Ehi kpọrọ nkụ
Ehi kpọrọ nkụ na-ezo aka na ehi mmiri ara ehi nke nọ n'ọkwa nke usoro ịmụ nwa ebe mmiri ara ehi na-akwụsị tupu ịmụ nwa. A na-akpọ akụkụ nke usoro ịmụ nwa ha dị ka oge ehi na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-adịru n'etiti ụbọchị 40 na 65.[1] A na-ekekarị ehi kpọrọ nkụ ụzọ abụọ: dị anya (60-21 ụbọchị tupu ịmụ nwa) na nso nso (ụbọchị 21 ruo ịmụ nwa).[2] Ozugbo ehi batara n'ọkwa a, ndị na-emepụta ga-emechi teat ehi ka ha na-eso onye dibia bekee tụrụ aro, ọgwụgwọ ehi kpọrọ nkụ maka igwe ehi ha. Nke a akọrọ oge bụ akụkụ dị oké egwu nke ha lactation okirikiri ma dị mkpa maka cows ahụ ike, nwa amụrụ ọhụrụ nwa ehi na-eme n'ọdịnihu mmiri ara ehi mmepụta, dị ka ọ na-ekwe ka ehi oge zuru ike, rie na-akwadebe maka ọmụmụ. N'oge a, ehi ga-emepụta colostrum maka nwa ehi a mụrụ ọhụrụ.
Nnyocha egosila na oge a na-emetụta mmepụta mmiri ara ehi n'ozuzu n'oge ịmụ nwa ha na-esote.[1] Ejikọtala oge ọkọchị nke dị mkpụmkpụ na mbelata mmiri ara ehi na ụbara ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa. A na-ejikọta oge akọrọ nke toro ogologo na mbelata nke mmiri ara ehi n'ozuzu ya na ndụ mana ọ nwekwara ike bute oyi karịa, ọrịa metabolic, na ọrịa.[2]. N'ime oge a, ehi na-enwekarị ike ibute ọrịa intra-mammary n'ihi mgbanwe anatomical na arụ ọrụ na-eme n'ime mammary gland. A ghaghị imejuputa ọgwụgwọ na njikwa onwe onye nke ọma maka ahụike na mmepụta yana mgbochi ọrịa.
Ọdịdị ahụike
dezieN'Oge ọkọchị, mgbanwe na-amalite ime n'ime gland nke ara nke kwekọrọ na mmepụta mmiri ara na mmepụta. Oge a dị mkpa maka ime ka anụ ahụ udder ọhụrụ dị ọhụrụ na nkwadebe maka inye nwa ara. Ọ na-enyekwa ehi ohere iwepụ mastitis na-akpata pathogens n'ime udder.[1]
N'oge mbido nke oge na-abụghị nke na-enye nwa ara (n'etiti awa 12 na 24) a na-ebelata protein mmiri ara ehi na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na-akpata mfu nke mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial.[2] Mgbanwe na usoro intracellular na nchịkwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-akpata mbelata na mmepụta mmiri ara ruo mgbe mmepụta mmiri niile sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial nke ara kwụsịrị.[2] Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị metụtara mmiri ara ehi dịka lactose na abụba ga-ebelata ka mmepụta mmiri ara ehi na-ebelata.[3] Oge a na-esochi ọnọdụ a kwụsiri ike ebe gland ndị na-enye ara na-anọgide na ọnọdụ na-abụghị nke na-enye nwa ara. Tupu ịmụ nwa, anụ ahụ parenchymal n'ime gland ara ga-etolite ọzọ, na-enye ohere iwughachi anụ ahụ udder ọhụrụ na nkwadebe maka inye nwa ara.[1] Nzọụkwụ a dị mkpa maka mmepụta mmiri ara kacha mma n'ụmụ ehi na-enye nwa ara n'usoro. A ga-emepụta mmiri ara ehi na-edozi ahụ na nke na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ, colostrum, n'oge njedebe nke oge a.
Usoro mmiri ozuzo
dezieUsoro ịdị ọcha kwesịrị ekwesị na usoro imebi ahụ dị mkpa mgbe a kpọnwụrụ ehi ahụ. Ndị dọkịta na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ ga-atụkarị aro usoro na ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị, nke nwere ike inye aka gbochie ọrịa ndị a na-ahụkarị dịka E.coli, spp" id="mwMQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Streptococcus spp">Streptococcus spp na mastitis. A na-ahụkarị ehi ndị a na-akpọnwụ ma na-akara ha akara iji mee ka ha dị iche na ehi ndị ọzọ nọ n'ìgwè ahụ a ka na-enye mmiri ara. N'oge usoro ịcha, a na-eyi gloves ma gbanwee ya n'etiti ịcha ehi ọ bụla. Ozugbo ehichapụ ara ehi ahụ ma kpochapụ ya, a ga-etinye ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ibute ọrịa, iji kwụsị mmepụta mmiri ara ehi.[3] Enwere ike inye ihe nkedo anụ ahụ n'ime ma ọ bụ n'èzí dabere na usoro ahọrọ. A na-ejikarị ọgwụ mgbochi eme ihe n'ime ọgwụgwọ, nke a ga-etinye n'ime ara tupu etinye sealant. Ozugbo a na-enye ọgwụgwọ ndị a, enwere ike itinye mmiri ara ehi ma ọ bụ spray mgbe a na-eme ara ehi. Ehi ahụ kwesịkwara ịnọ n'ebe dị ọcha ma ọ dịkarịa ala nkeji iri atọ, ma zere ịga ije ogologo oge mgbe ọ gwụsịrị. Ozugbo ehi ahụ kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ, ọ dị mkpa ileba anya n'ọnọdụ udder nke ehi ahụ iji chọpụta ọzịza na ihe ịrịba ama nke ibute ọrịa.[3]
Nchịkwa
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Ịmepụta njikwa zuru oke n'oge ọkọchị dị oke mkpa maka ahụike na mmepụta kachasị mma.[4] A ghaghị ịtụle ikpughe nje, usoro nchebe udder na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi iji gbochie ma chịkwaa ọnụọgụ na ihe omume. Enwere ike ibelata ikpughe nje site na ịdị ọcha kwesịrị ekwesị, dị ka ụlọ dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihichapụ nsị n'ụlọ ahịa ka ebe a na-anọ echekwa wee kpọọ nkụ na-enyekwa aka belata ibu na ikpughe nje bacteria. Ehi ndị a na-azụ n'Ebe ịta nri nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke ibute ọrịa n'ihi ikpughe pathogen na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche.[5]
A na-ewere ihe na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ, ọgwụ nje na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dịka usoro nchebe udder eji egbochi ọrịa. A ga-etinye ngwaahịa ndị a n'ime ọgwụgwọ ehi kpọrọ nkụ ahọpụtara. Antibiotics na-arụ ọrụ ogologo oge nke a na-eji n'oge a na-arụkọ ọrụ iji gwọọ ọrịa ọ bụla dị n'ime nne ma na-enyekwa mgbochi ọrịa ọhụrụ.[6] Mbelata nrụgide dị mkpa n'oge ọkọchị n'ihi na ọ nwere ike imetụta agụụ na ahụike.[3] Enwere ike ibelata nrụgide mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'izere nnukwu mgbanwe ma ọ bụ mgbanwe ìgwè mmadụ, yabụ usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze anaghị emebi. Ụfọdụ ndị na-emepụta ihe nwere ike ịhọrọ ikewapụ ehi kpọrọ nkụ kpamkpam na ìgwè ndị ọzọ iji hụ na a naghị agba ha ara. A ga-atụle ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ikuku na okpomọkụ. Enwere ike itinye nrụgide okpomọkụ n'ọrụ site na iji onyinyo na mmiri. Nnyocha egosiwo na nrụgide okpomọkụ n'oge a nwere ike imebi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, belata mmepe nke anụ ahụ ara ma belata mmepụta mmiri ara mgbe a na-enye nwa ara.[7]
Nri
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Ehi mmiri ara ehi nwere mkpa nri pụrụ iche n'oge oge ọkọchị ha. A na-achọrọ nri dị iche iche maka ehi dị anya na nso nso na nzaghachi maka mgbanwe metabolic ha ka ehi na-akwado maka parturition. Ndị na-emepụta ihe nwere ike ịkpọtụrụ onye ndụmọdụ gbasara nri iji hụ na ehi na-enweta nri kwesịrị ekwesị n'oge a. Nri ehi dị n'ebe dị anya kwesịrị inwe obere ume yana ọdịnaya fiber dị elu, ebe ehi dị nso na-achọ nri siri ike karịa.[1] Enwere ike itinye nri dị ka ọka na ngwaahịa ọka n'ime nri ehi dị nso n'ihi ọdịnaya potassium dị ntakịrị. Ehi dị nso nwekwara ike ịchọ ọkwa potassium dị ala iji gbochie ahụ ọkụ mmiri ara ehi.[2] Ọ dịkwa mkpa ka ehi abụọ a kpọrọ nkụ nweta protein zuru oke n'ime nri ha maka ahụike kacha mma, mmepụta mmiri ara ehi na ịmụ nwa. Nnyocha na-egosi na mmepụta mmiri ara ehi nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụrụ na ehi enwetaghị protein zuru oke n'oge oge ọkọchị ha.[3] Ọ bụrụ na ugbo enweghị ike ịnye nri dị iche iche maka ehi dị anya na nke dị nso, ndị na-emepụta nwere ike ịhọrọ ijikwa nri ha na obere oge ọkọchị na DCAD na-adịghị mma (dietary cation-anion iche) nri nri. Nri ndị a bụ acidic ma na-enyere aka ịmịghachi calcium n'ime ahụ ehi ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke ahụ ọkụ mmiri ara ehi.[8]
Ebem si dee
dezie- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Boutinaud. M, Isaka N., Gandemer E., Lamberton P., Wiart S., De Prado A. I., Sordillo L.M., Lollivier V. (March 14, 2020). "Inhibiting prolactin by cabergoline accelerates mammary gland remodeling during the early dry period in dairy cows". Journal of Dairy Science 100 (12): 9789–9798. DOI:10.3168/jds.2017-12783. PMID 28964519. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hurley (1989). "Mammary Gland Function During Involution and the Declining Phase of Lactation". Journal of Dairy Science 72 (6): 1637–1646. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79276-6. PMID 2668360.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (2017). Dry cow management A practical guide to effective mastitis control. Mastitis Control Plan. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Bhutto, A.L., Murray R.D., Woldehiwet, Z. (April 2011). "The effect of dry cow therapy and internal teat-sealant on intra-mammary infections during subsequent lactation". Research in Veterinary Science 90 (2): 316–320. DOI:10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.06.006. PMID 20598329.
- ↑ Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (2017). Dry Cow Management A practical guide to effective mastitis control. Mastitis Control Plan.
- ↑ Afifi, M., Kabera, F., Stryhn, H., Roy, J. P., Heider, L. C., Godden, S., Montelpare, W., Sanchez, J., & Dufour, S. (June 2018). "Antimicrobial-based dry cow therapy approaches for cure and prevention of intramammary infections: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.". Animal Health Research Reviews 19 (1): 74–78. DOI:10.1017/S1466252318000051. PMID 30070621.
- ↑ Tao, S. and Dahl G.E. (July 2013). "Invited review: Heat stress effects during late gestation on dry cows and their calves". Journal of Dairy Science 96 (7): 4079–4093. DOI:10.3168/jds.2012-6278. PMID 23664343.
- ↑ Rezac, D. J., Block, E., Weber, D., Brouk, M. J., & Bradford, B. J. (2014). "Effects of prepartum dietary cation-anion difference and acidified coproducts on dry matter intake, serum calcium, and performance of dairy cows". Journal of Animal Science 92 (2): 666–675. DOI:10.2527/jas.2013-6317. PMID 24398835.