Enweghị ọrụ na ịda ogbenye n'etiti agha na United Kingdom

Enweghị ọrụ bụ isi okwu nke ọha mmadụ Britain n'ime afọ ndị na-alụ agha . ^[1] Ọkwa enweghị ọrụ adịkarịghị ada n'okpuru 1,000,000 wee rute ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ihe karịrị 3,000,000 na 1933, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nọchiri anya ihe karịrị 20% nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ enweghị ọrụ dị elu karịa na mpaghara gụnyere South Wales na Liverpool . ^[1] Gọọmenti gbatịpụrụ atụmatụ mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ na 1920 iji belata mmetụta nke enweghị ọrụ. ^[2]

Interwar enweghị ọrụ na ịda ogbenye na United Kingdom

Ihe kpatara ya

Enwere ọtụtụ ihe kpatara mbelata nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị. Ọgwụgwụ nke agha ahụ wetara ọganihu. N'ụlọ ọrụ mbupu, azụmahịa gbasaa ngwa ngwa iji nweta uru nke mmụba nke ọchịchọ. Otú ọ dị, ọganihu ahụ adịteghị aka na mgbasawanye ngwa ngwa a mere ka ọ daa site na njupụta. ^[3] Adịghị ike n'usoro n'usoro akụ na ụba Britain pụtara na ọnụọgụ ọrụ na-enweghị oke dị na ụlọ ọrụ ọdịnala. Nchikota nke enweghi mmepe teknụzụ tupu agha na asọmpi mgbe agha gasịrị mebiri akụ na ụba na ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ nke pụtara na-ewe mmadụ ole na ole. N'otu oge ahụ, Britain malitere ịla n'iyi ahịa nke mba ọzọ n'ihi asọmpi siri ike nke mba ọzọ. ^[4] Ụfọdụ ekwuola na usoro mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ gabiga ókè mere ka ọnọdụ akụ̀ na ụba ka njọ. ^[5] Mkpọka nke Wall Street na 1929 kpatara ọdịda azụmaahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ wee bute nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi .

E wezụga nnukwu akpa ego enweghị ọrụ, Britain na-enwekarị ọganihu. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Piers Brendon dere, sị:

Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme anọwo ogologo oge degharịa foto a jọgburu onwe ya, na-egosi afọ iri nke ekwensu dị ka ebe obibi nke ọha mmadụ bara ọgaranya. Ọnụ ahịa dara nke ukwuu n'etiti agha na nkezi ego a na-enweta ji ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ. Okwu ahụ bụ "ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya" bụ n'afọ ndị 1920, e wukwara ụlọ 3,000,000 n'ime afọ 1930. Ala, ọrụ na ihe dị ọnụ ala: enwere ike ịzụta bungalow maka £225 yana ọkara maka £450. Ndị otu etiti ahụ zụtakwara rediogram, ekwentị, suites nwere akụkụ atọ, igwe ọkụ eletrik, ndị na-ehicha oghere na klọb golf. Ha riri Kellogg's Corn Flakes ("na-agaghị echefu otu ụbọchị"), kwọga na sinima Odeon na Austin Sevens (na-eri £ 135 site na 1930) wee ṅụọ sịga Craven A, ihe mkpuchi "iji gbochie akpịrị akpịrị". Ịda mbà n'obi kpalitere ọganihu ndị ahịa. ^[6]

Nzaghachi

Njikọ Lloyd George

Dị ka Gọọmenti kwadoro Agha Ukwu ahụ n'ụzọ ka ukwuu site n'ịgba ụgwọ, Britain agbagoro nnukwu ụgwọ mba. Ọganihu na akụ na ụba mere na 1919 na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-enweghị ọrụ belata. Ọganihu ahụ kwụsịrị na 1920 mgbe enweghị ọrụ malitere ịba ụba, site n'oge mmekorita Liberal-Conservative kwụsịrị ike na ntuli aka n'ozuzu nke 1922, ọnụ ọgụgụ enweghị ọrụ ruru 2,500,000. E hibere kọmitii na-ahụ maka enweghị ọrụ na 1920 ma tụọ aro atụmatụ ọrụ ọha na eze iji mee ka enweghị ọrụ dị mfe, nke a mere ka e guzobe Kọmitii na-enye onyinye na-enweghị ọrụ . Ebe enweghị ọrụ abụghị otu n'ofe Britain, e kpebiri itinye uche n'atụmatụ na mpaghara obodo nke ndakpọ akụ na ụba metụtara karịsịa. ^[7] Agbanyeghị, gọọmentị chọkwara ka ịlaghachi na ọkọlọtọ ọla edo, mmegharị nke ga-achọ mbelata mmefu ọha. ^[7] Iwu mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ 1920 gbatịpụrụ uru enweghị ọrụ iji kpuchie ndị ọrụ niile nwetara ihe na-erughị £250. Ewebatara "Chọọ Ọrụ Ule" na 1921, o kwuru na ọ ga-enweta uru enweghị ọrụ zuru oke na ọ ga-abụrịrị ihe akaebe na onye nnata ahụ na-achọ ọrụ.

Amụma Conservative

Iwu Inshọransị Na-enweghị Ọrụ 1927 laghachiri n'ụkpụrụ ahụ na ndị ọrụ ga-atụnye ụtụ na atụmatụ ịnshọransị iji bụrụ akụkụ nke ha. E wepụrụ usoro ụlọ ọrụ ma jiri usoro kọmitii enyemaka ọha dochie ya.

Amụma ọrụ

Gọọmenti Ramsay MacDonald gafere Iwu Mmepe (Mgbanye Ego na Onyinye Ego) 1929 .

Ọchịchị mba

N'afọ 1931, Gọọmenti Mba malitere mgbe ndị ọchịchị kewara n'ihi nsogbu ego. Gọọmenti mba ga-anọ n'ọchịchị site na 1931-1940 ruo mgbe Winston Churchill ghọrọ Prime Minister nke Gọọmenti Njikọta n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.

E hazigharịrị ọchịchị ime obodo ka ndị ọchịchị obodo wee nye nri ụlọ akwụkwọ na ọrụ ahụike, pụtara na ewebata ule wee guzobe Board Assistance Board na-enweghị ọrụ na 1934. Usoro akụ na ụba gụnyere mbelata nke paụnd na iwepụ ego Britain n'ọkọlọtọ ọla edo, ịgbazinye ego abawanyela. Iwu Mpaghara Pụrụ Iche 1934 nwara ịgbanye ego n'ime mpaghara ndị dara mbà n'obi yana usoro nchebe chebere ụlọ ọrụ Britain site na usoro nchebe dịka enyemaka steeti na oke mbubata. Iwu enweghị ọrụ 1934 mụbara ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ kpuchiri.

Iwu

Iwu mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ 1920
Iwu mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ 1921
Iwu mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ 1924
Iwu mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ 1927
Iwu mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ 1930
Iwu nke Coal Mines 1930
Iwu mbubata ọrụ 1932
Iwu enweghị ọrụ 1934
Iwu Mpaghara Pụrụ Iche 1934
Iwu Mbupu (Assistance) nke Britain 1935
Ụlọ ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi (mmezigharị) Iwu 1936
Mpaghara Pụrụ Iche (mmeghari) Iwu 1937
Ụlọ ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi (Nhazigharị) Iwu 1939

Ọgba aghara

Enwere ọtụtụ ọmụmaatụ nke ọgba aghara n'ime oge a, nke kachasị mkpa nke General Strike nke 1926 na Jarrow March nke Ọktoba 1936. E nwekwara ngagharị iwe megide iwebata ụzọ nnwale na ngagharị agụụ nke otu National Unemployed Workers Movement haziri.

Edensibia

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Laybourn (1999). Modern Britain Since 1906: a Reader, Tauris History Readers. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-237-1.
↑ The Cabinet Papers | Alleviating inter-war unemployment. Nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2012-10-06.
↑ The Cabinet Papers | Interwar period. Nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2012-10-06.
↑ Introduction. Making the Modern World (1938-12-12). Retrieved on 2012-10-06.
↑ Daniel K. Benjamin & Levis A. Kochin, "Searching for an Explanation for Unemployment in Interwar Britain", Journal of Political Economy 87 (1979), pp. 441-478.
↑ Brendon (5 July 2008). Review: A Social History of Britain Between the Wars by Martin Pugh. TheGuardian.com. Retrieved on 12 November 2017.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 The Cabinet Papers | Lloyd George's coalition. Nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2012-10-06.

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

Benjamin, Daniel K. & Levis A. Kochin, "Ịchọ nkọwa maka enweghị ọrụ na Interwar Britain" Journal of Political Economy 87 (1979), p. 441–478.
Cole, Harold L., na Lee E. Ohanian. "The Great UK Depression: A mgbagwoju anya na ekwe omume mkpebi." Nyochaa nke Economic Dynamics 5.1 (2002): 19-44.
Eichegreen, Barry J., na Timothy J. Hatton, ed. Interwar enweghị ọrụ na mba ụwa (Springer, 2012).
Eichegreen, Barry. "enweghị ọrụ na Interwar Britain." Institute for Research on Labor and Employment (1988). online
Hatton, Timothy J. "enweghị ọrụ na ahịa ọrụ, 1870-1939." na akụkọ akụ na ụba Cambridge nke Britain ọgbara ọhụrụ: vol 2 1860-1939 (2004)
Hatton, Timothy J., na Roy E. Bailey. "Mmetụta enweghị ọrụ na interwar London." Economica 69.276 (2002): 631-654.
McKibbin, Ross. Klas na Omenala: England 1918-1951 (2000) p 111–26.
Pugh, Martin .'Anyị na-agba egwu abalị niile': A Social History of Britain N'etiti Agha (2008) nyochaa nke Piers Brendon na The Guardian 4 July 2008
Srinivasan, Naveen, na Pratik Mitra. "Interwar enweghị ọrụ na UK na US: Old and New Evidence." Akwụkwọ akụkọ South Asia nke Macroeconomics na Public Finance 5.1 (2016): 96-112. online

Njikọ mpụga

Enweghị ọrụ na interwar Britain

[Laybourn-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Laybourn (1999). Modern Britain Since 1906: a Reader, Tauris History Readers. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-237-1.

[2] The Cabinet Papers | Alleviating inter-war unemployment. Nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2012-10-06.

[3] The Cabinet Papers | Interwar period. Nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2012-10-06.

[4] Introduction. Making the Modern World (1938-12-12). Retrieved on 2012-10-06.

[5] Daniel K. Benjamin & Levis A. Kochin, "Searching for an Explanation for Unemployment in Interwar Britain", Journal of Political Economy 87 (1979), pp. 441-478.

[6] Brendon (5 July 2008). Review: A Social History of Britain Between the Wars by Martin Pugh. TheGuardian.com. Retrieved on 12 November 2017.

[nationalarchives1-7] 7.0 ^7.1 The Cabinet Papers | Lloyd George's coalition. Nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2012-10-06.

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