Hemerochory

Hemerochory (Greek oge ochie ἥμερος, hemeros: 'tame, ennobled, cultivated, cultivated' na Greek χωρίς choris: iche, dịpụrụ adịpụ), ma ọ bụ anthropochory, [1] [2] bụ nkesa nke osisi ndị a kpụrụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ha na ibe ha, nke ọma ma ọ bụ nke ọma. n'amaghị ama, site na ụmụ mmadụ banye na mpaghara nke ha na-enweghị ike ịchịkọta site na usoro okike ha nke mgbasa, ma nwee ike ịnọgide na-enwe onwe ha na-enweghị enyemaka mmadụ kpọmkwem na ebe obibi ọhụrụ ha..^[1]

Hemerochory bụ otu n'ime usoro mgbasa nke osisi. Osisi Hemerochoric nwere ike ịbawanye ma belata ụdị dị iche iche nke ebe obibi. ^[2]

Nchịkọta

A na-ekewa ahịhịa Hemerochoric dabere n'otú e si ewebata ya, dịka ọmụmaatụ:

Ipomoea cairica na-esote n'akụkụ ụzọ na okooko ya na-acha odo odo (nke nwere ike ịgbasa agochoric).

Ethelochory: mmeghe mara mma site na mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ osisi na-eto eto.
Speirochoria: mmeghe na-enweghị isi site na mkpụrụ emetọ. Ihe atụ bụ ezigbo chamomile na cornflower.
Agochory: mmeghe site na njem na-enweghị isi na, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, ụgbọ mmiri, ụgbọ oloko na ụgbọala. Osisi ndị a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, n'akụkụ ụzọ, n'ọdụ ụgbọala na n'ọdụ jirgin okporo ígwè.^[3]

Nkewa

N'usoro oge, a na-ekewa osisi hemerochoric na:

Archaeophytes: osisi ndị e webatara tupu mmalite nke azụmahịa ụwa n'ihe dị ka afọ 1500, ma ọ bụ tupu afọ 1492 (ịchọpụta America).
Neophytes: osisi ndị e webatara mgbe e mesịrị.

Okwu ndị metụtara ya

Hemerochory (Greek oge ochie ἥμερος, hemeros: 'tame, ennobled, cultivated, cultivated' na Greek χωρίς choris: iche, dị ike), ma ọ bụ anthropochory, [1] [2] bụ nkesa nke osisi ndị a kpụrụ ma ọ bụ. ike ha na ibe ha, nke ọma ma ọ bụ nke ọma. n'ama, site na ụmụ mmadụ banye na mpaghara nke ha na- ike ike ịchịkọta site na okike ha nke mgbasa, ma nwee ike na-enwe onwe ha na-eme mmadụ kpọmkwem na ebe obibi ha.

A na-eji okwu ahụ bụ osisi adventitious eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ n'otu ihe na hemerochory, mana a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka ụdị ndị a kpachapụrụ anya webata n'ógbè ahụ wee bụrụ nke a mụrụ, mgbe ụfọdụ maka ụdị ndị na-ejighi onwe ha ike na ebe obibi ọhụrụ ha.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Hemerochorous mgbasa nke osisi site na omenala mmadụ nwere ike bụrụ na ọ dịlarị n'oge Nkume Age, ma n'igosi na nke kacha ọhụrụ n'oge ochie, ya bụ n'okporo ụzọ ahia ochie. Mkpụrụ osisi ndị dị ka apụl na pears ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga n'okporo ụzọ Silk site na gburugburu ugwu Altai ruo Gris ma si n'ebe ahụ gaa n'ubi ndị Rom, bụ ndị n'aka nke ya wetara ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na Central Europe, ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ndị a bụ. emecha nwee ike ịlanarị n'èzí omenala. Ọtụtụ osisi bara uru, dị ka tomato, poteto, ugu na agwa French eruteghị Central Europe ruo narị afọ nke 16, mgbe achọpụtara kọntinent America, ma na-etolite ugbu a n'ụwa nile.

N'ime afọ 400 ruo 500 gara aga, mgbasa ahụ agbasaala site na azụmahịa na agha, site na ndị nchọpụta na ndị ozi ala ọzọ. Ndị nke ikpeazụ wetara ọtụtụ osisi site na njem ha ma n'ihi mmasị na Osisi ndị dị iche iche, nke a na-etinyekarị na nchịkọta osisi nke ụlọ ikpe ndị isi, na maka ebumnuche sayensị. N'ihe gbasara ọmụmụ ihe ọkụkụ, mmasị na-abụkarị na Mmetụta ọgwụgwọ nke osisi ndị a, kamakwa na mgbasawanye nke ihe ọmụma botanical, ma ọ bụ naanị iji osisi ahụ mee ihe maka ịnakọta (herbaria).

Ụfọdụ osisi ịchọ mma bịakwara Europe n'ihi na ha kwere nkwa azụmahịa bara uru. Nke a na-emetụta, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na camellias, otu n'ime ha na-etolite dị ka osisi tii na Japan na China. Ọ bụ ezie na ụdị a enweghị ike ịkọ na Central Europe, ndị mmadụ chọpụtara ngwa ngwa na ọmarịcha ọmarịca nke ụdị camellia ndị ọzọ dị ka osisi ịchọ mma. Ogige ahịhịa na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmepụta osisi ndị dị otú ahụ site na ebe obibi dị anya.^[4]

Ụdị ya

Agochory

Nri agụ bụ agochoric.

Osisi Agochoric bụ ndị na-agbasa site na njem mberede. N'adịghị ka osisi speirochoric, a naghị akụkarị ha n'ala mmadụ kwadebere. N'ala, osisi agochoric bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, n'ọdụ ọdụ Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè.^[5]

Otú ọ dị, a na-agbasa Osisi ndị dị n'ime mmiri site na agochory. Mmiri ballast na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mgbasa agochoric nke osisi ndị dị n'ime mmiri. Gburugburu ụwa, a na-ebubata ihe dị ka ijeri tọn mmiri iri na ihe ndị dị ndụ o nwere n'ụzọ a. Mba ndị na-Mbupụ ihe na-emetụta mgbasa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ site na mmiri ballast. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ rutere n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla, mana tankị ballast zuru oke. N'ime mmiri a, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-enweta ọtụtụ puku cubic mita nke mmiri oké osimiri na-ejupụta na ihe ndị ọzọ e kere eke ugbu a na gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ. Ahịhịa mmiri Undaria pinnatifida, nke a mụrụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Japan, rutere n'ụsoro oké osimiri Tasmanian site na mmiri ballast ma mepụta oké ọhịa kelp dị n'ụsro oké osimiri kemgbe 1988, na-ewepụ osisi na anụmanụ. Caulerpa taxifolia bụ otu n'ime osisi ndị a na-agbasakarị site na mmiri ballast. Ọ na-agbasa site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụgbọ mmiri na-eji arịlịka ha dọwaa akụkụ nke algae.

Australia bụ mba mbụ webatara iwu mmiri ballast laa azụ na 1990 ma ugbu a ọ bụ ya kacha kpebisie ike idozi nsogbu a. A gwara ụgbọ mmiri ka ha ghara iwere mmiri ballast n'ebe ndị na-adịghị omimi na ndị na-emetọ emetọ ma ghara iji mmiri ballast na-agbanye mmanụ n'abalị, ebe ọ bụ na mgbe ahụ, ọtụtụ Ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri ndị dị n"Ala oké osimiri na-arịgo n'elu mmiri ahụ. Ụgbọ mmiri kwesịkwara ịgbanwe mmiri ha 200 kilomita site na mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, nke mere na n'otu akụkụ, a naghị ewebata ụdị ndị dị n"ụsọ oké mmiri n'ime mmiri ndị dị oke egwu, n'aka nke ọzọ, ọ dịghị ndị bi n'ụsoro oké osimiri na-aga na kọntinent ndị ọzọ.^[6]

Ethelochory

Galanthus bụ ethelochoric.

Ethelochory bụ ebumnuche ibugharị osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ gaa n'ógbè dị iche iche maka ọrụ ugbo na ịkọ ubi. ^[7] Ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị mkpa maka nri mmadụ ejirila obi ha gbasaa. Ọka wit, ọka bali, lentil, agwa, flax na mkpụrụ poppy, dịka ọmụmaatụ, abụghị ihe ọkụkụ a na-ahụkarị na Central Europe, ọ bụ ezie na ha niile bụ ihe ochie. Ndị mmadụ wetara ha mgbe mmalite nke Neolithic (ihe dị ka afọ 6,500 gara aga) nke nta nke nta site n'Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Mediterenian gaa n'etiti Europe na ụwa ndị ọzọ n'ime narị afọ ndị na-abịanụ. N'etiti Europe, ọ bụ karịsịa Cyperus esculentus nke e kewara kemgbe afọ 1980 n'etiti Ụdị ndị na-awakpo, n'ihi na a gbasaa tubers ha n'ìgwè, site na ịrapara na ụgbọala ma ọ bụ igwe.^[8]

Ọtụtụ n'ime osisi ochie a na-akụ akụ agbasaala gburugburu ụwa, ọkachasị site na ndị si Europe. A zụlitere ya ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 4,000, e webatara ọka wit na America na narị afọ nke 16 na Australia na narị afọ ya nke 19. Orange, lemon, apricots na peaches bụ ndị China. O yikarịrị ka ha si n'okporo ụzọ Silk gaa na Narị afọ nke atọ BC. Na Asia Minor na site n'ebe ahụ site na Ndị Rom ruo Mediterenian. Ndị bi na Europe, n'aka nke ha, jiri ụdị ndị a na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na mpaghara kwesịrị ekwesị nke America.

Site na narị afọ nke iri na isii, a na-akụkarị osisi ịchọ mma. A na-ebu ụzọ webata ụdị ndị a mụrụ na Europe dị ka osisi ubi. Ndị a gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Gladioli, yabasị ịchọ mma, bluebell Europe, snowdrop nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe na clematis nkịtị. A gbakwunyere osisi ịchọ mma sitere na mpaghara ndị dị anya mgbe e mesịrị. Site n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia karịsịa, e webatara ọtụtụ osisi na Europe dị ka ihe dị iche iche ma ọ bụ maka ebumnuche akụ na ụba.

Speirochory

Cornflower bụ speirochoric.

A na-ebubata osisi ụfọdụ n'amaghị ama na usoro a; a na-akpọ hemerochory a na-achọghị dị ka onye ibe mkpụrụ. Ebe ọ bụ na mkpụrụ ọ bụla nwekwara mkpụrụ nke ahịhịa nke ubi ahụ o si bịa, a na-erekwa ndị na-asọmpi ha, "ahịhịa ahịhịhịa", site na ahia nke mkpụrụ nke osisi ahụ bara uru. Ezigbo chamomile bụ otu n'ime osisi ndị a na-amaghị ama gbasaa dị ka onye ibe mkpụrụ.^[9]

A na-akụ osisi Speirochoric n'ala a kwadebere maka mmadụ ma bụrụ ndị na-asọ mpi nke ihe ọkụkụ. Osisi ndị a na-ewere dị ka archaeophytes, dị ka poppy, nke sitere na mpaghara Mediterenian, ezigbo chamomile, cornflower na field buttercup, gbasaa site na mkpụrụ na ọka na Central Europe. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ehicha mkpụrụ ahụ nke ọma site na iji usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ na ọ naghị emetọkarị ọgwụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ usoro nchịkwa ndị ọzọ.

N'agbanyeghị nke a, Cuscuta campestris, nke a na-ahazi dị ka ahịhịa nwere nsogbu na Australia, na mberede batara na mba ahụ na mkpụrụ basil na 1981, 1988 na 1990.

Hụkwa

Nkwado ọchịchị
Osisi ndị gbapụrụ agbapụ
Ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo

Ebem si dee

↑ Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis, Extinction and Naturalization of Plant Species p.261, edited by Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Helmut Zwölfer
↑ Harshberger, John William: The vegetation of the New Jersey pine-barrens, an ecologic investigation, Philadelphia: Christopher Sower Company, 1869-1929
↑ Tim Low: Feral Future. The Untold Story of Australia's Exotic Invaders , p. 73
↑ Krystyna M. Urbanska: Populationsbiologie der Pflanzen. G. Fischer, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-437-20481-5.
↑ Mutualistic Interactions between Flowering Plants and Animals edited by Palatty Allesh Sinu, KR Shivanna, 2016
↑ Management of an invasive marine species: defining and testing the effectiveness of ballast-water management options using management strategy evaluation by Piers K. Dunstan and Nicholas J. Bax
↑ Significance of Seeds : Ecological Adaptation and Dispersal Strategies by Education Department
↑ Plant Ecology p.545. By Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Erwin Beck, Klaus Müller-Hohenstein. 2005.
↑ Mikhailova (2019). "Distribution of Alien Plants by Speirochory in Agrocenosis of Tomsk Oblast". Russian Journal of Biological Invasions 10 (4): 358–364. DOI:10.1134/S2075111719040064.

[1] Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis, Extinction and Naturalization of Plant Species p.261, edited by Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Helmut Zwölfer

[2] Harshberger, John William: The vegetation of the New Jersey pine-barrens, an ecologic investigation, Philadelphia: Christopher Sower Company, 1869-1929

[3] Tim Low: Feral Future. The Untold Story of Australia's Exotic Invaders , p. 73

[4] Krystyna M. Urbanska: Populationsbiologie der Pflanzen. G. Fischer, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-437-20481-5.

[5] Mutualistic Interactions between Flowering Plants and Animals edited by Palatty Allesh Sinu, KR Shivanna, 2016

[6] Management of an invasive marine species: defining and testing the effectiveness of ballast-water management options using management strategy evaluation by Piers K. Dunstan and Nicholas J. Bax

[7] Significance of Seeds : Ecological Adaptation and Dispersal Strategies by Education Department

[8] Plant Ecology p.545. By Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Erwin Beck, Klaus Müller-Hohenstein. 2005.

[9] Mikhailova (2019). "Distribution of Alien Plants by Speirochory in Agrocenosis of Tomsk Oblast". Russian Journal of Biological Invasions 10 (4): 358–364. DOI:10.1134/S2075111719040064.

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