Wikipedia

Freemartin

A freemartin ma ọ bụ free-martin (mgbe ụfọdụ martin heifer) bụ ehi na-amụghị amụ nke nwere omume nwoke na ovaries na-adịghị arụ ọrụ.[1] N'ụzọ doro anya, anụmanụ ahụ na-egosi nwanyị, mana akụkụ dị iche iche nke mmepe ịmụ nwa na-agbanwe n'ihi inweta ọgwụ mgbochi Müllerian n'aka ejima nwoke. Na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, anụmanụ ahụ bụ chimeric: karyotypy nke ihe nlele nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-egosi chromosomes XX/XY. Anụmanụ ahụ sitere na nwanyị (XX), mana ọ na-enweta akụkụ nwoke (XY) na utero site na mgbanwe ụfọdụ ihe cellular sitere na ejima nwoke, site na njikọ vaskụla n'etiti placentas: ihe atụ nke microchimerism.[3]. Chimerism na-adịkarị na mkpụrụ ndụ hematopoietic.[1]

Efere na-egosi "Free Martin" site na ọrụ John Hunter.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Onye nweere onwe ya (Sawrey Gilpin)

A maara na onye edemede Rom bụ Varro kọwara ndị Freemartins, onye kpọrọ ha ""taura"".[2]

Dọkịta nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ bụ John Hunter chọpụtara na freemartin nwere ejima nwoke mgbe niile.[3]

E chepụtara na mbido narị afọ nke 20 na ihe ndị na-eme ka nwoke bụrụ nwoke na-aga site na ejima nwoke gaa na ejima nwanyị site na njikọ vascular nke placenta n'ihi njikọta vascular ma na-emetụta ahụ dị n'ime nwanyị.[4]

Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta mere nchọpụta na freemartin na-apụta mgbe nwa ebu n'afọ nwere fuse chorion n'ime akpanwa yana nke ejima nwoke. Tandler na Keller bipụtara nsonaazụ ya na 1916.[1] Ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ America bụ Frank R. Lillie mere nchọpụta ahụ n’adabereghị ya, bụ́ onye bipụtara ya na Sayensị na 1916.[2] Ndị otu abụọ a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka nchọpụta ahụ.[5]

N'ime ime obodo, akụkọ ọdịnala na-ekwukarị na ọnọdụ a abụghị naanị maka ehi, kamakwa gbasaa na ejima mmadụ. Nkwenye a gara n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ ọgbọ, dịka e kwuru n'ihe odide Cuthbert Bede.

Okwu mmalite

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Nkọwa okwu nke okwu ahụ bụ "freemartin" bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka: ịkọ nkọ gụnyere na "n'efu" nwere ike igosi "ọ dị njikere" (na-ezo aka na nnwere onwe nke freemartin ịrụ ọrụ) ma ọ bụ "na-enweghị ike ịmụpụta ya" (na-ezo aka na ọmụmụ ya, ma ọ bụ na mkpebi onye ọrụ ugbo na-agaghị ekwe omume). na-agbasi mbọ ike ịmụba freemartin, ma ọ bụ abụọ), ma ọ bụ na ọ nwere ike nweta ya site na okwu Flemish maka ehi nke na-enye mmiri ara ehi na / ma ọ bụ kwụsịrị inwe ike ịmụ nwa; enwetara site na okwu Irish ma ọ bụ Gaelic mart maka "ehi" ma ọ bụ "oke ehi", ọ bụ ezie na etinyela njikọ na Martinmas."[2]

Usoro

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N'ọtụtụ ụmụ ejima ehi, akwara ọbara dị na chorions na-ejikọta, na-emepụta mmegharị maka ụmụ ejima abụọ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ụmụ abụọ ahụ bụ otu nwoke na nwanyị nke a enweghị ihe ọ bụla, mana ọ bụrụ na ha dị iche, homonụ nwoke na-agafe site na ejima nwoke gaa na ejima nwanyị. Hormone nwoke (testosterone na hormone na-emegide Müllerian) wee mee ka ejima nwanyị bụrụ nwoke, nsonaazụ ya bụ freemartin.[6] Ọdịdị nwoke dị ukwuu ma ọ bụrụ na njikọta ahụ na- n'oge ime - n'ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ọnọdụ ọ dịghị njikọta na-ewere ọnọdụ ma nwanyị ahụ na-anọgide na-amụ nwa.[7][8]

Ụmụ ejima nwoke anaghị emetụta ya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na njikọta ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ogo nke testicles nwere ike belata ntakịrị. A na-ejikọta ogo testicle na ọmụmụ, n'ihi ya enwere ike inwe mbelata ụfọdụ na ọmụmụ ehi.

Freemartins na-akpa àgwà ma na-eto n'ụzọ yiri nke ehi ndị a kpụrụ akpụ (ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala).

Nnyocha

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Ọ bụrụ na a na-enyo ya enyo, enwere ike ịme nyocha iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke Y-chromosomes nwoke na ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha na-agagharị agagharị nke onye ahụ. Enwere ike ịme Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka Y-chromosome n'ime ụbọchị ọmụmụ ma nwee ike inye aka na nchọpụta mbụ nke ehi nwanyị na-adịghị amị.

Nnyocha anụ ahụ nke nwa ehi ahụ nwekwara ike ikpughe ọdịiche: nyocha nke uche bụ na a na-enwekarị ntutu isi dị ogologo n'akụkụ ventral nke vulva na nwa ehi freemartin na-enweghị atụ na nwa ehi na-amị mkpụrụ. Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ mgbe (ma ọ bụghị ha niile) freemartins ga-enwe ogologo oge dị mkpirikpi nke akụkụ ahụ nwanyị ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke nwa ehi na-amụ nwa. A na-enweta nyocha azụmahịa iji nyochaa ụmụ ehi maka nnwere onwe doro anya kama ịme nyocha ọbara [9]

Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ

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A freemartin bụ nsonaazụ nkịtị nke ejima agwakọta na ụdị ehi niile a mụrụ.[10] Ọ na-adịkarị n'ụmụ ehi ma ọ naghị emekarị n'ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-enye nwa ara, [10] ọ bụ ezie na edere ya na atụrụ, [11] [12] class="cx-link" data-linkid="67" href="./Goat" id="mwbA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Goat">ewu, [13] na ezì. [14]

Ojiji

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A na-eji Freemartins eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ na nyocha stem cell na immunology.[15] N'oge uto nwa ọhụrụ, a na-agbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ n'etiti mgbasa nke ejima ehi. Ihe ruru 95% nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara nke freemartin nwere ike isite na nke ejima ya. Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị sitere na nwoke na ụmụ ha nwere ike ịhụ n'ụzọ dị mfe na anụ ahụ freemartin, ebe ọ bụ naanị ha nwere Y chromosome nwoke. Ya mere, site n'inyocha anụ ahụ ndị a, mmadụ nwere ike ịchọpụta ikike nke hematopoietic stem cells ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ na-agagharị agagharị iji mepụta anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ na mgbakwunye na ọbara. Ihe nlereanya freemartin na-enye ohere ka mmadụ nyochaa anụmanụ ndị nwere ahụike zuru oke na ndị a na-ejighị aka mee ihe, na-enweghị ịmegharị mkpụrụ ndụ a na-eji eme nchọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ stem.

Ojiji e chepụtara echepụta

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  • N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Aldous Huxley bụ Brave New World, "freemartin" (nke a kpọtụrụ aha na isi nke 1, 3, 11 na 17) bụ nwanyị a kpachapụrụ anya mee ka ọ bụrụ nwa amụrụ site na ikpughe homonụ n'oge mmepe nwa; n'akwụkwọ ahụ, iwu gọọmentị chọrọ ka ndị nweere onwe ha mepụta 70% nke ndị inyom. Mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke a bụ ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị freemartin nwere afụ ọnụ.
  • Akwụkwọ akụkọ Robert A. Heinlein Beyond This Horizon depụtara "ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi na ndị mara mma pseudo-feminine freemartins" dị ka otu n'ime ụdị ụmụ mmadụ ndị ọkachamara na-emepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke e kere na "Alaeze nke Great Khans" (isi 2).
  • N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Robert Heinlein Farnham's Freehold, a na-enye onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Hugh Farnham, onye ibe ("onye na-ehi ụra") nke a kọwara dị ka "onye nweere onwe ya".
  • N'akụkọ Avram Davidson "Ụlọ Blakeneys wuru", ehi bụ ndị nweere onwe ha.
  • N'ime usoro akwụkwọ fantasy Bazil Broketail nke Christopher Rowley, "freemartin" bụ aha maka ụdị dragọn nwanyị na-adịghị amị mkpụrụ.
  • Na Footfall nke Larry Niven na Jerry Pournelle, otu nwanyị mmadụ e wuru nke ọma na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "freemartin" akọwa onwe ya, mgbe ọ na-enwe obi abụọ banyere mmekọahụ ya.
  • N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Nicola Griffith bụ Hild, ndị ọzọ na-akpọ onye a mgbe ụfọdụ freemartin, na-ezo aka na àgwà ya na-abụghị nwanyị na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.
  • N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Lauren Groff bụ Matrix (New York: Riverhead Books, 2021), ndị ọrụ ugbo England nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ na-eji freemartins adọta ụgbọ ala.

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ (2019) "9 - Abnormalities of Development and Pregnancy", Veterinary reproduction and obstetrics, David E. Noakes, Timothy J. Parkinson, Gary C. W. England, Tenth, 168–194. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-7020-7233-8.00009-4. ISBN 978-0-7020-7238-3. OCLC 1077474208. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 EARLY RECOGNITION OF THE FREEMARTIN CONDITION IN HEIFERS TWINBORN WITH BULLS, by W.W. Swett, C.A. Matthews, and R. R. Graves, in the Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 61, no. 8 (October 15, 1940); p. 587–623; via archive.org
  3. ↑ Hunter (1779). "Account of the Free Martin. By Mr. John Hunter, F. R. S.". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 69: 279–93. DOI:10.1098/rstl.1779.0020. 
  4. ↑ (Nelson, Randy. An introduction to behavioral endocrinology. Sinauer Associates: Massachusetts. 2005: pg 145)
  5. ↑ Freeman G (March 2007). "Explaining the freemartin: Tandler and Keller vs. Lillie and the question of priority". Journal of Experimental Zoology B 308 (2): 105–12. DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21151. PMID 17219370. 
  6. ↑ Padula AM (June 2005). "The freemartin syndrome: an update". Animal Reproduction Science 87 (1–2): 93–109. DOI:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.09.008. PMID 15885443. 
  7. ↑ Steenholdt (2007). "Infertility Due to Noninflammatory Abnormalities of the Tubular Reproductive Tract", Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology. Elsevier. DOI:10.1016/b978-072169323-1.50051-9. ISBN 978-0-7216-9323-1. 
  8. ↑ Parkinson (2019). "Infertility in the Cow Due to Functional and Management Deficiencies", Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. Elsevier. DOI:10.1016/b978-0-7020-7233-8.00022-7. ISBN 978-0-7020-7233-8. 
  9. ↑ Eldridge FE, Blazak WF (March 1977). "Chromosomal analysis of fertile female heterosexual twins in cattle". Journal of Dairy Science 60 (3): 458–63. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83888-5. PMID 845292. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Peek (2017-04-01). Rebhun's Diseases of Dairy Cattle. Saunders. ISBN 978-0-323-39055-2. 
  11. ↑ Wilkes PR, Munro IB, Wijeratne WV (February 1978). "Studies on a sheep freemartin". The Veterinary Record 102 (7): 140–2. DOI:10.1136/vr.102.7.140. PMID 565559. 
  12. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Youngquist
  13. ↑ Ilbery PL, Williams D (1967). "Evidence of the freemartin condition in the goat". Cytogenetics 6 (3): 276–85. DOI:10.1159/000129948. PMID 6035567. 
  14. ↑ Bruere AN, Fielden ED, Hutchings H (March 1968). "XX-XY mosaicism in lymphocyte cultures from a pig with freemartin characteristics". New Zealand Veterinary Journal 16 (3): 31–8. DOI:10.1080/00480169.1968.33743. PMID 5241942. 
  15. ↑ Niku M, Ilmonen L, Pessa-Morikawa T, Iivanainen A (2004). "Limited contribution of circulating cells to the development and maintenance of nonhematopoietic bovine tissues". Stem Cells 22 (1): 12–20. DOI:10.1634/stemcells.22-1-12. PMID 14688387. 
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