Droving

Ịkwọ ụgbọala bụ omume nke ijegharị anụ ụlọ n'ebe dị anya. Ọ bụ ụdị anụ ụlọ. Ịkwọ ụgbọ ala n'ahịa-na-ejikarị ụkwụ na mgbe mgbe site n'enyemaka nke nkịta-nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụwa ochie. Onye nwe ya nwere ike inyefe onye nnọchi anya ka o bute ngwaahịa n'ahịa wee weghachite ego ọ nwetara. Enweela ịnya ụgbọ ala kemgbe ndị mmadụ n'obodo ukwu chọpụtara na ọ dị mkpa iji nweta nri sitere n'ebe dị anya.

Nkọwa

Ịkwọ ụgbọala bụ omume nke ịkwagharị ìgwè anụ ụlọ n'ebe dị anya site n'iji ụkwụ na-aga "na ukwu ụkwụ", mgbe ụfọdụ ọtụtụ narị kilomita. Ọ bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ mere ya. Ihe àmà mbụ e dere banyere ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na nkịta ha malitere laa azụ na narị afọ nke 14. Ọtụtụ puku ehi kwagara n'okporo ụzọ Europe na Great Britain, na mgbe e mesịrị atụrụ, ewu, ezi na ọbụna geese na turkeys. Njem site n'ebe ịta nri gaa n'ahịa, ebe a na-egbu anụ, ma ọ bụ onye na-azụ ihe nwere ike isi n'izu ole na ole ruo ọnwa ole na ole. Ahịhịa ahụ na-akwagharị n'ehihie na ọsọ 2–3 km kwa elekere, ma kwụsị n'abalị ka ha zuru ike ma rie nri. N'ehihie, nkịta na-azụ anụ na-eme njem, na-ahụ na ụmụ anụmanụ anaghị akpafu, na n'abalị, ha na-echebe ìgwè ehi na ụgbọ ala nke onye ọzụzụ atụrụ na ezinụlọ ha site n'aka ndị na-eri anụ fọdụrụnụ, ma ọtụtụ n'ime nkịta obodo agụụ na-agụ..^[1]^[2]^[3]

Ọrụ nke ndị na-azụ atụrụ tụfuru nnukwu mkpa maka akụ na ụba naanị n'etiti narị afọ nke 19 na mmepe nke njem ụgbọ oloko. Kemgbe afọ 1960, njem ụgbọ ala nke anụ ụlọ n'ime ụgbọ ala pụrụ iche, bụ nke ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị, emechaala dochie ịzụ ahịa nke ìgwè ehi. A na-ejigide ọrụ nke ọzụzụ atụrụ ma ọ bụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ná mba ụfọdụ dị ka ọrụ a na-arụ n’oge a na-ebuga ehi na atụrụ n’ebe ịta nri n’oge okpomọkụ..^[4]

Nkịta ndị e ji akwọ ụgbọala buru ibu ma nwee ụkwụ dị elu, ike na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, na-eme ihe ike ma nwee onwe ha, ha anaghị achọ ọzụzụ pụrụ iche na ikike iso nkịta ndị ọzọ na-emekọrịta ihe. N'ịmanye ehi ka ha gaa n'ụzọ ziri ezi, nkịta ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala mesoro ha ihe n'ụzọ obi ọjọọ, na-ata ehi, na-eji ahụ ha na-akwagharị atụrụ ahụ ma na-ata ha. Ụdị ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala ochie gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Bouvier nke Flanders, Rottweiler, Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, na UK - Old English Sheepdog.^[1]^[2]

Ụgbọ njem gaa n'ahịa

Otu onye enweghị ike ilekọta anụmanụ n'ugbo ma were ogologo njem na-aga ahịa. Ya mere, onye nwe ya nwere ike inyefe ngwaahịa a n'aka onye nnọchi anya-na-abụkarị onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala-bụ onye ga-ebufe ngwaahịa ahụ n'ahịa wee weghachite ego ahụ. Ndị na-anya ụgbọ ala na-eburu ìgwè ehi ha na ìgwè anụ ụlọ na-aga n'okporo ụzọ ọdịnala nwere ebe a haziri ahazi maka ebe obibi abalị na nri ụmụ nwoke na anụmanụ. ^{[citation needed]}

Njem ahụ nwere ike ịdịruo ụbọchị ole na ole ruo ọnwa. A ghaghị iji nlezianya kwọọ anụmanụ ndị ahụ ka ha wee nọrọ n'ọnọdụ dị mma ma ha bịarutere. A ga-enwerịrị nkwekọrịta mbụ maka ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ngwaahịa furu efu; maka ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a mụrụ na njem, maka ire ngwaahịa ndị e kere n'oge njem ahụ. Ruo mgbe ụlọ akụ mpaghara mepere emepe, onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na-alaghachi n'ụlọ ọrụ ga-ebu nnukwu ego. N'ịbụ onye nọ n'ọnọdụ ntụkwasị obi dị ukwuu, onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ahụ nwere ike iburu ego n'ahịa obodo ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ akụ na akwụkwọ ozi dị mkpa ma kpọrọ ndị na-amaghị ụzọ ahụ.. ^{[citation needed]}

Ndị na-azụ ahịa nwere ike iwere ngwaahịa ahụ karịa akụkụ nke njem ha n'ihi na enwere ike ire ụfọdụ ngwaahịa na ahịa ndị ọzọ na-azụ anụmanụ. Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ọhụrụ ga-emecha nnyefe ahụ. ^{[citation needed]}

Ịkwọ ụgbọala n'Australia
Ịzụ atụrụ naUtah) "id="mwTA" rel="mw:WikiLink" aha="Kings Canyon (Utah) ">Kings Canyon, Utah
Tyrolnke Austria
VorarlbergAustria
Lozère, Massif Central, France
Waioeka Gorge, New Zealand

Okporo ụzọ ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala, ụzọ ndị na na-akpụ ụgbọala ma ọ bụ ụzọ ndị na'ụgbọala

Okporo ụzọ Drovers, North Yorkshire

Okporo ụzọ ndị na-agagharị agagharị dị obosara karịa ndị nke okporo ụzọ nkịtị na enweghị ụdị ọ bụla nke paving. Ụzọ ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala nke ka dị na Wales zere ebe obibi iji chekwaa ogige ndị dị n'ihu na mmefu ego.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ịkwaga ngwaahịa n'ahịa - na-ejikarị ụkwụ na mgbe mgbe site n'enyemaka nkịta - nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme na Old World. A na-akwọ ụgbọala ebe ọ bụ na ndị mmadụ nọ n'obodo ukwu hụrụ na ọ dị mkpa inweta nri site na ihe ndị dị anya.

N'ihe dị ka afọ 5,000 gara aga, ndị wuru Stonehenge na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ England mere oriri na Stone Age na ezì na ehi na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ si n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Scotland, ihe dị ka kilomita 700 site na ya.^[5] A na-ekwu na ndị Rom nwere ndị na-azụ anụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na-eso ndị agha ha iji nye ndị agha ha nri. ^{[citation needed]}

Ịkwọ ehi na nso Pinedale, Wyoming

Ịkwọ ehi bụ ihe dị mkpa nke ebe obibi nke ọdịda anyanwụ United States na Australia. N'afọ 1866, ndị na-ebugharị ehi na United States wepụrụ ehi nde iri abụọ site na Texas gaa n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè na Kansas. Na Australasia, a na-ebugharị atụrụ n'ebe dị anya. Na mba ndị a, ụgbọala ndị a na-aga ogologo oge - 800 miles (1,300 km) Texas ruo Kansas ^[6] - na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya, na-akwado ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụ ịnyịnya. Ịkwọ ụgbọala gara n'ihu ruo mgbe ụgbọ okporo ígwè rutere. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ịkwọ nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ n'ebe dị anya ka na-efu ego.

Britain

Welsh drovers c. 1880.

30,000 cattle and sheep were driven from Wales to London each year.

E guzobere ahịa ehi kwa izu n'etiti North Wales na London na Newent, Gloucestershire na 1253. N'ime Iwu maka ịsacha Smythfelde nke e dere n'afọ 1372, "ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị na-azụ anụ" kwetara ịkwụ ụgwọ maka isi ịnyịnya, ehi, atụrụ ma ọ bụ ezì ọ bụla.^[7]

Henry V wetara ọganihu na-adịgide adịgide n'ịkwọ ụgbọala na mmalite narị afọ nke iri na ise mgbe o nyere iwu ka e zigara ọtụtụ ehi dị ka o kwere mee na Cinque Ports iji nye ndị agha ya na France.

Iwu nke Edward VI mere iji chebe ìgwè atụrụ na ego nke onye ọ na-achị chọrọ, site na etiti narị afọ nke iri na isii, ka ụlọ ikpe distrikti ma ọ bụ nnọkọ nkeji iri na ise n'ebe ahụ kwadoro ma nye ya ikikere iji gosipụta na ha nwere àgwà ọma, lụrụ di, ndị nwe ụlọ na ihe karịrị afọ 30. Nnukwu nka pụtara na ìgwè atụrụ dị na 1,500 ruo 2,000 si Wales gaa London ụbọchị 20 ruo 25 ma belata ihe na-erughị pasent anọ nke ịdị arọ ha. N'ịbụ ndị a manyere ịga njem karịa ka ha si Wales, ndị na-azụ ehi na Scotland ga-azụta ehi ahụ ozugbo ma chụga ha na London.

E mere atụmatụ na ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ihe dị ka ehi 100,000 na atụrụ 750,000 na-abịa kwa afọ n'ahịa Smithfield nke London site n'ime ime obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ụgbọ okporo ígwè wetara njedebe na ọtụtụ ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala n'etiti narị afọ nke 19.

A kpọghachiri turkeys na geese maka igbu egbu n'ahịa London n'ìgwè nke 300 ruo 1,000 nnụnụ.

Ndị Drover kpọgakwara ụmụ anụmanụ gaa n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị ọzọ dị na UK (dị ka South Wales, Midlands, mpaghara Manchester).

Australia

Ọgwụgwụ nke ịkwọ ụgbọala na Australia. Ịkwanye ụgbọ okporo ígwè ehi na Cockburn South Australia, 1932

N'Australia, ịkwọ ụgbọala dị mkpa karịsịa n'oge ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-achọ nri ka mma na / ma ọ bụ mmiri ma ọ bụ na-achọ ogige iji rụọ ọrụ na anụ ụlọ. Ụfọdụ ndị na-agba ịnyịnya na-aga ogologo oge, ha nyochara mba ọhụrụ ahụ ma kpọọ ha "ndị na-agba ọsọ". Ndị ikom a nwere ike ịnọ n'okporo ụzọ ihe karịrị afọ abụọ. N'oge ogologo oge ehi chọrọ nlekọta ọzọ. Nke ahụ pụtara mgbe ụfọdụ ịkwọ ụgbọala n'abalị mgbe okpomọkụ ga-ada.

Ndị otu ndị ikom e were n'ọrụ ịkwaga ehi 1,200 nwere ndị ikom asaa: onye isi na-azụ ehi, ndị na-azụ anụ anọ, onye na-esi nri na onye na-azụ ịnyịnya. A na-ebugharị ehi na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa nke ihe ruru ụmụ anụmanụ 1500. A na-ebugharị ehi buru ibu a zụlitere maka anụ n'ìgwè mmadụ nke ihe dị ka isi 650.^[8]

Ọrụ ndị a na-eme

Ọrụ ndị Britain

Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ndị England na-azụ anụ na Craven Highlands, West Riding nke Yorkshire, gara Scotland ịzụta ehi, site n'ebe ahụ ka a kpọbata ha n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-akwọ ụgbọala gaa na mpaghara ha na-azụ ehi. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1745 Maazị Birtwhistle a ma ama nwere isi 20,000 e si n'ebe ugwu Scotland weta "n'elu ụkwụ" gaa na Great Close nso Malham, ^[9]: 53 ihe karịrị 300 (483 km).

Ọrụ ndị Australia

Ịzụ ehi na nso Lismore, Australia

William James Browne nwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Nilpena na Flinders Ranges nke South Australia na 1879. O nyere Alfred Giles ọrụ ka o mee atụrụ 12,000 gaa n'ụlọ ọhụrụ ya Newcastle Waters na Delamere Stations na Northern Territory. A na-anwụ atụrụ puku asatọ na njem ahụ.^[10]

Ụmụnne Tibbett chụpụrụ ìgwè atụrụ 30,000 na mbido afọ 1890 site na Wellshot Station gaa Queensland" id="mw6Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Roma, Queensland">Rom na Queensland, ihe karịrị kilomita 700 (435 mi), na-achọ ahịhịa maka ngwaahịa ahụ. A na-akpụ atụrụ niile na Roma ma na-amalite ịkpa nwa mgbe mmiri ozuzo na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe na-abịa na Wellshot. E weghachiri ìgwè atụrụ ahụ na ụmụ atụrụ 3,000 ọzọ.^[11]

N'afọ 1900, otu onye na-azụ anụ ụlọ aha ya bụ Coleman hapụrụ Clermont na atụrụ 5,000; ala ahụ nwere ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma nye ya ntụziaka ka ọ mee ka ìgwè mmadụ ahụ dị ndụ. Coleman na-awagharị 5,000 kilomita (8,000 site na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Queensland na-achọ nri ka ha na-aga. Mgbe o mechara laghachi, ọ kpọghachiri atụrụ 9,000, ree ihe karịrị 5,000, ma gbuo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1,000 maka "iji onwe ya mee ihe".^[12]

N'afọ 1904, e wepụrụ ehi 20,000 site na Wave Hill Station wee gaa Killarney Station, nso New South Wales">Narrabri na New South Wales, ihe dị ka kilomita 3,000 (1,900 mi). N'oge ahụ, a na-ewere ya dị ka "ihe dị ịrịba ama" nke ịkwọ ụgbọala ma were ọnwa 18 iji mezue.^[12]

Onye ọzọ a ma ama na-akwọ ụgbọala bụ William Philips na 1906, onye si na Wave Hill Station gbadata ehi 1,260 ruo Burrendilla, nso Charleville n'ime naanị izu 32.^[13]

Hụkwa

Ịkwọ ehi na United States
Drover (onye Australia)
Drover (disambiguation)
Okporo ụzọ ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị
Ụgbọ njem anụ ụlọ
Okporo ụzọ ngwongwo
Ịgafe Ụmụ Mmadụ
Tropeiro

Ebem si dee

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Cummins (2013-11-07). Our Debt to the Dog: How the Domestic Dog Helped Shape Human Societies (in en). Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-61163-556-0. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Hancock (2014-08-31). Dogs of the Shepherds: A Review of the Pastoral Breeds (in en). Crowood. ISBN 978-1-84797-809-7. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Renna (2012-04-10). Herding Dogs: Selecting and Training the Working Farm Dog (in en). Fox Chapel Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59378-653-3.
↑ Station. Who were Australia's Drovers? (en-us). www.princessroyal.com.au. Retrieved on 2022-01-28.
↑ Smithsonian Magazine October 2017 accessed February 14, 2021
↑ Gray (2003). The Sixties: Expansion, Exploration and Polarization. Dougherty Press.
↑ British History Online, Memorials of London and London Life in the 13th, 14th and 15th Centuries accessed 23 September 2015
↑ Cole, V. G. (1978). Beef Production Guide. Parramatta: Macarthur Press. ISBN 0-9599973-1-8.
↑ Hartley (1968). Life and Tradition in the Yorkshire Dales. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-498-07668-7.
↑ Michael Pearson (2010). Pastoral Australia: Fortunes, Failures and Hard Yakka: A Historical Overview 1788–1967. CSIRO publishing. ISBN 9780643096998.
↑ "Epic droving trips", The Charleville Times, National Library of Australia, 8 February 1951, p. 10. Retrieved on 27 February 2013.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 "Remarkable droving feat", The Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate, National Library of Australia, 11 July 1922, p. 4. Retrieved on 15 January 2013. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ref1" defined multiple times with different content
↑ "A record droving trip", The Sydney Morning Herald, National Library of Australia, 29 November 1906, p. 5. Retrieved on 14 January 2013.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Cummins (2013-11-07). Our Debt to the Dog: How the Domestic Dog Helped Shape Human Societies (in en). Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-61163-556-0. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[:1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Hancock (2014-08-31). Dogs of the Shepherds: A Review of the Pastoral Breeds (in en). Crowood. ISBN 978-1-84797-809-7. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content

[3] Renna (2012-04-10). Herding Dogs: Selecting and Training the Working Farm Dog (in en). Fox Chapel Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59378-653-3.

[4] Station. Who were Australia's Drovers? (en-us). www.princessroyal.com.au. Retrieved on 2022-01-28.

[5] Smithsonian Magazine October 2017 accessed February 14, 2021

[6] Gray (2003). The Sixties: Expansion, Exploration and Polarization. Dougherty Press.

[7] British History Online, Memorials of London and London Life in the 13th, 14th and 15th Centuries accessed 23 September 2015

[8] Cole, V. G. (1978). Beef Production Guide. Parramatta: Macarthur Press. ISBN 0-9599973-1-8.

[tradition-9] Hartley (1968). Life and Tradition in the Yorkshire Dales. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-498-07668-7.

[10] Michael Pearson (2010). Pastoral Australia: Fortunes, Failures and Hard Yakka: A Historical Overview 1788–1967. CSIRO publishing. ISBN 9780643096998.

[11] "Epic droving trips", The Charleville Times, National Library of Australia, 8 February 1951, p. 10. Retrieved on 27 February 2013.

[ref1-12] 12.0 ^12.1 "Remarkable droving feat", The Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate, National Library of Australia, 11 July 1922, p. 4. Retrieved on 15 January 2013. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ref1" defined multiple times with different content

[13] "A record droving trip", The Sydney Morning Herald, National Library of Australia, 29 November 1906, p. 5. Retrieved on 14 January 2013.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]