Environmental epidemiology
| obere ụdị nke | environmental studies, epidemiology  |
|---|---|
| ndị n'eme ya | environmental epidemiologist |
Ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ nkeji nke ọrịa na-ahụ gbasara ịchọpụta otú ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi si emetụta ahụike mmadụ.[1] Ubi a na-achọ ịghọta otú ihe ize ndụ dị iche iche dị n'èzí nwere ike isi mee ka ma ọ bụ chebe megide ọrịa, ọrịa, mmerụ ahụ, nsogbu mmepe, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-eme ma ọ bụ nwee ike iwebata na gburugburu ebe ndị mmadụ bi, na-arụ ọrụ, na igwu egwu.
Mpaghara
dezieÒtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa nke Ụlọ ọrụ European maka gburugburu na ahụike (WHO-ECEH)
na-ekwu na ọnwụ nde 1.4 kwa afọ na Europe naanị bụ n'ihi ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi a na-apụghị izere ezere.[2] Enwere ike ịhazi ngosipụta gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụzọ sara mbara n'ime ndị dị nso (dịka, na-eduga kpọmkwem n'ọnọdụ ahụike), gụnyere kemịkal, ndị na-ahụ maka anụ ahụ, na nje microbiological, na ndị dị anya (dịka, na-eduga n'ọnọdụ ahụike), dị ka ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, mgbanwe ihu igwe, na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ sara mbara. Ngosipụta dị nso na-eme site na ikuku, nri, mmiri, na mmetụ akpụkpọ ahụ. Ngosipụta distal na-akpata ọnọdụ ahụike dị njọ kpọmkwem site n'ịgbanwe ngosipụta dị nso, na n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro nkwado ndị ọzọ maka ahụike mmadụ.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
dezieNkwenye na gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ nwere ike ịchọta azụ na 460 BC na edemede Hippocrates On Airs, Waters, and Places .[3] N'ime ya, ọ na-agba ndị dọkịta ume ka ha tụgharịa uche n'otú ihe ndị dị ka mmiri ọṅụṅụ nwere ike isi metụta ahụike nke ndị ọrịa ha. Ihe atụ ọzọ a ma ama nke mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike bụ nsí ndu nke ndị Rom oge ochie nwetara, bụ ndị na-eji ndu na paịpụ mmiri ha na ite kichin.[4]
| Iwu | Afọ | Nkọwa nkenke |
|---|---|---|
| Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act | 1938 | Kere United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
| Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act | 1947 | Ndị na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe na ndị na-emepụta ọgwụ ahụhụ ga-edebanye aha na EPA; ọgwụ ahụhụ agaghị akpata mmerụ ahụ na-enweghị isi |
| Federal Water Pollution Control Act | 1948 1977 | A makwaara ya dị ka Clean Water Act, setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ ịdị mma mmiri |
| Iwu Ikuku Dị Ọcha | 1955,
1977 |
Kere National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) maka nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike ọha na eze |
| Iwu mkpofu mkpofu siri ike | 1965 | Ụkpụrụ a kapịrị ọnụ maka mkpofu obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe |
| Iwu Nchebe na Ahụike Ọrụ | 1970 | Kere ụkpụrụ nchedo ndị ọrụ ma guzobe National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) |
| Iwu Nchịkwa Ihe Ndị Na-egbu egbu | 1976 | Nyere EPA ohere ịchịkwa kemịkal, gụnyere ikike ịmachibido ihe ndị e gosipụtara na ha na-emerụ mmadụ ahụ |
| Nzaghachi zuru oke nke gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwụghachi ụgwọ, na ibu ọrụ | 1980 1986 | A makwaara ya dị ka Superfund, ọ na-atụ ụtụ ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal na mmanụ ala iji kwado mkpochapu ebe mkpofu dị ize ndụ |
| Indoor Radon Abatement Act | 1988 | A na-akwụ ụgwọ maka mkpochapu radon na mmemme nyocha |
| Iwu Nchedo Ọdịmma Nri | 1996 | Emegharịrị Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, na Rodenticide Act iji tinye ihe achọrọ na ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ezi obi ike na ha anaghị akpata mmerụ ahụ mmadụ |
Nnyocha
dezieỌmụmụ ihe nlele
dezieỌmụmụ ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi na-abụkarị ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke pụtara na ndị na-eme nnyocha na-eleba anya na ngosipụta ndị mmadụ na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi n'enweghị itinye aka wee hụ usoro ndị na-apụta.[5] Nke a bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ na-abụkarị ihe na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume ịme nyocha nyocha nke ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na ụmụ mmadụ.[6] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-eme nchọpụta enweghị ike ịgwa ụfọdụ ndị ọmụmụ ha ka ha na-ese siga iji hụ ma ha nwere nsonaazụ ahụike dara ogbenye karịa ndị a gwara ka ha ghara ịṅụ sịga.[5]
Leekwa
dezie- Epidemiology
- Ọrịa na-efe efe na-arụ ọrụ
- Envirome
- Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi
- Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi
- Ngosipụta
- Ọrịa na-efe efe na-arụ ọrụ
- Nchebe ọrụ na ahụike
Edensibia
dezie- ↑ Merrill (2008). Environmental epidemiology : principles and methods. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 8–9. ISBN 9780763741525. OCLC 163589221.
- ↑ Ostrava Declaration on Environment and Health. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved on December 5, 2018.
- ↑ Hippocrates (1881). On Airs, Waters, and Places. London: Wyman and Sons.
- ↑ Boulakia (1972). "Lead in the Roman World". American Journal of Archaeology 76 (2): 139–144. DOI:10.2307/503857. ISSN 0002-9114.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, Third Edition: An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved on December 9, 2018.
- ↑ Gordis (2009). Epidemiology, 4th, Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 9781437700510. OCLC 489073248.
Ịgụgụ ọzọ
dezie- (2008) in Baker, D.: Environmental Epidemiology: Study Methods and Application. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852792-3.
Njikọ mpụga
dezie- International Society for Environmental Epidemiology
- "ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY journal"
- International Epidemiological Association
- Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology
- Akwụkwọ akụkọ EPIDEMIOLOGY
- Echiche Ahụike Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (akụkọ na akwụkwọ nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ nke National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences bipụtara)
- Environmental Health News ihe omume ugbu a na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi