Dox
Jean Verdi Salomon Razakandraina (1913-1978), nke a maara dị ka Dox, bụ onye edemede na onye na ede uri Malagasy nke a na ewere dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede kachasị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba ahụ. A maara ya nke ọma maka uri na egwuregwu ya, mana ọ bụkwa onye na ese ihe, dee ma mee egwu, ma sụgharịa ọtụtụ ọrụ French na Bekee n'asụsụ Malagasy. Ọrụ ya bụ akụkụ nke usoro mmụta asụsụ na Madagascar na ọkwa ọ bụla kemgbe mba ahụ nwetaghachiri nnwere onwe na 1960.
Dox malitere ide ihe na 1930 mgbe ọ na agụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ nka dị mma na Antananarivo, ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya nyere ya aha njirimara "Dox". N'afọ 1932, mgbe o kwetara na nna ya chọrọ ka ọ mụọ ọgwụ, Dox raara onwe ya nye nka ma sonyere ndị ọzọ na ede uri Malagasy n'ịkwalite Mitady ny very movement ("ịchọ ụkpụrụ furu efu"), nke Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo, Charles Rajoelisolo na Ny Avana Ramananto malitere. Ọrụ ya n'oge a gosipụtara ebumnuche nke mmegharị ahụ iji gosipụta uru nke njirimara Malagasy, nke mebiri n'okpuru mmetụta nke nchịkwa French. N'afọ 1941, o bipụtara nchịkọta uri mbụ ya, Ny Hirako, nke e dere n'Asụsụ Malagasy. Mgbe nnukwu Nnupụisi nke mba malitere na 1947, Dox gbakọtara n'azụ Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache ma merụọ ahụ n'oge ngagharị iwe. O sonyekwara na Ngagharị iwe ụmụ akwụkwọ nke 1972 nke mere ka ọchịchị Tsiranana daa. N'afọ 1971, o bipụtara naanị nchịkọta nke uri asụsụ French, Chants Capricorniens . N'oge niile ọ na arụ ọrụ, o mepụtara akwụkwọ edemede itoolu, ọtụtụ akwụkwọ n'asụsụ, na egwuregwu iri na isii na egosi akụkọ ọdịnala, akụkọ Bible ma ọ bụ isiokwu akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Madagascar, na mgbakwunye na ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị mmadụ nyere iwu.
N'oge ndụ ya niile, Dox nwere nkwado siri ike maka ọrụ ya, nke jikọtara akụkụ nke Ịhụnanya na mmetụta nke uri ọdịnala Madagascar na ilu. O guzobere onwe ya dị ka onye ndu n'ịkwalite nka edemede Malagasy, na akwado Union of Malagasy Poets and Writers and Tsiry, otu a raara nye ibipụta ọrụ nke ndị ntorobịa Malagasy. Dox jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii nke United Malagasy Artists, osote onye isi oche ya nke Andrianampoinimerina Academy, na onye otu Académie Malgache. Ọ nwụrụ na Antananarivo na 14 June 1978.
Akụkọ ndụ
dezieOge ọ bụ nwata
dezieA mụrụ Jean Verdi Salomon Razakandraina na 13 Jenụwarị 1913 na Manankavaly, Madagascar, n'ezinụlọ Ndị Kraịst na edebe ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Nna ya, Samuel Salomon, bụ dọkịta ma na agakarị iji lekọta ndị ọrịa. Nne ya, Raolina, kwagara n'obodo Antsirabe dị nso na Jean Verdi, onye na arịa ọrịa mgbe ọ bụ nwata. N'ebe ahụ, o nyere nna ya, onye ọrụ ugbo na onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, [1] onye nyere ya agụmakwụkwọ elementrị, kụziiri ya ilu na akụkọ Malagasy, kọwaara ya Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, ma kụziere ya ise ihe na ịkpọ egwu. [2] Nna nna Razakandrainy kụziiri ya akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ezinụlọ eze ha na ndị bi na ndagwurugwu Anjanapara na ndịda Imerina. Agụmakwụkwọ a kụnyere n'ime nwatakịrị ịhụnanya ọdịnala maka ala, nkwanye ùgwù maka ọdịnala ndị nna nna na ekele maka ịma mma nke ime obodo Madagascar.[1][1]
N'afọ 1930, ọ debara aha ya na École des Beaux-Arts na Antananarivo. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ gafere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ etiti Paul Minault, ụlọ ọrụ Protestant nke onwe ya nke nwetara aha dị ka ebe maka ọgụgụ isi na okike dị mma, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ gosipụtara ndị isi echiche a ma ama dị ka onye na ede uri mba Pastor Ravelojaona n'etiti ndị nkuzi ha.[2] Aha ya sikwa n'ụzọ nkuzi ọhụrụ ya, dabere na ọgụgụ na nyocha nke onye ọ bụla, arụmụka nke onye nkuzi duziri sochiri. Nlebara anya a n'ịgụ ihe mere ka Razakandraina chọpụta ọtụtụ ndị edemede French, ndị ọkacha mmasị ya bụ Victor Hugo, Alfred de Musset, Charles Baudelaire, na Albert Samain.[3] Mgbe ọ debanyere aha na Paul Minault, e nyere Razakandraina aha njirimara abụọ: Sorajavona ("acha igwe ojii", aha mkpirisi sitere na mbido aha ya), na mgbe e mesịrị Dox, site na Bekee "ox", na site na "paradox".[1][2]
Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwere akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ na eduzi maka ibipụta ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, na nnọkọ kwa izu maka igosi nkà nka ụmụ akwụkwọ. Okporo ụzọ ndị a nyere Razakandraina ohere ibipụta ọrụ uri mbụ ya, [3] e dere n'ụdị ịhụnanya, [1] ma dee ma hazie arụmọrụ nke ihe nkiri mbụ ya. N'oge a, uri ya nyochara isiokwu nke agụụ mmekọahụ, ọchịchọ na ịhụnanya. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a mere ka ndị ọgbọ ya na ndị ọzọ na ede uri nke ọgbọ ya jaa ya mma, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na onye na ede abụ a na akwanyere ùgwù, Pastor Ravelojaona, baara ya mba, onye kwupụtara na "ọ bụghị ihe kwesịrị ekwesị ka Ndị Kraịst bulie ịhụnanya n'abụ uri ha. " [1] Ọ bụ ezie da ndị otu ihe nkiri mbụ ya nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma, [1] ma rụọ ọrụ na Antananarivo na Centre Culturel Albert Camus [2] na obodo Toamasina, [1] n'oge na adịghị anya, [2] a gbasara ya n'ihi na adịghị ike ịchụso nwa ya nwoke ahụike.[4][2]
Oge Mbido
dezieDox hapụrụ ihe ọmụmụ ya na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na-akwado ọrụ ugbo, nke nyere ya nnwere onwe itinye uche n'ịde uri. Ọ kwagara Mandoto, bụ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ ugbo ma nọgide na-azụlite nkà ya. N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere Perle Razanabolona, di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ ma malite ezinụlọ. N'afọ 1932, o sonyeere ndị na-ede uri Malagasy ndị a ma ama n'ịkwalite mmegharị nke Mitady ny ("ịchọ ụkpụrụ efu") nke Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo, Charles Rajoelisolo na Ny Avana Ramanantoanina malitere, bụ nke buliri njirimara na omenala Malagasy precolonial. Ọtụtụ n'ime uri Dox dere na Mandoto ka e bipụtara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmagụ e bipụtara na Antananarivo, dị ka Ny Mpandinika, Ny Tantsinana, Ny Fandrosoam-Baovao, Ny Kintan'ny Maraina, na Lakolosy Volamena. N'afọ 1941, o bipụtara nchịkọta uri mbụ ya, Ny Hirako. Mgbe ọgba aghara mba ahụ malitere na 1947, Dox gbakọtara n'azụ Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache (nke nna ya bụ odeakwụkwọ alaka Antsirabe maka ya), ma nwee mmerụ ahụ n'oge mkpesa.
Oge ikpeazụ
dezieỌtụtụ ndị otu Dox nwụrụ n'ime afọ iri sochirinụ. Onye na ede uri ahụ nwụnahụrụ ụmụ abụọ, nna ya, na nwunye ya n'afọ 1954. Dox hapụrụ ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọrụ ugbo ma tinye ume ya n'ide akwụkwọ, [2] na arụkarị ọrụ dị ka onye na ere akwụkwọ akụkọ iji nweta ego. Ọ malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ya, Sakaizan'ny M, nke dị mkpụmkpụ.[3] N'afọ 1952, o guzobere Union of Malagasy Poets and Writers (Union des Poètes et Écrivains Malgaches - UPEM). [1] Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ ọ malitere na 1955, Imprimerie value, gosipụtara na ọ bụ ọrụ dị mkpirikpi.[2] O sokwa guzobe Tsiry, otu a raara nye ibipụta ọrụ nke ndị ntorobịa Madagascar. [1] Na mbido afọ 1960, Dox sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ dị mkpa site na French gaa na Malagasy: El Cid (1961), Horace (1962) na Andromaque (1964). [5] O wepụrụ ọtụtụ akụkụ nke El Cid, ma eleghị anya na ekwere na ha agaghị achọta mmasị na omenala Madagascar.[6] Ịbụ onye a ma ama na ịdị mma nke uri ya mere ka Ministri nke Mmụta tinye ya na usoro mmụta mba nke malitere obere oge mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị na 1960. [1][2]
N'afọ 1971, o bipụtara naanị nchịkọta ya nke uri asụsụ French, Chants Capricorniens, nke gụnyere ọtụtụ hainteny sụgharịrị n'asụsụ French. O sonyere na Ngagharị iwe ụmụ akwụkwọ nke 1972 nke mere ka ọchịchị Tsiranana daa, na apụta na ngagharịiwe ma na ebipụta uri na akwado ihe a ma ama. O jiri nka ya mee ihe iji kwado ihe kpatara ndị a na akparaghị ókè na ndị na enweghị ike nke ndị mmadụ. N'oge a, o dere ma mee ọtụtụ egwu, mgbe mgbe na mmekorita ya na ndị isi kpakpando nke oge ahụ, gụnyere Wilson Ramaroson, Naly Rakotofiringa, Fredy Raolifahanana, Bessa, na Dédé Sorajavona; ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ndị a nwere ihe ịga nke ọma ma ghọọ ndị a ma ama.[2]
A họpụtara Dox dị ka onye isi oche nke Komitin'ny Artista Malagasy Mitautautra (K.A.MA.MI., Kọmitii nke United Malagasy Artists) na osote onye isi oche ናይ Andrianampoinimerina Academy, [2] wee bụrụ onye otu Académie Malgache na 28 August 1975. [3]
N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Juun afọ 1978, otu onye a na amaghị ama zutere Dox na steepụ dị n'etiti mpaghara Analakely na Ambondrona nke Antananarivo. Onye na ede uri ahụ tụfuru nguzozi ya wee nwụọ site na mmerụ ahụ o nwere mgbe ọ na ada na steepụ. E liri ya n'ili ezinụlọ ya na Anjanapara, ọtụtụ kilomita na mpụga Antsirabe.[3]
Ụdị ejiji na mmetụta
dezieDox dere ọtụtụ ihe n'oge ọ na arụ ọrụ, na ewepụta akwụkwọ edemede itoolu, ọtụtụ akwụkwọ n'asụsụ, na egwuregwu iri na isii na isiokwu Bible ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụkọ ọdịnala nke Madagascar. Na mgbakwunye, o dere ọtụtụ egwuregwu maka ndị ahịa dị iche iche, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị otu Boy Scout nyere iwu, ọ bụ ezie na ndị a efunahụla kemgbe.[2] Nsụgharị ya site na French gaa na Malagasy nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ọdịda anyanwụ atọ dị mkpa n'ihi na ha mere ka akwụkwọ akụkọ Malagasy baa ọgaranya site na iwebata akụkụ nke ụdị akwụkwọ akụkọ nke a na emetụbeghị n'asụsụ Malagasy.[5] Mgbalị ndị a gosipụtara ndị edemede asụsụ Malagasy ndị ọzọ na asụsụ ahụ nwere ike iji ya mee ihe maka ụdị edemede ọ bụla.[1][2]
Ihe Nketa
dezieDictionnaire universel des littératures (1994) kọwara Dox dị ka "Verlaine ma ọ bụ Baudelaire nke Madagascar". [1] Ọrụ Dox bụ akụkụ nke usoro agụmakwụkwọ ọha na eze na Madagascar site na praịmarị ruo na mahadum kemgbe nnwere onwe na 1960. N'otu aka ahụ, a na ewere ọtụtụ n'ime abụ ndị Dox dere ma mee dị ka ndị ochie na Madagascar.[2]
Ọrụ
dezie
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
dezie- Ranaivoson, Dominique Dox: onye edemede na onye egwu na Madagascar. Saint-Maur-des-Fossés: Sépia; Antananarivo: T Universe, 2009.
- Randrianarisoa-Rasendra, Irène. Dox, uri Madagascar na mkparịta ụka nke ọdịbendị n'okwu mmalite nke Elie Rajaonarison; Antananarivo: T Universe, 2011.
- Takila Voafantina, Florilège Dox, onye edemede nwere ọtụtụ nkà. Antananarivo: Universe, 2003.
Hụkwa
dezie
- Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo
- Jacques Rabemananjara
- Ny Avana Ramananto
- Césaire hụrụ n'anya
- Leon Damaskọs
- Oge Ntụgharị nke Harlem
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Razaimiandrisoa (2008). "Dox, poète et traducteur?" (in French). Études Océan Indien 40-41 (40–41): 187–212. DOI:10.4000/oceanindien.1401.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Riffard (2013). Dossier Dox. CUNY. Retrieved on 23 June 2023.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Ramambazafy (2013). Madagascar Poésie. DOX : 13.01.1913-13.01.2013 (French). Madagate.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved on 27 June 2014.
Ihe odide
dezie- Domenichini-Ramiaramanana (1983). Du ohabolana au hainteny: langue, littérature et politique à Madagascar (in French). Paris: Karthala Editions. ISBN 9782865370634.
- Nowotna (2005). D'une langue à l'autre: essai sur la traduction littéraire (in French). Paris: Aux lieux d'être. ISBN 9782916063027.
- Rakotomalala (2012). À coeur ouvert sur la sexualité merina, Madagascar: une anthropologie du non-dit (in French). Paris: Karthala Editions. ISBN 9782811105990.