu ibu karịa na amụma dị ala.[51] Echiche banyere ihe ndị na-enye aka gụnyere enweghị agụụ nke metụtara ọrụ dị ala, ike ọzọ achọrọ maka iku ume, na ihe isi ike nke iri nri na dyspnea (ikuku siri ike).[51]
  • Ọrịa kansa, ihe a na-ahụkarị na mgbe ụfọdụ na-egbu egbu na-akpata ibu na-enweghị nkọwa (idiopathic). Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ibu ibu na-enweghị isi bụ nke abụọ na malignancy. Ọrịa kansa a ga-enyo enyo na ndị ọrịa na-enweghị nkọwa na-agụnye gastrointestinal, prostate, hepatobiliary (hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer), ovarian, hematologic ma ọ bụ malignancies akpa ume.
  • Ndị na-arịa nje HIV na-enwekarị ibu ibu, ọ na-ejikọkwa ya na nsonaazụ dị ala.[56] Nsogbu ịla n'iyi bụ ọnọdụ na-akọwa ọrịa AIDS.[56]
  • Nsogbu gastrointestinal bụ ihe ọzọ a na-ahụkarị na-akpata ibu ibu a na-akọwaghị - n'ezie ha bụ ihe kachasị njọ na-abụghị ọrịa kansa na-akpatakarị ibu idiopathic. [citation needed] ndị nwere ike ibu na-akparaghị ókè nke ibu na-enweghị nkọwa gụnyere: ọrịa celiac, ọrịa ulcer, ọrịa eriri afọ mgbu (ọrịa crohn na ulcerative colitis), pancreatitis, gastritis, afọ ọsịsa, chronic mesenteric ischemia[57] na ọtụtụ ọnọdụ GI ndị ọzọ.
  • Ọrịa. Ụfọdụ ọrịa na-efe efe nwere ike ime ka ibu ghara ịdị arọ. Ọrịa fungus, endocarditis, ọtụtụ ọrịa parasitic, AIDS, na ụfọdụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-adịghị njọ ma ọ bụ nke na-eme anwansi nwere ike ịkpata ibu.
  • Ọrịa akụrụ. Ndị ọrịa na-arịa uremia na-enwekarị agụụ na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ enweghị agụụ, ịgbọ agbọ na agbọ onunu. Nke a nwere ike ime ka ibu dị arọ.
  • Ọrịa obi. Ọrịa obi, ọkachasị nkụchi obi, nwere ike ịkpata ibu ibu na-enweghị nkọwa.
  • Ọrịa nke anụ ahụ na-ejikọta
  • Nsogbu ọnụ, ụtọ ma ọ bụ ezé (gụnyere ọrịa) nwere ike belata iri nri na-edozi ahụ nke na-eduga n'ibu.

Mmekọrịta ọgwụgwọ

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Ọgwụgwọ ahụike nwere ike ịkpata ibu ibu n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, na-emebi ịdị irè nke ọgwụgwọ na mgbake nke cycle

Many patients will be in pain and have a loss of appetite after surgery

Part of the body's response to surgery is to direct energy to wound healing which increases the body's overall energy

Requirements. Surgery effects nutritional status indirectly particularly during the recovery period ad it can interfere with wound healing and other aspects of recovery

Surgery directly affects nutritional status if a procedure permanently alters the digestive system

(Tube feeding)Is otten needed. However a policy of nil by mouth for all gastrointestinal surgery has not been shown to benefit with some weak evidence.

Early post operative nutrition is a part of enhanced recovery after surgery protocols.

These protocols also include carbohydrate loading in the 24hours before surgery but earlier nutritional intervention have not been shown to have a significant impact

Ọnọdụ mmadụ

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Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka ịda ogbenye, nnọpụiche na enweghị ike inweta ma ọ bụ kwadebe nri kachasị amasị ya nwere ike ịkpata ibu ibu na-enweghị isi, nke a nwere ike ịbụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ndị agadi.[58] Ọdịbendị, ezinụlọ na usoro nkwenkwe nwekwara ike imetụta iri nri. Ezé ezé na-adịghị mma na nsogbu ezé ma ọ bụ nke ọnụ ndị ọzọ nwekwara ike imetụta nri na-edozi ahụ.[54]

Enweghị olileanya, ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nsogbu ime mmụọ nwere ike ịkpata ịda mbà n'obi, nke nwere ike ijikọta ya na mbelata nri na-edozi ahụ, dịka ike ọgwụgwụ.

Akụkọ ifo

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E gosipụtara ụfọdụ nkwenkwe ndị a ma ama na-ejikọta ya na ibu ibu ibu nwere mmetụta dị ala na ibu ibu karịa ka a na-ekwere ma ọ bụ na-adịghị mma. Dị ka Harvard Health si kwuo, echiche nke metabolic rate ịbụ "isi ihe dị arọ" bụ "akụkụ eziokwu na akụkụ akụkọ ifo" dịka mgbe metabolism na-emetụta ịdị arọ, ike mpụga dị ka nri na mmega ahụ nwere mmetụta hà nhata.[59] Ha kwukwara na echiche nke ịgbanwe ọnụego metabolism nke mmadụ nọ n'okpuru arụmụka.[59] A na-ekwerekarị atụmatụ nri na magazin ahụike dị irè mana ọ nwere ike imerụ ahụ n'ezie site na ibelata iri calorie na ihe oriri dị mkpa kwa ụbọchị nke nwere ike imenye mmadụ ahụ dabere na onye ahụ ma nwedịrị ike ịchụpụ ndị mmadụ n'ibu.[60]

Mmetụta ahụike

dezie

Ibu oke ibu na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ ahụike dịkwuo ukwuu, gụnyere ọrịa shuga, ọrịa obi, ọbara mgbali elu, na ọrịa imeju na-abụghị mmanya na-aba n'anya, ịkpọ aha ole na ole. Mbelata oke ibu na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ ndị ahụ. A na-ejikọta mbelata 1-kg nke ịdị arọ nke ahụ na ihe dịka 1-mm Hg na ọbara mgbali elu.[61] A na-ejikọta mbelata ibu na mmelite arụmọrụ ọgụgụ isi na ndị buru oke ibu na ndị buru ibu.[62]

Hụkwazie

dezie
  • Anorexia
  • Ịṅụ sịga maka ibu
  • Nri
  • Mmega ahụ
  • Ibu ibu

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ US Department of Health and Human Services. (2017). 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans - health.gov. health.gov. Skyhorse Publishing Inc.. Retrieved on 30 September 2019.
  2. ↑ Arnett (17 March 2019). "2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease". Circulation 140 (11): e596–e646. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678. PMID 30879355. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Jensen (24 June 2014). "2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society.". Circulation 129 (25 Suppl 2): S102-38. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee. PMID 24222017. 
  4. ↑ Evert (May 2019). "Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report". Diabetes Care 42 (5): 731–754. DOI:10.2337/dci19-0014. PMID 31000505. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 LeBlanc (October 2011). "Screening for and management of obesity and overweight in adults". Evidence Syntheses, No. 89. PMID 22049569. Retrieved on 27 June 2013. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. Health benefits of losing weight. Fact sheet, Informed Health Online. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. Retrieved on 27 June 2013.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Health Weight – Understanding Calories. National Health Service (19 August 2016).
  8. ↑ Moods for Overeating: Good, Bad, and Bored (en-US). Psychology Today. Retrieved on 2018-10-17.
  9. ↑ Nedeltcheva (2010). "Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity". Annals of Internal Medicine 153 (7): 435–41. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-153-7-201010050-00006. PMID 20921542. 
  10. ↑ Harmon, Katherine (4 October 2010). Sleep might help dieters shed more fat. Scientific American. Retrieved on 20 October 2010.
  11. ↑ Pathak (2014-06-01). "Vitamin D supplementation and body weight status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Obesity Reviews 15 (6): 528–37. DOI:10.1111/obr.12162. ISSN 1467-789X. PMID 24528624. 
  12. ↑ Sumithran (2013). "The defence of body weight: A physiological basis for weight regain after weight loss". Clinical Science 124 (4): 231–41. DOI:10.1042/CS20120223. PMID 23126426. 
  13. ↑ Executive Summary. Dietary Guidelines 2015–2020. Retrieved on 2 May 2016.
  14. ↑ Hart (2018). "4.6 Fad diets and fasting for weight loss in obesity.", in Hankey: Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity (in en). Wiley, 177–182. ISBN 9780470670767. 
  15. ↑ Hankey (2017-11-23). Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity (in en). John Wiley & Sons, 179–181. ISBN 9781118857977. 
  16. ↑ Fact Sheet—Fad diets. British Dietetic Association (2014). Retrieved on 12 December 2015. “Fad-diets can be tempting as they offer a quick-fix to a long-term problem.”
  17. ↑ The Look AHEAD Research Group (2014). "Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: The look AHEAD study: 8-Year Weight Losses in Look AHEAD" (in en). Obesity 22 (1): 5–13. DOI:10.1002/oby.20662. PMID 24307184. 
  18. ↑ Thom (May 2017). "Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health?". Gastroenterology 152 (7): 1739–1751. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056. PMID 28214525. 
  19. ↑ Katzmarzyk (2020-09-03). "Weight Loss in Underserved Patients — A Cluster-Randomized Trial" (in en). New England Journal of Medicine 383 (10): 909–918. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2007448. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 32877581. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Varkevisser (2018-10-16). "Determinants of weight loss maintenance: a systematic review". Obesity Reviews 20 (2): 171–211. DOI:10.1111/obr.12772. ISSN 1467-7881. PMID 30324651. 
  21. ↑ "World Health Organization recommends eating less processed food", BBC News, 3 March 2003.
  22. ↑ Choosing a safe and successful weight loss program. Weight-control Information Network. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (July 2017). Retrieved on 2020-07-17.
  23. ↑ Rao (2019). "Effect of Exercise and Pharmacological Interventions on Visceral Adiposity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Long-term Randomized Controlled Trials.". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 94 (2): 211–224. DOI:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.09.019. PMID 30711119. 
  24. ↑ Burke (2011). "Self-Monitoring in Weight Loss: A Systematic Review of the Literature" (in en). Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111 (1): 92–102. DOI:10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.008. PMID 21185970. 
  25. ↑ Steinberg (2013). "The efficacy of a daily self-weighing weight loss intervention using smart scales and e-mail: Daily Self-Weighing Weight Loss Intervention" (in en). Obesity 21 (9): 1789–97. DOI:10.1002/oby.20396. PMID 23512320. 
  26. ↑ Krukowski (2013). "Patterns of success: Online self-monitoring in a web-based behavioral weight control program." (in en). Health Psychology 32 (2): 164–170. DOI:10.1037/a0028135. ISSN 1930-7810. PMID 22545978. 
  27. ↑ Harvey (2019). "Log Often, Lose More: Electronic Dietary Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss: Log Often, Lose More" (in en). Obesity 27 (3): 380–384. DOI:10.1002/oby.22382. PMID 30801989. 
  28. ↑ Bayer (July 2022). "Carbohydrate intake – current knowledge on weight management". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care 25 (4): 265–270. DOI:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000840. ISSN 1363-1950. PMID 35762163. 
  29. ↑ Magkos (2020). "Protein-Rich Diets for Weight Loss Maintenance". Current Obesity Reports 9 (3): 213–218. DOI:10.1007/s13679-020-00391-0. PMID 32542589. 
  30. ↑ Müller (2022). "Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges" (in en). Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 21 (3): 201–223. DOI:10.1038/s41573-021-00337-8. ISSN 1474-1784. PMID 34815532. 
  31. ↑ Albgomi. Bariatric Surgery Highlights and Facts. Bariatric Surgery Information Guide. bariatricguide.org. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved on 13 June 2013.
  32. ↑ Gastric bypass risks. Mayo Clinic (2009-02-09).
  33. ↑ The facts about weight loss products and programs. DHHS Publication No (FDA) 92-1189. US Food and Drug Administration (1992). Archived from the original on 26 September 2006. Retrieved on 2013-05-14.
  34. ↑ Neumark-Sztainer (March 1999). "Weight control behaviors among adult men and women: Cause for concern?". Obesity Research 7 (2): 179–88. DOI:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00700.x. PMID 10102255. 
  35. ↑ Maunder (2020-01-27). "Effectiveness of herbal medicines for weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 22 (6): 891–903. DOI:10.1111/dom.13973. ISSN 1463-1326. PMID 31984610. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 No evidence that popular slimming supplements facilitate weight loss, new research finds (14 July 2010). Retrieved on 2010-07-19.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Thom (May 2017). "Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health?". Gastroenterology 152 (7): 1739–1751. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056. PMID 28214525. 
  38. ↑ Wadden (6 March 2012). "Lifestyle Modification for Obesity". Circulation 125 (9): 1157–1170. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.039453. PMID 22392863. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Atallah (11 November 2014). "Long-Term Effects of 4 Popular Diets on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials". Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 7 (6): 815–827. DOI:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000723. PMID 25387778. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Avery (2018). "4.7 Commercial weight management organisations for weight loss in obesity.", in Hankey: Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity (in en). Wiley, 177–182. ISBN 9780470670767. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Tsai (4 January 2005). "Systematic review: an evaluation of major commercial weight loss programs in the United States.". Annals of Internal Medicine 142 (1): 56–66. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00012. PMID 15630109. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Allan (2018). "4.4 Group‐based interventions for weight loss in obesity.", in Hankey: Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity (in en). Wiley, 164–168. ISBN 9780470670767. 
  43. ↑ Vakil (1 June 2016). "Direct comparisons of commercial weight-loss programs on weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure: a systematic review.". BMC Public Health 16: 460. DOI:10.1186/s12889-016-3112-z. PMID 27246464. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Gudzune (7 April 2015). "Efficacy of commercial weight-loss programs: an updated systematic review.". Annals of Internal Medicine 162 (7): 501–512. DOI:10.7326/M14-2238. PMID 25844997. 
  45. ↑ Kernan (January 2013). "Obesity - A Stubbornly Obvious Target for Stroke Prevention". Stroke 44 (1): 278–286. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.639922. PMID 23111440. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 National Cancer Institute (November 2011). "Nutrition in cancer care (PDQ)". Physician Data Query. PMID 26389293. Retrieved on 3 July 2013. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Huffman (15 February 2002). "Evaluating and treating unintentional weight loss in the elderly". American Family Physician 65 (4): 640–50. PMID 11871682. 
  48. ↑ Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Nutrition Services for Medicare Beneficiaries (2000-06-09). The role of nutrition in maintaining health in the nation's elderly: evaluating coverage of nutrition services for the Medicare population. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-06846-8. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK) (February 2006). "Nutrition Support for Adults: Oral Nutrition Support, Enteral Tube Feeding and Parenteral Nutrition". NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 32. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 Yaxley (February 2012). "Pharmacological interventions for geriatric cachexia: a narrative review of the literature.". The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 16 (2): 148–54. DOI:10.1007/s12603-011-0083-8. PMID 22323350. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 51.5 Itoh (18 April 2013). "Undernutrition in patients with COPD and its treatment". Nutrients 5 (4): 1316–35. DOI:10.3390/nu5041316. PMID 23598440. 
  52. ↑ Mangili A, Murman DH, Zampini AM, Wanke CA (2006). "Nutrition and HIV infection: review of weight loss and wasting in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy from the nutrition for healthy living cohort". Clin. Infect. Dis. 42 (6): 836–42. DOI:10.1086/500398. PMID 16477562. 
  53. ↑ Nygaard (19 July 2010). "Hyperthyroidism (primary)". Clinical Evidence 2010: 0611. PMID 21418670. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Payne 2012
  55. ↑ National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (UK) (2004). Type 1 diabetes in adults: National clinical guideline for diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care. Royal College of Physicians UK. ISBN 978-1860162282. Retrieved on 3 July 2013. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Mangili (15 March 2006). "Nutrition and HIV infection: review of weight loss and wasting in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy from the nutrition for healthy living cohort". Clinical Infectious Diseases 42 (6): 836–42. DOI:10.1086/500398. PMID 16477562. 
  57. ↑ Bakhtiar (7 August 2019). "Weight Loss: A Significant Cue To The Diagnosis of Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia.". Cureus 11 (8): e5335. DOI:10.7759/cureus.5335. PMID 31598442. 
  58. ↑ Alibhai (15 March 2005). "An approach to the management of unintentional weight loss in elderly people". Canadian Medical Association Journal 172 (6): 773–80. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.1031527. PMID 15767612. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Does Metabolism Matter in Weight Loss?", Harvard Health. Retrieved on 2018-06-18. (in en-US)
  60. ↑ Long (2015). The Gale Encyclopedia of Senior Health. Detroit, MI: Gale. ISBN 978-1573027526. 
  61. ↑ Harsha (2008). "Weight Loss and Blood Pressure Control (Pro)". Hypertension 51 (6): 1420–25. DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.094011. ISSN 0194-911X. PMID 18474829. 
  62. ↑ Veronese (January 2017). "Weight loss is associated with improvements in cognitive function among overweight and obese people: A systematic review and meta-analysis.". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 72: 87–94. DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.017. PMID 27890688. 
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