Wikipedia

Gelding

Gelding bụ ịnyịnya nwoke a chụpụrụ agbapụ ma ọ bụ equine ndị ọzọ, dị ka inyinya, ịnyịnya ibu ma ọ bụ inyinya mule. A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ na ụfọdụ anụmanụ na anụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ, dị ka kamel anụ ụlọ. N'iji ya atụnyere, okwu nhata maka ehi a chụpụrụ achụpụ ga-abụ onye isi (ma ọ bụ oke ehi), na oyi maka atụrụ na ewu.

Nwa agbọghọ dị afọ atọ

Nkedo na-enye ohere ka nwoke na-enwekwu obi iru ala, na-akpa àgwà ka mma, na-enwechaghị ike inwe mmekọahụ, ma na-anabata mgbalị ọzụzụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, a maara ya maka ime ka anụ ahụ dị jụụ, dị nro na n'ozuzu ya dabara adaba dị ka anụmanụ na-arụ ọrụ kwa ụbọchị, ma ọ bụ ọbụna dị ka anụ ụlọ (n'ihe gbasara anụmanụ ndị enyi).[1] The gerund na participle "gelding" na enweghi ngwụcha "to geld" na-ezo aka na usoro nkedo n'onwe ya.

Okwu mmalite

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Ngwaa "to geld" sitere na Old Norse gelda, site na adjective geldr 'barren'.[1] Aha "gelding" sitere na Old Norse geldingr . [1]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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A na-eche na ndị Sitia so na ndị mbụ na-anya ịnyịnya ha, [1] [2] ka ha ji ịnyịnya agha ndị dị jụụ na ndị na-adịghị echebe onwe ha kpọrọ ihe, yana ọ dị mfe idobe n'ìgwè na o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ ókèala, na-enweghị ọnwụnwa nke ịmụ nwa / mating agụụ. A na-ekwu na Aristotle kwuru banyere gelding n'oge dị ka 350 BC.[2]

Ihe mere e ji mee ka a na-akwa iko

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A na-agbakarị ịnyịnya nwoke iji mee ka ọ na-akpa àgwà ka mma na mfe ịchịkwa ya. Gelding nwekwara ike wepụ anụmanụ ndị na-adịchaghị mma na ọdọ mmiri mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.[1] Iji kwe ka naanị anụmanụ kacha mma na-amụba, ebe a na-echekwa ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke, ọ bụ naanị obere pasentị nke ịnyịnya nwoke niile kwesịrị ịbụ nnukwu anụ. Isi mmalite na-edobe pasenti nke nnukwu ụlọ ahịa ekwesịrị idobe dị ka ngwaahịa ọmụmụ n'ihe dị ka 10%, [2] ebe echiche dị oke egwu na-ekwu na ọ bụ naanị 0.5% nke ụmụ nwoke niile kwesịrị ịzụ.[3] N'ime anụ ọhịa, a na-echekwa oke 10% n'ụzọ nkịtị, n'ihi na otu nnukwu anụ ụlọ na-echebe ma na-amụba ìgwè ehi nke na-adịkarịghị karịa 10 ma ọ bụ 12 mares, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere ike ikwe ka obere ọdụ ụgbọ elu na-ebi ndụ na nsọtụ nke anụ ọhịa. igwe.[4] Enwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke karịa naanị anụ ụlọ, yabụ, ịnyịnya nwoke na-ejikọtaghị ọnụ maka nchebe na obere ụmụ nwoke "bachelor herrds", ebe, na enweghị nne, ha na-eme omume dị ka geldings.[3]

 
Ịgba ịnyịnya nwoke nwere ike belata esemokwu nwere ike ime n'ime ìgwè ịnyịnya.

Geldings are preferred over stallions for working purposes because they are calmer, easier to handle, and more tractable. Geldings are therefore a favorite for many equestrians. In some horse shows,Templeeti:Which due to the dangers inherent in handling stallions, which require experienced handlers,[Tinye edensibịa] youth exhibitors are not permitted to show stallions in classes limited to just those riders.[4]

A na-ahọrọ Geldings karịa nne, n'ihi na ụfọdụ nne na-ewe iwe mgbe ha na-ekpo ọkụ na ojiji nke nne nwere ike ịbụ nke a kpaara ókè n'oge ọnwa ndị ọzọ nke ime na mgbe ha na'ilekọta nwa.

N'ọsọ ịnyịnya, a pụrụ iwere ịkpụ ịnyịnya dị ka ihe bara uru ma ọ bụrụ na ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ dọpụ uche anụ ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe, siri ike ijikwa ya, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ ọ gaghị agba ọsọ ruo n'ókè o nwere n'ihi nsogbu omume. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a pụtara na ịnyịnya ahụ na-efunahụ uru ọ bụla, ọrụ ịgba ọsọ na-aga nke ọma nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-akwalite uru nke ịnyịnya nke mụrụ gelding.

Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-achụpụ ịnyịnya a na-eji amụ nwa mgbe e mesịrị, ikekwe n'ihi enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, ma ọ bụ n'ihi na ụmụ ịnyịnya ahụ anaghị eme ihe a tụrụ anya ya, ma ọ bụkwa n'ihi naanị n'ihi ete anaghị eji ịnyịnya ahụ eme ihe maka ịzụlite, n'ihi mgbanwe ejiji na pedigree ma ọ bụ phenotype. Castration nwere ike ikwe ka ịnyịnya na ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ biri n'udo, na-enye ohere ibi ndụ dị mma.[5]

N'okpuru iwu British National Hunt racing (ya bụ Steeplechase), iji belata ihe ize ndụ ahụike na nchekwa, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ịnyịnya niile na-ekere òkè na-agbaji. N'aka nke ọzọ, n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Europe, a na-ewepu castrings n'ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị larịị kachasị mma gụnyere Classics na Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe (ma e wezụga na ọ bụ French classic Prix Royal-Oak, meghere maka castrings kemgbe 1986). [6] Na asọmpi agbụrụ nke North America, a na-ekwe ka ndị na-agba ọsọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ha eruola site na afọ, mmeri, ma ọ bụ ahụmịhe, na agbụrụ ndị a na-emeghe maka ụmụ nwoke. Otu ihe ahụ na-emetụta Australia.

Nchegbu banyere castration

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Ọdịbendị ụfọdụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme anaghị eme ma ka na-adịkarịghị eme ịnyịnya nwoke, ọkachasị Ndị Arab, bụ ndị na-ejikarị ịnyịnya maka ọrụ kwa ụbọchị na agha.[7] N'ọdịbendị ndị a, a ka na-ejighị ọtụtụ ịnyịnya ibu eme ihe maka ịzụlite, naanị ndị kachasị mma. Mgbe a na-eji ha eme ihe dị ka anụmanụ na-agba ịnyịnya, a na-edebe ha naanị na ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ nwoke n'ọnọdụ "nwoke", nke na-emekarị ka ha dị jụụ, na-adịchaghị ka àgwà ịnyịnya.[8] Mgbe ụfọdụ, ihe kpatara okpukpe maka omume ndị a dị; dịka ọmụmaatụ, a machibidoro ịkpụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ n'ụzọ doro anya na Bible Hibru ma machibido ya Iwu ndị Juu.

Ọ bụ ezie na ịkpụ ahụ na-enwekarị nsogbu ole na ole, enwere ihe ize ndụ. Castration nwere ike ịnwe nsogbu, dị ka ọzịza, ọbara ọgbụgba ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụrụ mgbe ịwa ahụ gasịrị, ọrịa, na eventration. Ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru izu isii maka testosterone fọdụrụ iji wepụ usoro gelding ọhụrụ ma ọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-egosipụta omume dị ka ịnyịnya n'oge ahụ. Maka ihe ndị na-edochaghị anya mgbe niile, ihe dị ka pasent iri atọ nke ndị niile na-agba ịnyịnya ka nwere ike igosi ụzọ dị ka nke ịnyịnya, ụfọdụ n'ihi testicle cryptorchid e debere na ịnyịnya, ndị ọzọ n'ihi omume a mụtara na mbụ, mana ụfọdụ n'enweghị ihe doro anya. Ọzụzụ iji kpochapụ omume ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ozuzu. Ihe ize ndụ ọzọ bụ maka dọkịta anụmanụ, ọ bụrụ na a na-eme nchara na-eguzo ọtọ, ọ ga-ekwe omume ka ịnyịnya ahụ merụọ dọkịta ụmụ anụmanụ ahụ ahụ n'oge usoro ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na nsogbu bilitere, a ghaghị ime ka ịnyịnya na-akụnwụ ahụ ozugbo.[9] Castration anaghị agbanwe omume ọjọọ na omume ọjọọ na-akpaghị aka. A ghaghị ime nke a site na ọzụzụ kwesịrị ekwesị. [5]

Oge nke gelding

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Enwere ike ịkpụ ịnyịnya n'afọ ọ bụla; Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na onye nwe ya bu n'obi ịkpụ otu nwa, a na-ewere ya ugbu a dị ka ihe kachasị mma ịkpụ ịta ịnyịnya ahụ tupu ọ bụrụ nwa otu afọ, na n'ezie tupu ya eruo oke mmekọahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a tụrụ aro ka ị chere ruo mgbe ịnyịnya na-eto eto karịrị otu afọ, ọbụlagodi abụọ, nke a bụ ihe fọdụrụ n'ụbọchị ndị a na-eme nchara na-enweghị anesthesia ma bụrụ ihe na-echegbu anụmanụ ahụ. Usoro ọgwụgwọ anụmanụ nke oge a nwere ike imezu castration na obere nrụgide na obere ahụ erughị ala, ọ bụrụhaala na a na-eji ọgwụ mgbu kwesịrị ekwesị.[10] Ndị nwe ịnyịnya ole na ole na-egbu oge ịkpụ ịnyịnya n'ihi na Testosterone a na-enweta site na ikwe ka ọ ruo ntozu oke mmekọahụ ga-eme ka ọ dịkwuo ukwuu. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha ndị na-adịbeghị anya egosila na nke a abụghị otú ahụ: ọ bụla a na-ahụ anya nke a na-enweta naanị site na ọnụnọ nke homonụ ga-efu ka oge na-aga mgbe ịnyịnya ahụ nwụsịrị, ma ka ọ dị ugbu a, ike a na-emefu na-eto eto nwere ike iwepụ ike ịnyịnya ahụ nwere ike itinye ya na uto ọkpụkpụ ọ nweghị mmetụta na ọnụego uto (ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ịbawanye oke abụba ịnyịnya ahụ).[11]

Ọtụtụ ịnyịnya ndị toro eto, ndị a na-ejighịzi eme ihe na stud n'ihi afọ ndụ ma ọ bụ enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, nwere ike irite uru site na ịbụ ndị a na'ahụ. Usoro ọgwụgwọ anụmanụ nke oge a na-eme ka ịkpụ nwa ịnyịnya meworo agadi bụrụ usoro dị ala, [12] na ịnyịnya ahụ nwere uru nke inwe ike ịpị ya na ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ n'enweghị nsogbu ma kwe ka ọ dịrị ndụ dị ala karịa ka e kwere ka ọ bụrụ nwa ịnyịnya.

Nlekọta pụrụ iche nke geldings

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Ndị nwe ịnyịnya ndị nwoke, ma ndị na-agba ịnyịnya na ndị na-eme ịnyịnya, kwesịrị mgbe ụfọdụ ịlele mkpuchi ịnyịnya, akpa akpụkpọ ahụ nke na-echebe penis nke ịnyịnya mgbe a na-ejighị ya maka nsị (ma ọ bụ, n'ihe banyere ịnyịnya, ịzụlite). Geldings na-enwekarị smegma na ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karịa stallions, ma eleghị anya n'ihi na geldings anaghị emebi penis kpamkpam, ya mere unyi na smegma gbakọta na mkpokoro akpụkpọ ahụ.[13]

Usoro nke ịkpụcha

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A na-eme ịkpụ ahụ n'elu ịnyịnya n'okpuru ọgwụ anaesthesia ketamine

E nwere usoro abụọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ịkpụ ịnyịnya, otu na-achọ naanị anesthesia mpaghara na nke ọzọ na-achọ anesthesia n'ozuzu. Usoro ọ bụla nwere uru na ọghọm.

Ịkpụ ọkpụkpụ na-adịgide adịgide

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Standing castration bụ usoro ebe a na-eme ka ịnyịnya dị jụụ ma na-enye ọgwụ anesthesia mpaghara, na-enweghị ịtụba ịnyịnya ahụ n'ala ma ọ bụ tinye ya kpamkpam "n'okpuru". Ọ nwere uru na ọ dịghị mkpa ka a na-akụnwụ ahụ (GA). A na-akwado usoro a maka usoro dị mfe n'ihi na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ maka GA na ịnyịnya na ụlọ ọgwụ nke oge a dị ala, ihe dịka otu ma ọ bụ abụọ na 1000. Ọnwụ n'ọhịa (ebe a na-eme ọtụtụ ịnyịnya) nwere ike ịdị elu, n'ihi ụlọ ọrụ ndị dara ogbenye.[14]

Maka ịkpụ ahụ guzo ọtọ, a na-etinye nwa ehi ma ọ bụ nwa ehi ahụ, na-ejikarị detomidine ma ọ bụ na-enweghị butorphanol, ma na-ejikwa ya eme ihe. A na-agbanye Ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ n'ime parenchyma nke testicles abụọ ahụ. A na-eme oghere site na scrotum ma wepụ testicles, mgbe ahụ a na-egbutu eriri spermatic, nke a na-ejikarị ma ọ bụ ligatures ma ọ bụ emasculators, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. A na-etinye emasculators maka nkeji abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, wee wepụ ya, a na-elepụtakwa ya nke ọma maka ihe ịrịba ama nke ọbara ọgbụgba. N'iburu n'uche na ọbara ọgbụgba dịkarịa ala, a na-akpụ akụkụ nke ọzọ n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta anụmanụ na-ewepụ testicles ndị "n'ụzọ siri ike" (ma ọ bụ nso n'ahụ) site na uru ahụ na-ebu ụzọ, iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke ịnyịnya iwepụ ya ruo n'ókè ebe ọ na-enweghị ike iru. A na-ekwe ka ịnyịnya ahụ, nke bụzi gelding, gbakee.

Enwere ike ịme ịkpụ ahụ na-eguzo ọtọ n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya. Ụfọdụ ndị isi akọwaala usoro maka iwepụ testicles ndị dị n'afọ site na anụmanụ cryptorchid, [15] mana ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ ka na-akwado usoro na-ehi ụra, dịka akọwapụtara n'okpuru. [16] Isi ihe na-adịghị mma na ịkpụ ahụ guzo ọtọ bụ ihe ize ndụ nke, ọbụlagodi na sedation na njide, ịnyịnya nwere ike ịjụ usoro ahụ ma kụọ ma ọ bụ merụọ onye na-arụ ọrụ ahụ.[17]

Ịkpụ ọkpụkpụ n'ala

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Ịchụ ahụ n'ala, gụnyere iji emasculatorsndị na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ ghara ịdị

Ụfọdụ ndị dọkịta na-ahụ maka anụmanụ na-ahọrọ itinye ịnyịnya n'okpuru anesthesia n'ozuzu ya n'ihi na "ịga ahụ na-akawanye mma ma na-ebu obere ihe ize ndụ (n'ozuzu) maka dọkịta ịwa ahụ na onye ọrịa". Maka castration dị mfe nke anụmanụ ndị dị mma, uru nke castration na-ehi ụra bụ na ịnyịnya ahụ nwere ike, enwere ike idebe asepsis ka mma (ebe a na-adịghị emebi emebi), na haemostasis ka mma (nchịkwa ọbara ọgbụgba) ga-ekwe omume. Na mgbakwunye, enwere obere ihe ize ndụ nke ịwa ahụ ma ọ bụ ndị enyemaka ka a kụọ ya. N'ọnọdụ dị mgbagwoju anya karị dị ka castration nke anụmanụ cryptorchid, ọwa inguinal dị mfe ịnweta. E nwere ọtụtụ usoro dị iche iche (dị ka "emeghe", "mechiri emechi", na "nke mechiri emechi") nke enwere ike iji, mana ịwa ahụ bụ otu ihe ahụ. Otú ọ dị, anesthesia n'ozuzu ya enweghị ihe ize ndụ, gụnyere post-anaesthetic myopathy (mbibi nke uru ahụ) na neuropathy (mbi nke akwara), nsogbu iku ume (V / Q mismatch), na ịda mbà n'obi. Nsogbu ndị a na-eme ugboro ugboro nke na castration nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ.[14] Iji belata nchegbu ndị a, ntuziaka British Equine Veterinary Association na-atụ aro ka ndị dọkịta abụọ na-awa ahụ anụmanụ nọrọ mgbe a na-eme anesthesia n'ozuzu.[18]

Nlekọta mgbe e mesịrị

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Site na usoro abụọ a, a ga-edebe ọnyá ahụ ọcha ma kwe ka ọ pụọ n'enweghị nsogbu iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke mmepụta hematoma, ma ọ bụ mmepe nke abscess. Ojiji nke tetanus antitoxin na analgesics (ihe na-egbu mgbu) dị mkpa ma na-enyekarị ọgwụ nje. A na-ejikarị ịnyịnya ahụ agagharị n'aka ruo ụbọchị ole na ole iji belata mmepe nke ọzịza.[19]

Nsogbu ndị nwere ike ịdị

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Nsogbu ndị dị nta na-esochi nkedo bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ebe nsogbu ndị siri ike dị ụkọ. Dịka otu nyocha siri dị, maka nkedo kwụ ọtọ, ọnụọgụ mgbagwoju anya bụ 22%, ebe maka nkedo nkwụghachi azụ bụ 6% (ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-anwụ 1%).[1] Nsogbu ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ:

  • Ọzịza mgbe a wasịrị ya (edema) - obere na nke a na-ahụkarị [20]
  • Mmetụta Scrotal / incisional - mmepụta seroma / abscess dị n'ógbè ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, mgbe akpụkpọ ahụ na-emechi tupu akpa miri emi enwe oge iji mechie. Nke a chọrọ imeghe akpụkpọ ahụ, iji guzobe mmiri zuru oke. Iji gbochie ọnyá ahụ imechi ngwa ngwa, ọ dị mkpa ka a na-emega ịnyịnya ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro kwa ụbọchị mgbe usoro ahụ gasịrị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị iji ọgwụ na-egbochi ọzịza na-abụghị steroid gwọọ ịnyịnya iji belata ọzịza ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ dị mkpa inye ọgwụ nje.[21]
  • Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala na-eduga na eriri schirrous - mmepụta nke granuloma na ebe a na-ebibi ya, nke nwere ike ọ gaghị apụta ìhè maka ọnwa ma ọ bụ ọbụna afọ
  • Evisceration, ọnọdụ ebe akụkụ afọ "na-ada" site na ịwa ahụ, bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị ndụ bụ 85-100% ma ọ bụrụ na a gwọọ ha ozugbo, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ dị elu maka ndị a na-emeghị ozugbo. [22]

Hụkwa

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  • Onye ọnaozi, onye na-agba ịnyịnya, onye na onye na-akwa ịnyịnyaịnyịnya ibu
  • Spaying na neutering (maka ụmụ anụmanụ)

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 (1971) in Murray: The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, Third, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198611172. 
  2. ↑ Blocksdorf, Katherine (10 October 2018). What is a Gelding?. TheSprucePets. “Gelding has been carried out for centuries, and written work by Aristotle mentions gelding as early as 350 B.C.E.”
  3. ↑ Davies Morel (2003). "Stallion Management", Equine Reproductive Physiology, Breeding, and Stud Management. CABI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85199-643-1. Retrieved on April 14, 2008. 
  4. ↑ Welsh Pony and Cob Society –. Wpcs.uk.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved on May 16, 2021.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Richard Klimesh. Horse Gelding the Male Horse and Aftercare by Cherry Hill. Horsekeeping. Retrieved on April 2, 2015. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "horsekeeping1" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ All the races: Prix Royal-Oak. France Galop. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved on February 8, 2013.
  7. ↑ Tales from "Sport in Egypt": The Arabian Horse. Touregypt.net. Retrieved on April 2, 2015.
  8. ↑ Campfield (June 25, 2007). Working with Morocco's Horses: Journey's End. TheHorse.com. Retrieved on April 2, 2015.
  9. ↑ Cable (April 1, 2001). Castration In The Horse. TheHorse.com. Retrieved on April 2, 2015.
  10. ↑ R Eager (2002) "Evaluation of pain and discomfort associated with equine castration" UFAW Publications
  11. ↑ Seong, PN; Lee, CE, and Oh, WY; et al. (2005). Effects of castration on growth and meat quality in finishing male Jeju horses. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 47.3:391–396.
  12. ↑ Mason, BJ, Newton, JR & Payne, RJ, et al. (2005). Costs and complications of equine castration: a UK practice-based study comparing 'standing nonsutured' and 'recumbent sutured' techniques. Equine Veterinary Journal 37.5:468–472.
  13. ↑ "Cut Through Smegma". Horse Journal, August 2007, p. 19-20.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Bidwell, Lori A., DVM; Bramlage, Larry R., DVM MS; and Rood, William A., DVM (2007). "Equine perioperative fatalities associated with general anaesthesia at a private practice—a retrospective case series". Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 34.1:23–30.
  15. ↑ Hanrath, M., and Rodgerson, D.H. (2002). "Laparoscopic Cryptorchidectomy Using Electrosurgical Instrumentation in Standing Horses". Veterinary Surgery 31.2:117–124.
  16. ↑ Sedrish, Steven A. MS, DVM, Diplomate ACVS, and Leonard, John M. VMD (2001). "How to Perform a Primary Closure Castration Using an Inguinal Incision". AAEP Proceedings 47:423–425. Accessed on July 17, 2007.
  17. ↑ Mair (1998). Equine Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-1725-4. 
  18. ↑ Home. BEVA. Retrieved on April 2, 2015.
  19. ↑ Castration Concerns for the Equine Owner. Department of Animal Sciences - University of Wisconsin-Madison. The Boards of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Retrieved on June 1, 2019.
  20. ↑ Railton, D. (1999). "Complications associated with castration in the horse". In Practice 1999 21: 298–307
  21. ↑ Liberty M. Getman (2009). Review of castration complications: strategies for treatment in the field (Conference paper) 374–378. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. Retrieved on December 25, 2022.
  22. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named searle
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