Ebe a na-arụ ọrụ n'ala

N'ọrụ ugbo, mbara ala bụ ụgbọ elu mkpọda nke e gbuturu n'usoro nke na-adaghachi n'usoro dị larịị ma ọ bụ ikpo okwu, nke yiri steepụ, maka ebumnuche ọrụ ugbo dị irè karị. Ya mere, a na-akpọ ụdị nhazi ala a terracing. A na-ejikarị steepụ teres nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'elu ugwu ma ọ bụ ugwu. Ogige ndị nwere ala na-ebelata ma mbuze na mmiri na-asọpụta n'elu, enwere ike iji kwado ihe ọkụkụ na-eto eto nke chọrọ ịgba mmiri, dị ka osikapa. Edepụtala Rice Terraces nke Philippine Cordilleras ka ọ bụrụ saịtị UNESCO World Heritage Site n'ihi mkpa usoro a pụtara.^[1]

Ojiji

Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ n'ala osikapa (Indonesia)

A na-eji ubi paddy dị larịị eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na osikapa, ọka wit na ọka bali n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ndịda, ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, yana Mediterranean Basin, Africa, na South America. A na-arụ ọrụ ugbo nke na-ekpo ọkụ na mbara igwe n'akụkụ Osimiri Mediterenian, ebe a na-eji ha eme ubi vaịn, osisi oliv, osisi oak, na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. ^{[citation needed]}

Akụkọ ihe mere eme oge ochie

A maara ugwu ugwu Yemen maka usoro mbara ala ha nke e wuru na mmalite nke Bronze Age na narị afọ nke atọ BC.[2] A na-ejikwa terracing maka ala mkpọda; O nwere ike ịbụ na e wuru ogige ndị dị na Babịlọn n’elu ugwu arụrụala nke nwere mbara ala ndị a steepụghị aka, dị ka ndị dị na ziggurat. N'akụkụ oké osimiri Villa nke Papyri dị na Herculaneum, e mere ogige ụlọ nke nna nwunye Julius Caesar n'ọnụ ụlọ iji nye echiche dị ụtọ na dịgasị iche iche banyere Bay nke Naples.

E kwenyere na a na-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'elu ala tupu mmalite narị afọ nke 15 AD na West Africa.^[2]^[3] Ọtụtụ ìgwè jiri terrasses mee ihe, ọkachasị Mafa, Ngas, Gwoza, na Dogon.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme n'oge na-adịbeghị anya

Ọ dịla anya a kwenyere na ala ugwu ndị gbadara agbagọ adịghị mma maka ịrụ ọrụ ugbo, ma ọ bụ na ha anabataghị ya. N'afọ ndị 1970 na ugwu Alps nke Europe, ugbo ala ịta ahịhịa malitere ịhazi nhazi nke ala ịta ahịhịa alpine na iweta ahịhịa ahịhịa site na iji traktọ nwere ụkwụ abụọ nwere otu axle (2WT) na etiti dị ala nke ike ndọda na-arụ ọrụ traktọ 4 wheel. Nhazi ha nke ndị nrụpụta Europe dị iche iche dị na mbụ dị mfe mana ọ dị irè, na-enye ha ohere ịgafe mkpọda na-eru nso 20%. N'ime afọ 2000 ọhụrụ atụmatụ nke wiil na taya, egwu, wdg, na ntinye nke ngwa eletrọnịkị maka njikwa dị mma na nke dị nchebe, kwere ka igwe ndị a rụọ ọrụ na mkpọda ugwu karịrị 20% na ngwa dị iche iche dị ka ndị na-ewe ihe ubi, rake, ndị na-azụ ahịa, na njem. ụgbọala na-adọkpụ. ^{[citation needed]}

Na mba ndị dị n'okpuru okpomọkụ nke Eshia, usoro yiri nke ahụ amalitela site na iwebata obere, teknụzụ dị ala na ọnụahịa dị ala nke 2WTs na 4-9 horsepower nke enwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n'enweghị nsogbu na obere, oghere dị warara, ma dị mfe iji bulie ma belata site n'otu oghere gaa na nke ọzọ. Ihe dị iche na ojiji Alpine bụ na a na-eji 2WTs ndị a eme ihe maka ịkọ ugbo na ịmepụta ihe ọkụkụ nke ọka, ọka wit, na poteto, yana obere rotovators ha dị 60-70cm n'obosara na wiil ụlọ pụrụ iche na-agbanye n'elu ala maka ịgha mkpụrụ na ịgbasa osikapa. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ejikwa injin dị ka isi iyi ike kwụ otu ebe maka ịnye mmiri na ihe na-agbanye mmiri. Ọbụna n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-anwale iji obere ihe nkedo na-ewe ihe ubi. Na Nepal, ọnụ ala nke igwe ndị a na-arụkarị na China na mmụba nke mmepụta ha pụtara na igwe a kwesịrị ekwesị na-agbasa n'ofe Ugwu Himalaya nke Nepal ma eleghị anya na mba ndị ọzọ nke Himalaya na Hindu Kush.^[7] ^{[citation needed]}

N'ebe ụfọdụ

South America

Ihe osise na-egosi Inca terrace engineering maka ọrụ ugbo.

Na Andes nke South America, ndị ọrụ ugbo ejirila terraces, nke a maara dị ka andenes, ruo ihe karịrị otu puku afọ na-akọ poteto, ọka, na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ ọdịbendị Wari na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ebe ndịda etiti Andes mepụtara ọrụ ugbo tupu 1000 AD, ọtụtụ narị afọ tupu ndị Inca jiri ha mee ihe, bụ ndị nabatara ha. E wuru terraces iji mee ka ala na-adịghị omimi jiri nke ọma mee ihe iji mee ka a na-agba ihe ọkụkụ mmiri site n'ikwe ka mmiri na-asọba n'ọnụ ụzọ.^[8]

Ndị Inca wuru na ndị a, mepụta usoro nke ọwa mmiri, mmiri, na puquios iji duzie mmiri site na ala kpọrọ nkụ ma mee ka ọkwa ọmụmụ na uto dịkwuo elu.^[9] A na-ahụ ugbo ndị a n'ebe ọ bụla obodo nta ndị dị n'ugwu dị na Andes. Ha nyere nri dị mkpa iji kwado ndị bi na nnukwu obodo Inca na ebe okpukpe dị ka Machu Picchu. ^{[citation needed]}

Myanmar

N'ebe ugwu nke Myanmar, a maara ọrụ ugbo n'ógbè ahụ dị ka steepụ ma ọ bụ ubube (na Myanmar) na usoro ọrụ ugbo nke ụdị ahụ bụ nke a maara dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ ugbo.

Japan

Na Japan, ụfọdụ n'ime 100 Selected Terraced Rice Fields (na Japanese), site na Iwate n'ebe ugwu ruo Kagoshima n'ebe ndịda, na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-apụ n'anya, mana ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-enyere ndị ọrụ ugbo aka ma ịnọgide na-enwe usoro ọdịnala ha ma maka ebumnuche njem nleta.^[10]

Àgwàetiti Canary

Ubi ndị dị n'elu ala na La Gomer, Canary Islands

Ubi ndị dị n'elu ala bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'àgwàetiti ndị nwere ndagwurugwu dị elu. Canary Islands gosipụtara usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke terraces na-ekpuchi ala site na ubi ndị a na-agba mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri ruo n'ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ n'ugwu. A na-eji mgbidi nkume nke a haziri nke ọma wuo ụlọ ndị a, nke a na-akpọ cadenas (agbụ), nke gụnyere steepụ na ọwa.^[11]

England

N'asụsụ Old English, a na-akpọkwa terrace "lynch" (lynchet). Ihe atụ nke Lynch Mill oge ochie dị na Lyme Regis. A na-esi n'osimiri na-eduzi mmiri site na ọwara dị n'akụkụ ala. A na-eji usoro a eme ihe n'ebe ugwu dị elu na UK.^[12]

Israel

Ala ndị dị nso na Ein Karem, Israel

Ala oge ochie bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'Ugwu Jerusalem, a na-achọta ya na ihe owuwu ugbo oge ochie a na-egbutu na nkume gụnyere ebe a na-akpụ nkume, ebe a na na-emepụta mmanya, ebe a ga-esi mmanụ oliv, oghere mmiri, ite ọkụ, okporo ụzọ, na Ụlọ nche ugbo.^[13] Dị ka atụmatụ Zvi Ron si kwuo, ala ndị a na-agụnye ihe dịka 56% nke ala mepere emepe n'ógbè ahụ.^[14]

N'agbanyeghị mmụba ha, enweghị nkwekọrịta n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta banyere ụbọchị e wuru ha. A tụwo aro echiche dị iche iche, ebe Zvi Ron na-atụ aro na mmalite ha laghachiri n'oge ochie, Finkelstein na-atụle Middle Bronze Age, na Feig, Stager, na Harel na-atụ anya Iron Age. Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Gibson na Edelstein mere nnyocha na usoro terrace na ndagwurugwu Rephaim, na-atụ aro na ndị dị na Khirbet er-Ras wuru n'oge Iron Age II, ebe ndị dị na Ein Yael jikọtara ya na Ụlọ Nsọ nke Abụọ na oge Ndị Rom. Seligman tụrụ aro na ọ bụ ezie na e guzobere ụfọdụ terraces n'oge ochie, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ike ịmalite n'oge ndị Rom na Byzantium.^[13] Nnyocha nyocha nke afọ 2014 na terraces dị nso na Ramat Rachel, na-eji Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), wepụtara ụbọchị sitere na oge Hellenistic ruo n'oge Mamluk na Ottoman. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nlele dara n'ime oge ikpeazụ.^[15] Otú ọ dị, ikike ọmụmụ ihe ahụ nwere iji chọpụta kpọmkwem ụbọchị e wuru ya ka bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka, ebe ọ bụ na nsonaazụ ya nwekwara ike igosipụta mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo ndị na-esote nke metụtara ìhè anyanwụ.^[13]

Ihe ngosi

Ubi ugbo,Walkerburn
Ubi osikapa naHoang Su Phi,Ha Giang,Vietnam.
Ubi ndị dị n'elu ugwu nke obodo Tetang,Mpaghara Mustang
Ubi ndị dị n'elu alaUpper Mustangmpaghara nkeNepal
Ubi dị larịị na KabalNdagwurugwu Swat,Pakistan.
Ala ugbo dị larịị na Peru, nke ndị Inca nabatara.
Ubi ahịhịa dị n'elu alaOsimiri Mississippi nke Dị n'eluefere n'oge afọ 1930.
Ala osikapa naBali
Ubi osikapa Jatiluwih naBali, Indonesia.
Ihe ndị a na-akpọEbe a na-eme osikapan'imeIfugao, Philippines.
Ihe ndị a na-akpọEbe A Na-edebe Osikapan'imeIfugao, Philippines.
Ubi osikapa, Lower Himalayas,Nepal.

Hụkwa

Ebe a na-aga
Honghe Hani Rice Terraces
- Yuanyang County, Yunnan
Ebe A Na-edebe Osikapa
Osikapa Osikapa nke Cordilleras nke Philippines
Satoyama
Ogige elu ụlọ
Mgbidi dị n'elu ụlọ

Ebem si dee

↑ World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved on 2012-09-22.they are Broad flat steps
↑ Widgren. "Mapping precolonial African agricultural systems", p. 5.
↑ Genest (2003). "The Way of the Beer: Ritual Re-Enactment of History among the Mafa, Terrace Farmers of the Mandara Mountains (North Cameroon)". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 73 (4): 642–643. DOI:10.2307/3556793. ISSN 0001-9720.
↑ Fred Zaal (1 April 2016). Sustainable Land Management in the Tropics: Explaining the Miracle. Routledge, 145–. ISBN 978-1-317-04776-6.
↑ Gwimbe (2014). "Ancient Terraces on Highland Fringes South of the Chad Basin", African Indigenous Knowledge and the Disciplines. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 45–61. DOI:10.1007/978-94-6209-770-4_6. ISBN 978-94-6209-770-4.
↑ Molefi Kete Asante (26 November 2008). Encyclopedia of African Religion. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-5063-1786-1.
↑ Paudel, G.P., A. McDonald, D.B. Rahut, D.B KC, and S. Justice 2019 Scale-appropriate mechanization impacts on productivity among smallholders: Evidence from rice systems in the mid-hills of Nepal. Land Use Policy 85(2019):104-113.
↑ Terrace cultivation | agriculture. Encyclopedia Britannica.
↑ Farming Like the Incas. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved on 2015-09-20.
↑ An Agricultural Wonder: Japan’s Vanishing Terraced Rice Fields (Photos) (Nippon.com)
↑ Martín, Lidia & González Morales, A & Ojeda, Antonio A.. (2016). Towards a new valuation of cultural terraced landscapes: The heritage of terraces in the Canary Islands (Spain). 26. 499-512. 10.19233/ASHS.2016.31.
↑ Whittington (1967-01-01). "Towards a Terminology for Strip Lynchets". The Agricultural History Review 15 (2): 103–107.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Rubin (2018). Stories Told by the Mountains: Cultural Landscape Through Time (in he). Resling, 176-184. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Ron (1977). "התפוצה של המדרגות החקלאיות בהרי ירושלים", יהודה ושומרון: פרקים בגיאוגרפיה ישובית, מוקדש לזכרו של אברהם יעקב ברור (in he). Jerusalem: כנען, 210-229.
↑ U. Davidovich et al., "Archeological Investigations and OSL Dating of Terraces at Ramat Rahel, Israel", Journal of Field Archaeology 37, 3 (2012): 192-208

[1] World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved on 2012-09-22.they are Broad flat steps

[MatsWidgren2009-2] Widgren. "Mapping precolonial African agricultural systems", p. 5.

[Genest_Muller-Kosack_2003-3] Genest (2003). "The Way of the Beer: Ritual Re-Enactment of History among the Mafa, Terrace Farmers of the Mandara Mountains (North Cameroon)". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 73 (4): 642–643. DOI:10.2307/3556793. ISSN 0001-9720.

[Zaal2016-4] Fred Zaal (1 April 2016). Sustainable Land Management in the Tropics: Explaining the Miracle. Routledge, 145–. ISBN 978-1-317-04776-6.

[Gwimbe_2014_pp._45–61-5] Gwimbe (2014). "Ancient Terraces on Highland Fringes South of the Chad Basin", African Indigenous Knowledge and the Disciplines. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 45–61. DOI:10.1007/978-94-6209-770-4_6. ISBN 978-94-6209-770-4.

[AsanteMazama2008-6] Molefi Kete Asante (26 November 2008). Encyclopedia of African Religion. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-5063-1786-1.

[7] Paudel, G.P., A. McDonald, D.B. Rahut, D.B KC, and S. Justice 2019 Scale-appropriate mechanization impacts on productivity among smallholders: Evidence from rice systems in the mid-hills of Nepal. Land Use Policy 85(2019):104-113.

[8] Terrace cultivation | agriculture. Encyclopedia Britannica.

[9] Farming Like the Incas. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved on 2015-09-20.

[10] An Agricultural Wonder: Japan’s Vanishing Terraced Rice Fields (Photos) (Nippon.com)

[11] Martín, Lidia & González Morales, A & Ojeda, Antonio A.. (2016). Towards a new valuation of cultural terraced landscapes: The heritage of terraces in the Canary Islands (Spain). 26. 499-512. 10.19233/ASHS.2016.31.

[12] Whittington (1967-01-01). "Towards a Terminology for Strip Lynchets". The Agricultural History Review 15 (2): 103–107.

[:0-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Rubin (2018). Stories Told by the Mountains: Cultural Landscape Through Time (in he). Resling, 176-184. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[14] Ron (1977). "התפוצה של המדרגות החקלאיות בהרי ירושלים", יהודה ושומרון: פרקים בגיאוגרפיה ישובית, מוקדש לזכרו של אברהם יעקב ברור (in he). Jerusalem: כנען, 210-229.

[15] U. Davidovich et al., "Archeological Investigations and OSL Dating of Terraces at Ramat Rahel, Israel", Journal of Field Archaeology 37, 3 (2012): 192-208

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