Emily Greene Balch
Emily Greene Balch bụ onye amụrụ na, (Jenụwarị 8, 1867 ruo Jenụwarị 9, 1961) bụ onye America na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na onye na-ahụ n'udo. Balch jikọtara ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na Wellesley College na mmasị ogologo oge na nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka ịda ogbenye, ọrụ ụmụaka, na mbata na ọpụpụyana ọrụ obibi iji bulie ndị mbata dara ogbenye ma belata mpụ ụmụaka.
Ọ banyere n'ime udo na mmalite Agha Ụwa Mbụ na afọ 1914, wee malite iso Jane Addams nke Chicago rụkọọ ọrụ. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) nke dị na Switzerland, nke o ritere ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize na afọ 1946.[1]
Ndụ
dezieA mụrụ Balch n'ezinụlọ Yankee a ma ama na Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, agbata obi nke Boston, nwa nwanyị nke Francis V. na Ellen (née Noyes) Balch.[1] Nna ya bụ onye ọka iwu na-aga nke ọma na otu oge odeakwụkwọ nke United States Senator Charles Sumner.[2] Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bryn Mawr College na afọ 1889 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na asụsụ ma lekwasị anya na akụ na ụba. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Paris ma bipụta nyocha ya dị ka Public Assistance of the Poor in France (1893). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ụlọ na Boston tupu o kpebie ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ.[3]
Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard, Mahadum Chicago, na Mahadụ Berlin, wee malite ịkụzi na Wellesley College na afọ 1896. O lekwasịrị anya na mbata, oriri, na ọrụ akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1913, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ nke akụ na ụba na Wellesley, mgbe onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Katharine Coman gbara arụkwaghịm, onye guzobere Ngalaba ahụ.[4] N'otu afọ ahụ, e buliri Balch n'ọkwa site na osote prọfesọ ruo prọfesor nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[5]
Balch jere ozi n'ọtụtụ kọmitii steeti, dị ka kọmitii mbụ na ụgwọ ọrụ kacha nta maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ onye ndú nke Women's Trade Union League, nke kwadoro ụmụ nwanyị ndị so n'òtù ndị ọrụ. O bipụtara nnukwu nnyocha mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke Our Slavic Fellow Citizens na afọ 1910.
Ọ bụ onye na-eme udo ogologo oge, ọ bụkwa onye sonyere na Kọmitii Mba Nile nke Henry Ford na Mediation. Mgbe United States banyere n'agha ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide ịdebanye aha na iwu nledo, ma na-akwado nnwere onwe obodo nke ndị jụrụ n'ihi akọ na uche. Ya na Jane Addams rụkọtara ọrụ na Women's Peace party na ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị ọzọ.[6]
N'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara onye isi oche nke Wellesley, o dere na anyị kwesịrị ịgbaso "ụzọ Jizọs". Echiche ime mmụọ ya bụ na akụ na ụba America "dị anya na ụkpụrụ Jizọs nke anyị na-ekwupụta".[7] Wellesley College kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta ya na 1919. Balch jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Nation, magazin a ma ama nke nkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.
Balch si na Unitarianism gbanwee ma ghọọ Quaker na 1921. O kwuru, sị, "Okpukpe yiri m otu n'ime ihe ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na ndụ, otu n'etiti ihe mgbagwoju anya, nke kachasị baa ọgaranya na nke na-akpali akpali nke echiche mmadụ na ịkọ nkọ... ahụmịhe okpukpe na echiche chọrọ ìhè kwa ụbọchị na ìhè anyanwụ na ịkọrọ ndị ọzọ nke o yiri m ka ọ dị obere... Ofufe Quaker n'ụzọ kachasị mma yiri ka ọ na-enye m ohere maka ụdị ịkekọrịta a n'enweghị mmetọ. "[8]
Ihe ndị dị mkpa ọ rụzuru ka na-amalite, ka ọ ghọrọ onye ndú America nke òtù udo mba ụwa. N'afọ 1919, Balch rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na International Congress of Women. Ọ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Women's International League for Peace and Freedom ma dabere na Geneva.
Njikọ ahụ were ya n'ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ mba ụwa mbụ ya, na-elekọta ọrụ nzukọ ahụ. O nyere aka guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ oge okpomọkụ na agụmakwụkwọ udo ma mepụta alaka ọhụrụ n'ihe karịrị mba 50. Ọ kwadoro na Njikọ Mba ndị e guzobere ọhụrụ gbasara nchịkwa ọgwụ ọjọọ, ụgbọelu, ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, na iwepụ ngwá agha. N'Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ kwadoro mmeri ndị Allied ma ọ katọghị mbọ agha ahụ, mana ọ kwadoro ikike nke ndị jụrụ n'ihi akọ na uche.[9]
Ihe nrite Nobel
dezieỌ bụ Florence Paton, Cyril Dumpleton, Cairine Wilson, John Herman Randall, Stanley Knowles, Rudolf Schümperli, John Sturge Stephens, W. J. M. van Eysinga, Lucy Noel-Buxton, Judah Leon Magnes, Agnus MacInnis, Lucas Middleton na ndị prọfesọ iwu iri na isii na ndị omeiwu Finland họpụtara ya.[10]
O ritere ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize nke 1946 maka ọrụ ya na Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). O nyere òkè ya nke ego mmeri ahụ na WILPF. Okwu nnabata ya gosipụtara okwu nke ịhụ mba n'anya na mbọ maka udo mba ụwa.[11]
Ndụ onwe onye
dezieBalch alụghị di. Ọ nwụrụ n'ụbọchị ọ gbara afọ iri itoolu na anọ.
Hụkwa
dezie- Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị nwetara nrite Nobel
- Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme udo
- Okporo ụzọ Ihe Nketa Ụmụ nwanyị nke Boston
Ndemsibia
dezie- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Judith Freeman Clark (1987). Almanac of American Women in the 20th Century. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-022658-7. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Clark1987" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 1870 United States Federal Census
- ↑ Abbott (1 June 2001). Emily Greene Balch, Pioneering Peacemaker (en). Friends Journal. Retrieved on 2022-05-24.
- ↑ "Farewell dinner to Miss Coman", The New York Times, 4 May 1913. Retrieved on 2 September 2018.
- ↑ "New Wellesley dean", 30 March 1913. Retrieved on 2 September 2018.
- ↑ Hamilton. UI Press | Jane Addams, Emily G. Balch, and Alice Hamilton | Women at The Hague: The International Congress of Women and Its Results (en). www.press.uillinois.edu. Retrieved on 2019-09-27.
- ↑ Mercedes Moritz Randall, Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch, Nobel Peace Laureate, 1946 (1964) pp. 364, 378.
- ↑ Randall, Improper Bostonian, p. 60
- ↑ Suzanne Niemeyer, editor, Research Guide to American Historical Biography: vol. IV (1990) pp. 1806–14
- ↑ Nomination%20Archive. NobelPrize.org (April 1, 2020).
- ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedNobel
Akwụkwọ
dezie- Emily Greene Balch, Public Assistance of the Poor in France, Mpịakọta nke 8, Nke 4 & 5, Mbipụta nke American Economic Association.
- Emily Greene Balch, "A Study of Conditions of City Life: with Special Reference to Boston, A Bibliography", 1903, peeji 13
- Our Slavic Fellow Citizens By Emily Greene Balch, 1910, peeji 536.
- Women at the Hague: the International Congress of Women and its Results, site na Jane Addams, Emily Greene Balch, na Alice Hamilton. 171 peeji, New York: MacMillan, 1915.
- Approaches to the Great Settlement By Emily Greene Balch, Pauline Knickerbocker Angell, 351 peeji, bipụtara 1918.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
dezie- Alonso (1993). Peace As a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0815602693. OCLC 25508750.
- Foster (1989). Women for All Seasons: The Story of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0820310921. OCLC 18051898.
- Gwinn (2010). Emily Greene Balch: The Long Road to Internationalism. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252090158. OCLC 702844599.
- McDonald (1998). Women Theorists on Society and Politics. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0-88920-290-7.
- Nichols (2011). Promise and Peril: America at the Dawn of a Global Age. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674061187. OCLC 754841336.
- Randall (1964). Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch. Twayne Publishers. OCLC 779059266. , scholarly biography*
- (1972) in Randall: Beyond Nationalism: The Social Thought of Emily Greene Balch. New York: Twayne.
- Solomon, Barbara Miller. "Balch, Emily Greene," na Barbara Sicherman na Carol Hurd Green, eds. Ndị inyom America a ma ama: Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ, A Biographical Dictionary (1980) peeji nke 41
Njikọ mpụga
dezie- Emily Greene Balch on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, April 7, 1948 Toward Human Unity or Beyond Nationalism
- Otuto nye Emily Greene Balch site n'aka John Dewey, peeji nke 149150 na Later Works of John Dewey Mpịakọta 17. E bipụtara ya na Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1946 peeji nke 2.
Templeeti:Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1926-1950Templeeti:1946 Nobel Prize winners