Wikipedia

Dox Thrash

Onye omenkà Afrịka-Amerịka(1893-1965)
Dox Thrash
mmádu
ụdịekerenwoke Dezie
mba o sịNjikota Obodo Amerika Dezie
aha ezinụlọ yaThrash Dezie
ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya22 Maachị 1893 Dezie
Ebe ọmụmụGriffin Dezie
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya19 Eprel 1965 Dezie
Ebe ọ nwụrụPhiladelphia Dezie
asụsụ ọ na-asụ, na-ede ma ọ bụ were na-ebinye akaBekee Dezie
ọrụ ọ na-arụonye ese, printmaker, onye na-akpụ ihe ọkpụkpụ, omenkà Dezie
ebe agụmakwụkwọThe School of the Art Institute of Chicago Dezie
agbụrụNdi Afrika nke Amerika Dezie
conflictWorld War I Dezie
Archive naStuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library Dezie
onye nnọchite anya nwebiisinkaikike mmeputakwa nke CISAC-otu nọchiri anya ya Dezie
ikike nwebiisinka dị ka onye okikeỌrụ nwebiisinka chekwara Dezie
omenkà faịlụ naPhiladelphia Museum of Art Library and Archives, Smithsonian American Art and Portrait Gallery Library, Frick Art Research Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture Dezie

 

Dox Thrash (1893 – 1965) bu onye omenka America-Amerika nke amara ama dika onye okacha mara nka, onye na-ebi akwụkwọ, na onye na-ese ihe yana onye na-emekọ ihe nke usoro mbipụta akwụkwọ Carborundum . [1] Isiokwu ihe osise ya bụ ndụ ndị America America. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na WPA na Fine Print Workshop nke Philadelphia. Onye na-ese ihe nọrọ ọtụtụ ọrụ ya ibi na ịrụ ọrụ na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . [1]

Ndụ mbido

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A mụrụ Dox Thrash na March 22, 1893 na Griffin, Georgia . [2] Ọ bụ ya bụ nwa nke abụọ n’ime ụmụ anọ n’ezinụlọ ya. Thrash hapụrụ ụlọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise na-achọ ọrụ n'ebe ugwu. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Great Migration (African American) na-achọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na North.

Ọrụ mbụ Thrash nwetara bụ ịrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri na ihe omume Vaudeville . Na 1911, mgbe ọ dị afọ 18, ọ kwagara Chicago, Illinois . [3] O nwetara ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ mbuli elu n'ehihie, ma jiri isi iyi a na-akpata ego gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ. [3] Na 1914 ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago . [1]

Na 1917, United States kpọsara agha megide Germany ma banye n'Agha Ụwa Mbụ . Na Septemba 1917, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ, Thrash debara aha na ndị agha. [3] Edebere ya na 365th Infantry Regiment, 183rd Brigade, 92nd Division, makwaara dị ka ndị agha Buffalo . [1] N'oge ọgụ, Thrash nwere ujo shei yana mbuso gas, mana ọ merụrụ ahụ kpamkpam.

Ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe

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Faịlụ:ITTDOX.jpg
Ihe mkpuchi ihu nke Dox Thrash: Onye African American Master Printmaker achọpụtaghachiri, nke John Ittmann dere.

Mgbe o jesịrị ozi na agha ahụ, Thrash tozuru oke dị ka onye agha agha wee debanye aha na Art Institute of Chicago site na nkwado nke ego gọọmentị etiti. [3] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ si Georgia gaa Chicago, Boston, New York, na Filadelfia n'ikpeazụ, na-arụ ọrụ ndị na-adịghị mma - ahụmahụ ndị nyere ya isiokwu nke ọ ga-emecha mee ihe. N'ịbụ onye na-ebi na Philadelphia na 1925, ọ malitere ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ. N'oge ezumike ya, ọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ nkà ya ma jiri nkà ya mepụta ihe nnọchianya, dị ka nke North Philadelphia Businessmen Association, na akwụkwọ mmado na ngosi na ememme, gụnyere 2nd Annual National Negro Music Festival na Tra Club nke Philadelphia. . [1] Nke a nwetara nkwado obodo wee meghee ụzọ maka mbọ nka ọhụrụ. Ka ọ na-erule 1929, Thrash na-aga klaasị abalị n'ime klọb ndị a, ya na Earl Horter nke Graphic Sketch Club, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Samuel S. Fleisher Art Memorial . [3]

Na 1937 Thrash sonyeere gọọmentị na-akwado Ọrụ Ọganihu Ọrụ (WPA)'s Federal Art Project . Site na WPA, Thrash malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Fine Print Workshop nke Philadelphia. [4] Na Fine Print Workshop nke Philadelphia, Thrash, tinyere Michael J. Gallagher na Hugh Mesibov, malitere ịnwale na ịmepụta usoro nke carborundum mezzotint, usoro mbipụta akwụkwọ. [1] Mbipụta Carborundum na-eji abrasive sitere na carbon na-ere efere ọla kọpa na-emepụta onyonyo nke nwere ike iwepụta mbipụta n'ụda sitere na isi awọ ruo n'ime oji. Usoro ahụ yiri usoro mezzoint siri ike ma dị mgbagwoju anya mepụtara na narị afọ nke 17. O jiri nke a dị ka usoro izizi ya maka ọtụtụ ọrụ ya wee jiri ya rụọ ọrụ ya kacha mma. Otu n'ime akụkụ mbụ ya na-eji usoro a na-eto eto bụ ihe osise onwe ya na-amaghị aha nke aha ya bụ Maazị X.

Site na usoro ọhụrụ a, atọ ahụ nwetara nkwanye ùgwù na-abawanye ụba ka ha na-ebipụta ọtụtụ ndịna-emeputa n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ na-egosipụtakwa ihe ndị ọzọ na ihe ngosi. Ọrụ ha na-egosipụtakarị nkọwa aghụghọ banyere nrigbu ọha na eze na akụ na ụba gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke oge a nke oké ịda mbà n'obi na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ka ọ na-erule 1940, Thrash, Gallagher, na Mesibov malitere ilebara anya na gburugburu mpaghara maka mbipụta carborundum ha, n'agbanyeghị ọrụ onye ọ bụla na-ese ihe na-ekere na mmepe nke usoro ahụ edoghị anya. [5]

Na 1960, Thrash sonyeere na ihe ngosi na Pyramid Club, ọgbakọ mmekọrịta nke ndị nwoke ọkachamara ojii nke mere ihe ngosi nka kwa afọ malite na 1941. Ndị ọzọ nọ n'aka bụ Howard N. Watson, Benjamin Britt, Robert Jefferson na Samuel J. Brown Jr.

Thrash nọrọ afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya na-adụ ndị na-eto eto ndị America na-ese ihe. Ọ nwụrụ na Eprel 19, 1965, na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . [2] A na-asọpụrụ ya nke ọma ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 40 ka e mesịrị na 2001 na nnukwu ntụgharị uche, aha ya bụ Dox Thrash: Onye African-American Master Printmaker Rediscovered, na Philadelphia Museum of Art . [6]

Ọrụ Thrash gụnyere na ihe ngosi 2015 Anyị Na-ekwu: Black Artists na Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s na Woodmere Art Museum . [7]

Mmekọrịta nke Alain Locke na New Negro Movement

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Alain LeRoy Locke (1885-1954) bụ onye nwere ọgụgụ isi, prọfesọ na onye ode akwụkwọ kwadoro na ndị Africa America, karịsịa ndị na-ese ihe, iji weghara àgwà, ndụ, na isi nke ndị ha na New Negro . Ọ kọwara, "The Negro physiognomy ga-adị ọhụrụ na nke ezi uche dị na ya n'ụkpụrụ nke ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-adị mkpa ka a kọwaa ya nke ọma. Art aghaghị ịchọpụta ma kpughee ịma mma nke ajọ mbunobi na caricature kpuchiri. " [8] Ihe Locke na-ekwupụta ebe a abụghị naanị oku maka ndị na-ese oji ka ha merie ajọ mbunobi agbụrụ site na ihe ngosi nka dị mma nke ndị isi ojii, mana na onye America n'ezie dị ka Thrash gosipụtara ndụ ndị ojii ibe ya, ma nwee ikike ịgbasa nke a. echiche nke New Negro, dị ka Locke na-akọwa, "Enwere ike na uche nka nka nke American Negro, nke mpako omenala na mmasị kpaliri, ga-enweta ... mmetụta miri emi na nke na-akpali akpali." [9]

N'ime ụbọchị carborundum mezzoint na- acha anụnụ anụnụ, Thrash na-egosi ezinụlọ ndịda ojii na mbara ihu ụlọ ha dị ka ụlọ dị n'ime ime obodo. Nwoke ahụ, nwanyị, na nwatakịrị ahụ, jigidesie ike n'obi nke nwanyị ahụ, na-emepụta ihe nkiri na-akpachi anya site na ịdị ọcha na-egbukepụ egbukepụ nke ebe a na-asa ákwà na-ekokwasị n'azụ ha. N'ịbụ ndị e debere n'ihu ebe a na-asa ákwà ihicha, a na-edozi ha site n'otu akụkụ nke ọrụ siri ike a rụzuru n'ụbọchị. N'ebe ibe ha nọ, na-elegide anya n'èzí na mpaghara ndịda, ha, na ihe ndị ha na-ebute ụzọ dị ọcha na ezinaụlọ, na-eme ka isi ihe na-egbuke egbuke na ndị ogbenye, ikuku na-adịghị akwụsi ike. Ọkụ dị n'ime dị otú ahụ yiri ka ọ na-ekwekọghị na gburugburu ezinụlọ gbagọrọ agbagọ na nke gbagọrọ agbagọ, na ọdịdị ha na-enweghị isi na enweghị nkọwa ihu na-eme ka ọnọdụ ahụ bụrụ ihe ochie maka ime obodo ndịda ojii ọnọdụ ndụ na àgwà. Thrash nọ na-ekwu maka ahụmịhe ọtụtụ puku ezinaụlọ ndị isi ojii na-arụ n'ime ime obodo na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20, nke a na-amanyekarị ịgba ohu-dị ka onye na-azụ ụlọ dịka naanị ụzọ ha ga-esi ebi ndụ na South ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. “Oghere mkpọchi na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ, ihe owuwu ụzọ mbata gbawara agbawa, ihe mgbochi gbajiri agbaji, na ogige a chụpụrụ agbapụ” jupụtara na enweghị ntụkwasị obi, dị ka usoro akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke South mgbe ịgba ohu gasịrị, na-eme ka o doo anya na maka ndị America America, “ụlọ abụghị ebe obibi; kama, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị na veranda na-anọchi anya ịdị n'otu ezinụlọ na ịga n'ihu." [9] N'ụzọ dị otú a, Thrash na-enwe ike ọ bụghị nanị na-emeri àgwà ọma nke ndị ojii n'ime ezinụlọ ma mee ka nke a pụta ìhè site n'iji ihe atụ ele anya n'ọnọdụ ha na-adịghị mma, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị karị na ha na-anọgidesi ike. Thrash gosipụtara eziokwu siri ike maka ndị America America n'oge mgbanwe a na akụkọ ntolite ebe ha na-enye nkọwa dị nro nke mmadụ ha, dịka agbụrụ ọ bụla ọzọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọha America na-agọnahụ ya kpamkpam.

Site nro dị nro na-asachapụ dị ka Ụbọchị Ọhụrụ, ọ na-ese n'ụzọ nkịtị na n'ụzọ ihe atụ foto nke ezinụlọ ojii na-agbanwe site na South na North n'oge Great Migration, na-eme ka olileanya na-atụ, na-amali elu iji gbalịa ịbụ ndị òtù ọha na eze nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme. egbuo ha. N'akụkụ aka ekpe nke kwaaji ahụ ka ụlọ ndị apịtị juru na ihe eji agụ ihe dị, ụdị ndụ ime obodo ha na-adọgbu onwe ha n'ọrụ n'azụ ha, na-agbapụta isi awọ. Nlele anya ha nwere olile anya “… na-egosipụta nchekwube nke ọtụtụ ndị Africa America bụ ndị hapụrụ ime obodo ịchụso ohere ọrụ ka mma, nlekọta ahụike, na agụmakwụkwọ n'ime obodo mepere emepe”. [5] Ọnọdụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a, na agba ha welitere n'ụzọ nkwanye ùgwù kwupụta obodo obodo n'ihu na-atụ aro ntụkwasị obi na oke ochicho n'ọdịdị ha n'otu n'otu na mpaghara nrụpụta ọhụrụ nke ugwu a. Ọbụna nwa, clutched ala na ogwe aka nke nne ọnụ ọgụgụ megide ara ya abụghị nanị serenely grinning, ma jụụ ruo n'ókè na-egosi nwayọọ doze, obi ike na njem n'ihu ga-arụpụta nke ọma, poses dịghị egwu. Ogwe aka nwanyị ahụ ekpughere bụ nke a ma ama, na-enwe oke oke na ahụ ike, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke nke nna gburu ikpere n'ala, bụ onye nọ n'elu ala na-egosi na ọ naghị arịọ arịrịọ kama na ike gwụrụ ntakịrị, mana ezi ekele maka nkwa dị n'ihu. Thrash na-eme ka o doo anya na ezinụlọ a agaala ogologo ụzọ, ma ọ dịghị agwụ agwụ; kama ha siri ike ma na-akwado maka ịrụsi ọrụ ike n'ihu na ihe ịga nke ọma na-atụ anya n'ihu. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa nke New Negro, n'ihi na ọ bụghị nanị na ha na-aga n'ihu iji nweta ohere ndị a na-enwetaghị na mbụ ga-eme ka ndụ ha dịkwuo mma, mana ụzọ ha si ejide onwe ha na-akpalite ọkwa ụfọdụ nke nkwanye ùgwù maka mmadụ ha, site na onye na-ekiri ya. .

N'ezie, ọ bụ ike nke ndị America ibe ya ka Thrash na-ekwusi ike, n'etiti njirimara ndị ọzọ dị mma n'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike na eserese nke onwe. Site na mbipụta carborundum ya Ndụ, ọ na-egosi nwa agbọghọ ojii na-eji ejiji dị mma na-agụ ihe dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ma ọ bụ magazin. Isiokwu a legidere anya na ihe ya, dabere na ọtụtụ ederede. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka Richard Powell kọwara ya nke ọma, na-ekwupụta na ndụ “ihe nkiri na-abụghị nke agbụrụ, dị nro na-erekwa ụmụaka ojii, na-enwetakwa obi ụtọ na oge dị nro nke ntorobịa. Isiokwu ndị a dị n'okpuru nke ihe jikọrọ ọnụ na ịdị n'otu na-enye aka n'ịma mma nke ịbụ akụkụ nke usoro buru ibu karịa ịnọpụ iche na ya. " [9] Mkpebi siri ike nke Thrash ọ bụghị nanị na-enye nlezianya anya kpọmkwem na isiokwu ojii site na eserese, kama itinye nwatakịrị ahụ dị ka itinye aka na nchụso ọgụgụ isi nke na-agafe agbụrụ agbụrụ na-eme ka echiche ziri ezi banyere ndị America America dị ka ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, ndị otu n'ime ọha mmadụ. ka ndị ọcha. Ịkụ ọkụ nke mbipụta na-agbakwụnye na nke a. Ime ụlọ nke nwa agbọghọ ahụ nọ n'ime ya bụ ọchịchịrị na onyinyo, Otú ọ dị, isi iyi ọkụ na-enwu n'ihu na n'apata ya, na-emesi atụmatụ ya mara mma nke a kpụrụ akpụ na-etinye n'ime akwụkwọ ọgụgụ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, uwe ya dị ọcha, nke dabara nke ọma, na ejiji nke ụbọchị na-emetụta ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ya. Ya mere mmuta ya nwere ihe ịga nke ọma nke onwe ya na nke ezinụlọ ya jikọtara ọnụ. Ọ bụ ihe na-emegide echiche Locke banyere caricature nke ndị isi ojii bụ ndị e mere ka ọnọdụ ha na atụmatụ ikwubiga okwu ókè mebie mmadụ na iwepụta echiche nke ọgụgụ isi na ike dị ntakịrị.

Thrash kwetakwara n'ọgụ omenala na ihe ịma aka ndị Africa America chere ihu site na eserese ya. Na ya etching Saturday Night, ọ na-egosi na nwanyị na-edozi isi na-akwadebe onwe ya maka otu abalị na obodo. Ọdịdị ihu ya na agba ya na-akpọ ya nke ọma dị ka onye America America, na ọ bụ omume ọ na-eme bụ nke kacha mkpa. Nwanyị a na-eji ígwè dị ọkụ na-agbazi ntutu isi ya gbajiri agbagọ. Ọ na-eme ihe kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ anụ ahụ nke ọha ọcha na-achị bụ ebe ntutu kwụ ọtọ bụ ihe e ji ama mma. Ọ bụ ezie na ahụ́ ya na-eme ya nke ọma, mara mma ma maa mma, ọ na-eche na ọ dị ya mkpa itinye aka n'ọrụ siri ike nke ime ka ntutu isi ya gbakọtara nke ọma kwụ ọtọ iji jikere maka abalị n'ebe ọha na eze nọ. N'ezie, ike ọgwụgwụ n'ọrụ ahụ ka edere n'ihu ya dum, ahịrị ndị na-akpụ akpụ nke etching na-eme ka onyinyo dị n'okpuru anya ya na ahịrị ndị na-emetụ ya n'oghere imi ya ruo n'èzí egbugbere ọnụ ya. Usoro a nke etching na-eme ka ike gwụ ma ọ bụ na-agwụ ike na akụkụ ahụ dum, nwanyị ahụ na ụwa ya yiri ka a na-eyi ya ka ọ bụrụ naanị ọkpụkpụ nke eziokwu ha. Ụkwụ aka ekpe ya gbanarịa n'akụkụ aka nri ya na ịdị mfe ọ na-egosi na ọ na-ejide ngwá ọrụ na-agbatị aka na-egosi ịdị mma nke nkwadebe a na-emekarị, n'agbanyeghị afọ ojuju ya na usoro ahụ. N'ime ihe ndị a niile, ọ na-ele onye na-ekiri ya anya ozugbo ka a ga-asị na ndị na-ege ntị bụ enyo ya. Ọ dị ka a ga-asị na Thrash na-egosipụta n'ụzọ nkịtị ndị na-ege ya Africa America na-ege ntị n'onwe ha, na-egosi na ọ na-efu ego nke mmụọ nke ịnwa ime ihe kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ ọcha dị adịbu. Omume dị otú ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ naanị usoro ịchọ mma na-emighị emi, na-eburu ya echiche nke ịjụ ọnọdụ anụ ahụ gị, ma ọ bụ kama isi ojii. Maka Locke na Thrash, a naghị ele nke a anya dị ka ihe dị mma maka ndị Africa America na-atụle na ọ bụ nkọwa nke omume dị otú ahụ nke ime ihe kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ aesthetic nke ọha mmadụ na-etinye ọnọdụ okike nke ndị ojii na nhazi nke na-erughị nke kacha mma, ma ọ bụ jọrọ njọ. Mmetụta dị otú ahụ adịghị emepụta mpako maka obodo ma ọ bụ kwado echiche nke New Negro. Agbanyeghị, nkwenye Thrash maka omume a na-emekarị, na-egosipụta ya azụ azụ n'obodo, bụ nzọụkwụ na-aga n'ihu ruo n'ọnọdụ dị mma, nweere onwe ya.

Mmekọrịta na WEB Du Bois

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Na nchịkọta akụkọ na magazin kwa ọnwa The Crisis, WEB Du Bois, nna ọzọ nke "New Negro Movement," kwuru "ka anyị zụọ onwe anyị ka anyị hụ ịma mma na nwa ojii". [10] Dubois kpọkuru ndị Africa-America ka ha na-anya isi maka ihe nketa ha kama ime ihere akpụkpọ ahụ ha gbara ọchịchịrị. Okwu onyonyo agbụrụ a bụ ihe ọzọ e ji mara ndị Africa na America n'oge a. Thrash lebara okwu a anya site n'ịmepụta eserese nke isiokwu ndị Africa-American na ndị isi dị mma na-eji usoro carborundum mezzoint ya nke kọwara ọdịdị ihu ojii n'ụzọ ziri ezi karị. N'oge ndị na-ese ihe na-acha ọcha na-ese onyinyo ndị isi ojii n'ụzọ jọgburu onwe ya n'ihe nkiri na akwụkwọ akụkọ, ihe osise ndị na-atọ ụtọ nke ndị isi ojii nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu.

N'ihe atụ Thrash banyere nwanyị onye America America na mbipụta ya Marylou, mmetụta chiaroscuro dị oke egwu. N'adịghị ka ụfọdụ n'ime mbipụta ya, enwere oghere ọcha a na-ahụ anya na mbipụta a, ma e wezụga n'akụkụ isi isiokwu ahụ. N'ịbụ nke yiri halo, oghere ọkụ dị n'akụkụ isi nwanyị ahụ na-eme ka onye na-ekiri ya nwee mmetụta na e nwere ihe dị ọcha na ezi omume banyere ya. O merughị ya ma ọ bụ dị ala ka ndị ọcha nwere ike ịgbalị ịpụta. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ mbọ Thrash mere ịhụ ịma mma na oji dịka WEB Du Bois kpọkuru ndị Africa-America ka ha mee na nchịkọta akụkọ ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe osise a na-elekwasị anya n’otu n’otu, otú e si egosi nwanyị ahụ anya na-eme ka ọ dị ka à ga-asị na ọ bụghị onye a kapịrị ọnụ. Anya ya gbara ọchịchịrị nke ukwuu na-egbochi onye na-agụ ya ịchọpụta nwanyị ziri ezi, nke na-enyere onye na-ekiri ya aka ịnakwere ya dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ịma mma nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America niile. [9]

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Donnelly, Michelle."The Art of Dox Thrash", The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Glennon, Patrick. "Black artists in Philly flourished during the Great Depression", Philadelphia Inquirer, Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Dox Thrash", Philadelphia Museum of Art, Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  4. ↑ "Dox Thrash: Glory Be", The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ittmann (2001). Dox Thrash : an African American master printmaker rediscovered, Philadelphia Museum of Art., Terra Museum of American Art., Philadelphia, PA: Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 0295981598. OCLC 47785679. Ittmann, John W. (2001). Dox Thrash : an African American master printmaker rediscovered. Philadelphia Museum of Art., Terra Museum of American Art. Philadelphia, PA: Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 0295981598. OCLC 47785679.
  6. ↑ "Dox Thrash: An African American Master Printer Rediscovered", Philadelphia Museum of Art, Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  7. ↑ We Speak: Black Artists in Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s (en-gb). Woodmere Art Museum. Retrieved on 4 June 2022.
  8. ↑ Locke (1992). The New Negro. Maxwell Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-689-70821-3. OCLC 505708001. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Brigham (1992). "Bridging Identities: Dox Thrash as African American and Artist". Smithsonian Studies in American Art. ISSN 0890-4901. Brigham, David R (1992). "Bridging Identities: Dox Thrash as African American and Artist". Smithsonian Studies in American Art. ISSN 0890-4901. OCLC 5966451556.
  10. ↑ Pinder, Kymberly. “‘Racial Idiom’: I Always Wanted to be an Artist" in Dox Thrash: An American Master Printmaker Rediscovered by John W. Ittmann. Philadelphia Museum of Art. 2001.

Njikọ mpụga

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Hụkwa

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  • Samuel Joseph Brown Jr.
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dox_Thrash&oldid=172394