Wikipedia

Ebe a na-achụ àjà

ngalaba nhazi mpaghara

Mpaghara ịchụ àjà ma ọ bụ ebe ana achụ àjà (nke a na-akpọkarị mba mpaghara ịchụ àjà ma ọ bụ nke a na akpọ mpaghara ịchụ àjà onwe) bụ mpaghara ala nke nnukwu mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ iwepụ ego mebiri Kpam kpam mgbe site na iji ala na-achọghị (LULU). Ndị na-akọwa ihe gụnyere Chris Hedges, Joe Sacco, na Steve Lerner ekwuola na omume azụmaahịa ụlọ ọrụ na-enye aka n'ịmepụta mpaghara ịchụ àjà.[1][2][3] Akụkọ nke ndị otu UN mere n'afọ 2022 gosiri na ọtụtụ nde mmadụ n'ụwa niile nọ n'ebe ịchụ àjà maka mmetọ, ọkachasi na ebe ndị a na-eji eme ihe maka ụlọ ọrụ na igwu ala.[4]

Nkọwa

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Mpaghara ịchụ àjà ma ọ bụ ebe ịchụ àjà bụ mpaghara ala nke mebiri kpamkpam site na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ mmebi akụ na ụba.[5]

Otu nkọwa, site n'aka onye nkuzi Bekee na ụlọ akwụkwọ International High School na Prospect Heights na Brooklyn, New York, bụ: "Mpaghara ịchụ àjà bụ mgbe enweghị nhọrọ na ịchụ àjà. Onye ọzọ na-achụ ndị mmadụ na obodo ha ma ọ bụ ala ha n'àjà n'enweghị ikike ha. "[6] Na mmekorita ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ, e mepụtara nkọwa dị mgbagwoju anya: "N'aha ọganihu (mmepe akụ na ụba, agụmakwụkwọ, okpukpe, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, teknụzụ) ụfọdụ ìgwè ndị mmadụ (nke a na-akpọ ndị dị ala) nwere ike imerụ ma ọ bụ chụọ àjà iji mee ka ìgwè ndị ọzọ (ndị dị elu) rite uru. "[6]

Nkọwa ọzọ na-ekwu na Mpaghara Àjà bụ ebe mebiri emebi site na iji ala eme ihe na-achọghị na mpaghara na-akpata "mmetọ kemịkal ebe ndị bi na ya bi nso ụlọ ọrụ ndị mmetọ siri ike ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha. "[1]

Okwu mmalite

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Dị ka Helen Huntington Smith si kwuo, e ji okwu ahụ mee ihe na mbụ na mba US na-atụle mmetụta ogologo oge nke igwu coal na Ndịda Amerịka na afọ 1970s.[7] National Academy of Sciences / National Academy of Engineering ndị akpọrọ Kọmitii agumaagu maka ikike emezighari Gwụ pụtara maka kol na Ọdịda anyanwụ United steeti, wepụtara akụkọ na afọ 1973 nke webatara okwu ahụ, na-achọpụta:

Na mpaghara ọ bụla ohere nke imezigharị mpaghara na-adabere na ebumnuche iji ala eme ihe, njirimara nke saịtị ahụ, teknụzụ dịnụ, na nkà a na-eji etinye teknụzụ a. Na oke, ọ bụrụ na a kpọọ ala ndị a na-egwupụta n'elu ala ebe a na-achụ àjà nke mba, mpaghara niile nwere ohere dị elu nke imezigharị ya nke ọma. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na mweghachi zuru oke bụ ebumnuche, mweghachi na mpaghara ọ bụla enweghị ohere ịga nke ọma.[8]

N'otu aka ahụ na afọ 1975, onye ọka cha mara bụ Genevieve Atwood dere na Scientific American:

Igwu ala n'elu ala na-enweghị mkpocha na-ewepụ ala ahụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi site na iji ya eme ihe; ala dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịhazi ya nke ọma dị ka ebe ịchụ àjà mba. Site na mmezigharị nke ọma, Otú ọ dị, igwu ala nwere ike ịghọ naanị otu n'ime usoro iji ala eme ihe nke na-akpaghasị ojiji ugbu a wee weghachite ala ahụ na mmepụta ihe ma ọ bụ ọbụna karịa.[9]

Huntington Smith dere na afọ 1975, "Òtù nke wepụtara akụkọ National Academy of Sciences nke na-akpachara anya na nke na-agụ akwụkwọ n'amaghị ama kpaliri okwu mkpu" na ahịrịokwu National Sacrifice Area; "Okwu ndị ahụ gbawara na akwụkwọ akụkọ ọdịda anyanwụ n'otu abalị. N'ịbụ ndị mmadụ jidere onwe ha dị ka 'àjà mba', ha ghọrọ okwu nche na mkpu mkpu.[7] Okwu a kpaliri arụmụka ọha na eze, gụnyere n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka onye ga-abụ gọvanọ Colorado Richard Lamm.[10][11]

A nọgidere na-eji okwu ahụ eme ihe n'ihe gbasara igwu ala ruo mgbe ọ dịkarịa ala na afọ 1999: Ndịda Virginia aghọwo mpaghara ịchụ àjà gburugburu ebe obibi".[12]

Ojiji nke okwu a

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Chile

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Akụkọ na-ekwu na n'afọ 2011, Terram webatara okwu ahụ bụ mpaghara ịchụ àjà na okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Chile.[13]

E gosipụtara ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Quintero nke Chile na Puchuncaví dị nso dị ka mpaghara ịchụ àjà.[13] Mpaghara ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Ventanas, ụlọ nrụpụta mmanụ, ebe nchekwa simenti, Fundición Ventanas, ebe nrụpụta ọla kọpa na ụlọ nrụpụta, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal.[13] N'ozuzu, ụlọ ọrụ iri na ise na-emetọ ikuku na-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ.[14] N'afọ 2011, Escuela La Greda nke dị na Puchuncaví, jupụtara na igwe ojii kemịkal sitere na ụlọ ọrụ Ventanas mgbagwoju anya Igwe ojii sulfur ahụ gburu ihe e mere atụmatụ ụmụaka iri atọ na atọ na ndị nkuzi itoolu nke mere ka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kwaga ebe ọzọ. A gbahapụrụ ebe ochie ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ugbu a.[15] N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ na Septemba afọ 2018 enwere nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na Quintero na Puchuncaví, ebe ihe karịrị mmadụ narị atọ nwere ọrịa site na ihe na-egbu egbu na ikuku, na-abịa site na ụlọ ọrụ na-emetọ ikuku.[16]

United States

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US EPA kwupụtara na akụkọ afọ 2004 na nzaghachi nye Office of Inspector General, na "ihe ngwọta maka nchebe na-ahaghị nhata dị na mpaghara ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi maka ndị Amerịka niile. Enweghị obodo, ọgaranya ma ọ bụ ogbenye, onye ojii ma ọ bụ onye ọcha, kwesịrị ikwe ka ọ bụrụ 'ebe ịchụ àjà'.": 28[17] 

Ndị na-akọwa ihe gụnyere Chris Hedges, Joe Sacco, Robert Bullard na Stephen Lerner ekwuola na omume azụmaahịa ụlọ ọrụ na-enye aka n'ịmepụta mpaghara ịchụ àjà nakwa na mpaghara ndị a na-adịkarị na ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na ndị ka nta, na-abụkarị ndị Afrịka-Amerịka.[2][1][18] Mpaghara ịchụ àjà bụ isiokwu dị mkpa maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Days of Destruction, Days of Revolt, nke Hedges dere ma Sacco sere ya.[3]

N'afọ 2012, Hedges kwuru na ihe atụ nke mpaghara ịchụ àjà gụnyere Pine Ridge, S.D. na Camden, N.J. N'afọ 2017, a rụrụ ụlọ obibi ọha na eze na West Calumet na East Chicago, Indiana nke e wuru na ebe mbụ nke ebe a na-agbaze ihe na ala dochie anya iji mee ka mpaghara ahụ ruo n'ụkpụrụ obibi, na-ewepụ ndị bi na otu nde.[2][19] N'afọ 2014, Naomi Klein dere na "ịgba ọsọ akụ na ụba na isi mmalite ike nke na-ewepụta nsí dị ka akụkụ a na-apụghị izere ezere nke iwepụta na imezi ha chọrọ ebe ịchụ àjà mgbe niile".[6]

Ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mbara igwe

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Mmekọrịta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke dị n'etiti ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere mpaghara ịchụ àjà, a tụwo aro ka ọ gụnye ịchụ àjà gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara ndị karịrị ụwa.[20] Klinger na-ekwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụwa na mbara igwe nwere njikọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ihe ùgwù na ịchụ àjà- n'etiti ndị mmadụ, ebe na ụlọ ọrụ.[20] Dunnett na ndị ọzọ akpọwo oghere dị n'èzí ebe ịchụ àjà ikpeazụ nke na-egosipụta ịchụso ohere na-enweghị njedebe maka nchịkọta, mmetọ, na mmetọ.[21] Nke a na-apụta ìhè na mpaghara ịchụ àjà abụọ metụtara ịmalite akụrụngwa, ihe mkpofu, na ihe mkpofu na-agba gburugburu.

Point Nemo bụ ebe oké osimiri nke enweghị ike ịbanye n'ime Ndịda Pacific Gyre. A na-ahọrọ ya dị ka ebe kachasị anya n'ụwa ma na-eje ozi dị ka "ebe ili ozu ụgbọ elu" maka akụrụngwa na ụgbọ mmiri.[22] Kemgbe afọ 1971, e zigara ụgbọ mbara igwe na satellites narị abụọ na iri asaa na atọ na Point Nemo; ọnụọgụ a gụnyere Mir Space Station (142 tọn) ma ga-agụnye International Space Station (240 tọn).

Hụkwa

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Ndemsibia

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bullard (June 2011). "Sacrifice Zones: The Front Lines of Toxic Chemical Exposure in the United States by Steve Lerner . Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2010. 346 pp., $29.95 ISBN: 978-0-262-01440-3". Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (6). DOI:10.1289/ehp.119-a266. ISSN 0091-6765. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kane (2012-07-20). Chris Hedges: America's devastated 'sacrifice zones' are the future for all of us. www.rawstory.com. Retrieved on 2019-09-16.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Neal Conan (2 August 2012). Drive For Profit Wreaks 'Days Of Destruction'. NPR.org.
  4. ↑ Millions suffering in deadly pollution 'sacrifice zones', warns UN expert. the Guardian (2022-03-10). Retrieved on 2022-03-12.
  5. ↑ How are hazards / risks distributed among different groups?. Disaster STS Network. Disaster STS Network. Retrieved on 6 October 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 From Rethinking Schools: Sacrifice Zones. Rethinking Schools Publishers (2016). Retrieved on 2019-09-16.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Huntington Smith. "The Wringing of the West", The Washington Post, 1975-02-16, p. 1–B4. Templeeti:ProQuest.
  8. ↑ National Research Council (U. S.) Study Committee on the Potential for Rehabilitating Lands Surface Mined for Coal in the Western United States (1974). Rehabilitation potential of western coal lands. Cambridge, MA: Ford Foundation Energy Policy Project / Ballinger Pub. Co., 85–86. ISBN 978-0-88410-331-8. 
  9. ↑ Atwood (1975-12-01). "The Strip-Mining of Western Coal". Scientific American 233 (6): 23–29. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican1275-23. ISSN 0036-8733. 
  10. ↑ "Lamm explained his view that Colorado must begin to control its own future, rather than succumbing to Washington's plea that the state should be "a national sacrifice area" to provide for the nation's energy needs." Griffith. "An eco‐freak for governor?", The New York Times, 1974-10-27. Retrieved on 2017-05-10.
  11. ↑ Sterba. "Worry Rises That Rockies Face Pollution and Crowds", The New York Times, 1974-09-26. Retrieved on 2017-05-10.
  12. ↑ Fox (June 1999). "Mountaintop Removal in West Virginia". Organization & Environment 12 (2): 163–183. DOI:10.1177/1086026699122002. ISSN 1086-0266. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "¿Qué son las zonas de sacrificio de Chile?", El Diario, 2019-12-05. Retrieved on 2022-12-09. (in Spanish)
  14. ↑ Quintero y Puchuncaví: La zona de sacrificio (Spanish). La Tercera (25 August 2018).
  15. ↑ La olvidada escuela la Greda (7 April 2019).
  16. ↑ Chile: Supreme Court Hears Massive Air Pollution Case (11 April 2019).
  17. ↑ US EPA (7 June 2004). Agency Response to Recommendations Provided in the OIGEvaluation Report entitled, "EPA Needs to Consistently Implement the Intent of the Executive Order on Environmental Justice".
  18. ↑ Jessica Roake. "Think Globally, Act Locally: Steve Lerner, 'Sacrifice Zones,' at Politics and Prose", Washington Post. Retrieved on 2019-09-16.
  19. ↑ Bamberger. "Not Your Sacrifice Zone: In Lead-Poisoned East Chicago, Residents Fight for Their Health and Homes", In These Times, 2017-07-11. Retrieved on 2019-09-16.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Klinger (2021). "Environmental geopolitics and outer space". Geopolitics 26 (3): 666–703. DOI:10.1080/14650045.2019.1590340. 
  21. ↑ Dunnett (2019). "Geographies of Outer Space: Progress and New Opportunities". Progress in Human Geography 43 (2): 314–366. DOI:10.1177/0309132517747727. 
  22. ↑ Fernandes. "8 facts about Point Nemo", History of Yesterday, 2021. Retrieved on 16 March 2022.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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  • Dumping na Dixie nke Robert Bullard. Routledge,na afọ 1990, peeji narị atọ na abụọ ISBN 0813367921
  • Mpaghara ịchụ àjà: The Front Lines of Toxic Chemical Exposure na United States site na Steve Lerner. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2010. 346 peeji.  ISBN 978-0-262-01440-3
  • Ụbọchị mbibi, Ụbọchị Nnupụisi site na Chris Hedges na Joe Sacco. Ihe osise. 302 peeji. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  ISBN 978-1568588247
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