Environmental conflict
| obere ụdị nke | social conflict  |
|---|---|
| Isiokwu nlebanya | environmental degradation |
| sonyere | Environmental defender, environmental organization, extractive industry |
Esemokwu gburugburu ebe obibi bụ esemokwu kpatara mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge njikwa na-ezighị ezi nke akụ na ụba gburugburu ebe obibi.[1][2] Ọtụtụ ndị na-etinyekarị aka, gụnyere ndị na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi na-achọ ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi, na ndị chọrọ ma ọ bụ na-achịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi maka ihe ọzọ, na-abụkarị ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe.[1] Onye na-achịkwa ihe ndị na-adịghị mma nke akụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike na-akpata ojiji gabigara ókè ma ọ bụ iwepụta ihe onwunwe a na-emegharị emegharị (ya bụ ịkụ azụ ma ọ bụ Igbuchapụ ọhịa), na-akpata oke ike na ikike nke gburugburu ebe obibi iji meghachi omume na mmetọ na ntinye ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ na-emebi ohere obibi maka ụmụ mmadụ na okike.[3]
Ọtụtụ mgbe, esemokwu ndị a na-elekwasị anya n'okwu ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara ikike nke ụmụ amaala, ikike nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ iyi egwu maka ndụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka nke ndị na-akụ azụ ma ọ bụ obodo ndị na-adabere na akụ na ụba nke oké osimiri.[1] Esemokwu gburugburu ebe obibi, ọkachasị n'ọnọdụ ebe a chụpụrụ obodo iji mepụta ndị mbịarambịa gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nwere ike ime ka mgbagwoju anya nke esemokwu ndị ọzọ, ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ mmeghachi omume na ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha.[4][2][3]
Ugboro ugboro na ụdị esemokwu
dezie
Mpempe akwụkwọ nke afọ 2020, depụtara arụmụka na nchegbu nke ndị na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe karịrị esemokwu ọnụ ọgụgụ ya ruru puku abụọ, narị asaa na iri anọ na atọ (2743) dị na Environmental Justice Atlas (EJAtlas).[1] Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na ihe ịma aka nke ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na esemokwu gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ngalaba Ngwuputa (21%), ngalaba ike fossil (17%), ihe ndị dị ndụ (biomass) na ojiji ala (15%), na njikwa mmiri (14%).[1] Ogbugbu nke ndị na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi mere na 13% nke akụkọ ndị a kọrọ.[1]
Enwekwara ọdịiche dị iche na ụdị esemokwu a na-ahụ na mba ndị nwere ego dị elu na nke dị ala, na esemokwu ndị ọzọ gbasara nchekwa, ihe ndị dị ndụ na ala, na njikwa mmiri na mba ndị na-akpata ego dị ala, ebe na mba ndị nwere nnukwu ego fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke esemokwu lekwasịrị anya na njikwa mkpofu, njem nleta, ike nuklia, mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ, na ọrụ akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ.[1] Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtakwara na ọtụtụ esemokwu na-amalite site na ndị otu obodo haziri onwe ha na-agbachitere mmebi iwu, na-elekwasị anya na usoro ndị na-abụghị ime ihe ike.[1]
Ndị na-echebe mmiri na ndị na-agbachitere ala lekwasịrị anya n'ịgbachitere ikike ụmụ amaala na-eme mpụ na ọnụego dị elu karịa na esemokwu ndị ọzọ.[1]
Idozi esemokwu
dezieAkụkụ dị iche iche nke idozi esemokwu nke a na-akpọ Environmental Conflict Resolution, n'asụsụ Bekee na-elekwasị anya n'ịzụlite usoro mmekorita maka ịkwụsị na idozi esemokwu gburugburu ebe obibi.[5] Dị ka ngalaba nke omume, ndị na-arụ ọrụ na idozi esemokwu na-elekwasị anya na mmekorita, na nkwekọrịta n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka ya.[5] Nnyocha nke usoro mkpebi ndị dị otú ahụ chọpụtara na onye amụma kachasị mma nke mkpebi na-aga nke ọma bụ mkparịta ụka zuru oke na ndị niile metụtara.[6]
Nkatọ
dezieỤfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-akatọ ilekwasị anya na akụ na ụba eji akọwa esemokwu gburugburu ebe obibi.[7] Ọtụtụ mgbe, ụzọ ndị a na-elekwasị anya na azụmahịa nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ekwenyeghị uru dị na gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma.[7]
Leekwa
dezie- Ụlọ ọrụ US maka idozi esemokwu gburugburu ebe obibi
- Ihe ndekọ nke esemokwu na gburugburu ebe obibi
- Esemokwu nkesa gburugburu ebe obibi
Ebenside
dezie- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Scheidel (2020-07-01). "Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview" (in en). Global Environmental Change 63: 102104. DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104. ISSN 0959-3780. PMID 32801483.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Libiszewski, Stephan. "What is an Environmental Conflict?." Journal of Peace Research 28.4 (1991): 407-422.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mason (2009-11-17). "Environmental Conflicts and Regional Conflict Management", WELFARE ECONOMICS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – Volume II (in en). EOLSS Publications. ISBN 978-1-84826-010-8.
- ↑ Environment, Conflict and Peacebuilding (en). International Institute for Sustainable Development. Retrieved on 2022-02-18.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dukes (2004). "What we know about environmental conflict resolution: An analysis based on research" (in en). Conflict Resolution Quarterly 22 (1–2): 191–220. DOI:10.1002/crq.98. ISSN 1541-1508.
- ↑ Emerson (2009). "Environmental conflict resolution: Evaluating performance outcomes and contributing factors" (in en). Conflict Resolution Quarterly 27 (1): 27–64. DOI:10.1002/crq.247. ISSN 1541-1508.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Environmental Conflict: A Misnomer? (en-US). E-International Relations (2016-05-12). Retrieved on 2022-02-18.