Wikipedia

Curry

Curry
viand
obere ụdị nkedish Dezie
mba osiNdia Dezie
Ihe ejị mee yaspice Dezie
cuisineIndian subcontinent Dezie

Curry bụ efere nwere ihendori ma ọ bụ gravy nwere ngwa nri, nke sitere na ngbanwe nke nri India na uto Europe na nri, malite na Portuguese, ndị Dutch na British sochiri ya, wee bụrụ nke zuru oke na mba ụwa. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ efere ndị a ga-akọwa dị ka curries n'asụsụ bekee na nri obodo dị na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na East Asia .

Nwa atụrụ Madras curry

Nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ime imepụta curry bụ mbata na India nke ose chili na-ekpo ọkụ, yana ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka tomato na poteto, akụkụ nke mgbanwe osisi Columbian n'etiti ụwa ochie na ụwa ọhụrụ . N'oge British Raj, nri Anglo-India mepụtara, na-eduga na nhazi nke narị afọ nke 18 nke Hannah Glasse maka "currey the India way" na England. Mgbe ahụ, Curry gbasara na narị afọ nke 19 site n'aka ndị ọrụ shuga ndị India webatara na Caribbean, na ndị ahịa Britain na-aga Japan. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ gburugburu ụwa mere curry ka ọ bụrụ nri mba ụwa zuru oke.

Ọtụtụ ụdị curry dị na mba dị iche iche. Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, curry na-enwekarị tapawa ose na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. N'India, a na-eghe ngwa nri na mmanụ ma ọ bụ ghee iji mepụta pasta; nke a nwere ike jikọta ya na broth dabeere na mmiri, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ na mmiri ara ehi ma ọ bụ aki oyibo. Na China na Korea, curries na-adabere na uzuzu curry azụmahịa. Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Curry na-abụghị obodo ha na-emekarị ka nri ha kwekọọ na mmasị obodo; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Thai na West na-ere curries uhie, odo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ose chili nke agba ndị ahụ, na-ejikọta ya na ngwa nri ndị ọzọ nke otu agba. Na Britain, curry abụrụla nri mba, nke nwere ụdị ụfọdụ nke sitere na India, ndị ọzọ gbanwere ma ọ bụ mepụta ya kpamkpam, dị ka ọkụkọ tikka masala, nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Britain nke Bangladesh kere na narị afọ nke 20.

Etymology

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Okwu 'curry' anaghị apụta n'asụsụ India ọ bụla. Okwu dị iche iche nwere ụda yiri nke ahụ, dị ka khari na caril, pụtara "ihendori" na ojiji nke oge a, ma eleghị anya ọ pụtara ma otu ngwakọta nke ngwa nri, na efere na-eji ngwakọta ahụ, mgbe Portuguese rutere Goa. Ọkà mmụta omenala nri Lizzie Collingham na-atụ aro na ndị Portuguese nụrụ ma nakweere okwu ahụ, na-emecha nweta ihe ọ pụtara n'oge a nke efere, na-esikarị ose, na ihendori ma ọ bụ gravy. [1] Collingham dere na: [2]  

 
Ntụziaka Hannah Glasse maka "currey the India way", nke e bipụtara na mbụ n'akwụkwọ 1747 ya bụ The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy . Ọ bụ nke mbụ a maara iji okwu a na bekee. (Nhazi na-eji ogologo s, "ſ" ).

'Curry' bụ "Enwetere n'ikpeazụ" [2] site na nchikota ụfọdụ okwu Dravidian nke asụsụ ndịda India. [2] Otu n'ime okwu ndị ahụ bụ Tamil kaṟi ( கறி ) pụtara 'ihendori' ma ọ bụ 'ihe ụtọ maka osikapa'. [2] [3] Asụsụ Dravidian ndị ọzọ, ya bụ Malayalam, Kannada na Kodava, nwere okwu ndị yiri ya. [4] A kọwara Kaṟi n'ime akwụkwọ nri Portuguese nke narị afọ nke 17 site n'aka ndị otu British East India Company, [5] bụ ndị ha na ndị ahịa Tamil na-ere ahịa n'akụkụ oke osimiri Coromandel nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ India, bụrụ ndị a maara dị ka "ngwakọta ose ... a na-akpọ kari podi. ma ọ bụ curry ntụ ntụ". [6] Ngosipụta mbụ n'ụdị anglicised ya (spel currey ) dị n'akwụkwọ Hannah Glasse 's 1747 The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy . [2] [5]

Okwu ahụ bụ "curry" esighị na aha osisi curry, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ curries na-agụnye akwụkwọ curry n'etiti ọtụtụ ngwa nri ndị ọzọ. [7] [8] O nweghi ihe jikọrọ ya na okwu cury na The Forme of Cury, [5] akwụkwọ nri Bekee 1390s; okwu ahụ sitere na Middle French okwu cuire, nke pụtara 'esi nri'. [2]

Omenala mgbanwe

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Azụmahịa ngwa nri oge ochie na Eshia

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Ndị ahịa Austronesia na South East Asia na-ere ahịa ngwa nri n'okporo ụzọ ahia mmiri dị n'etiti South Asia (nke bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke India na Sri Lanka) na East Asia ruo azụ na 5000 TOA. [9] [10] Ihe akaebe nke ihe mgbe ochie nke dị na 2600 TOA sitere na Mohenjo-daro na-atụ aro iji ngwa agha na pestle na paụnd ngwa nri gụnyere mọstad, fennel, cumin, na mkpuru osisi tamarind bụ ndị ha ji eme nri. [11] Obere ose sitere na subcontinent India na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia ma mara nri India kemgbe opekata mpe 2000 TOA. Ihe atọ bụ isi e ji stew na-esi ísì ụtọ bụ ginger, galik, na turmeric . N'iji nyocha nke ọka starch, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie chọpụtara na ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ngwa nri ndị a na skeletons na arịa ụrọ sitere na ihe ndị e gwupụtara na India, na-achọpụta na turmeric na ginger nọ. [12] [13] Achịcha ndị dị na India tupu Columbus nwere ike ịnwe ose ojii ma ọ bụ ogologo ose iji nye ntakịrị okpomọkụ, ma ọ bụghị chili, n'ihi ya, ha anaghị ekpo ọkụ site n'ụkpụrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. [14]

Azụmahịa ọgbara ọhụrụ

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Mmalite na mgbasa nke curry gburugburu ụwa. A na-ere ngwa nri dị nro n'etiti India na East Asia site na 5000 TOA. [9] Mgbanwe Colombia wetara ose chili na India. [15] Nri Anglo-India bịara Britain na narị afọ nke 17. [14] Edebere okwu ahụ "curry" na mbụ n'akwụkwọ Hannah Glasse nke Bekee nke 1747. [2] Na narị afọ nke 19, curry gbasaa na Caribbean [16] na Japan, [17] wee si ebe ahụ gaa na ndị China, malite na Singapore. [18] Mbugharị ọzọ na ijikọ ụwa ọnụ (anaghị egosi) mere curry ka ọ bụrụ nri zuru ụwa ọnụ.

Nguzobe nke Alaeze Ukwu Mughal, na mmalite narị afọ nke 16, metụtara ụfọdụ curries, karịsịa na ugwu. Mmetụta ọzọ bụ nguzobe ụlọ ahịa Portuguese na Goa na 1510, na-ebute iwebata ose chili, tomato na poteto na India site na America, dị ka ihe sitere na Columbian Exchange . [15] Na 1598, nsụgharị Bekee nke akwụkwọ Dutch banyere njem na East Indies kwuru banyere broth "dị ntakịrị utoojoo" a na-akpọ Carriel, nke a na-eri na osikapa. Okwu Dutch mechara karie e ji mee ihe na Dutch East Indies malite na narị afọ nke 19; Ọtụtụ ndị India akwagala Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia mgbe ahụ. [19]

Site na mpaghara

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United Kingdom

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Chicken tikka masala na osikapa na achịcha naan

Curry na-ewu ewu na United Kingdom, yana ụlọ curry n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ obodo ọ bụla. [20] [21] Nke a bụ ewu ewu ya nke na a na-akpọkarị ya "nri mba anabatara". [22] A na-eme atụmatụ na n'afọ 2016, enwere ụlọ curry 12,000, na-ewe mmadụ 100,000 na-ere ahịa kwa afọ nke £ 4.2. ijeri. [23] A na-esi nri nri a na-enye ka ọ bụrụ ụtọ ndị Britain, mana na-enwewanye ọchịchọ maka ụdị ndị India ezigbo. [24] N'afọ 2001, onye odeakwụkwọ mba ofesi nke Britain bụ Robin Cook kọwara chicken tikka masala dị ka "ezigbo nri mba Britain, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe kacha ewu ewu, ma n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe atụ zuru oke nke ụzọ Britain na-esi enweta ma na-emegharị mmetụta mpụga." [25] Isi mmalite ya ejighị n'aka, mana ọtụtụ ebe na-ekwu na ọ bụ British Asia ; ụfọdụ na-ekwu na Glasgow bụ obodo si malite. [26] [27] [28] Ọ nwere ike isi na ọkụkọ bọta, ewu ewu na ugwu India. [29]

A na-enweta curries na Britain akụkụ ụfọdụ site na India yana akụkụ nke ihe mepụtara n'ụlọ nri ndị India dị na mpaghara. Ha na-adịgasị iche site na ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ ruo na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu, nwere aha ndị a na-ahazi n'ofe mba ahụ, mana a na-amaghịkarị na India. [30]

Oke ike nke curries Britain [30]
Ike Ọmụmaatụ Ebe esi Ụbọchị mmalite Nkọwa
Dị nwayọọ Korma Ụlọ ikpe Mughal, North India Narị afọ nke 16 Dị nwayọọ, ude; nwere ike inwe almond, aki oyibo, ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi
Ọkara Madras Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị Bangladesh Afọ 1970 Red, oseose na chili ntụ ntụ
Na-ekpo ọkụ Vindaloo Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị Bangladesh [b] Afọ 1970 Obere ose na ose chili na poteto [c]
Oke Fall British Bangladesh, Birmingham narị afọ nke 20 ose chili siri ike dị ka scotch bonnet, habanero

South Asia

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Karahi omenala (aka ekpe) na handi (n'aka nri) na-enye efere

Ọtụtụ efere ndị India na-esi ísì ụtọ. Ngwa nri a na-ahọrọ maka efere bụ nke ọhụrụ na-eghe ya na mmanụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ghee iji mepụta pasta. [31] Ọdịnaya nke efere na ụdị nkwadebe dịgasị iche site na mpaghara. [32] A na-eji ngwa nri eme nri ndị a gụnyere ose ojii, cardamom, ose chili, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, cumin, mkpụrụ fennel, mkpụrụ mọstad, na turmeric. [32] Enwere ike iji ihe dị ka ngwa nri iri na ise maka curry anụ. [32] A na-eghe ngwa nri ndị ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ, mgbe ụfọdụ asuchaa ya, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-apịa ya ma gwakọta ya na mado. [32] A na-eri nri ndị ahụ site na osikapa e ghere eghe ma ọ bụ achịcha osikapa idli na ndịda India, [32] na achịcha dị ka chapatis, roti, na naan n'ebe ugwu. [33] Rogan josh na-ewu ewu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na nri Kashmiri, bụ efere mmiri mmiri nke nwa atụrụ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie nke osisi cockcomb ( mawal ). Rice na curry bụ nri siri ike nke Sri Lanka. [34]

East Asia

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A na-eri curry Japanese dị ka karē raisu</link> - curry, osikapa, na akwụkwọ nri ndị a na-esikarị, a na-eje ozi n'otu efere ma jiri ngaji rie ya, nri ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ a na-emekarị n'oge nri ehihie. Ọ dị obere ose na ose karịa ndị India na ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na-abụ nnukwu stew karịa curry. Ndị Britain wetara curry si n'ógbè ndị India na-alọghachi na Britain [35] ma webata ya na Japan n'oge Meiji (1868 ruo 1912), mgbe Japan kwụsịrị iwu nke ikewapụ onwe ya nke mba ( sakoku), na curry na Japan bụ nke a na-ahazi dị ka nri Western . [36] A na-ekwu na ọ gbasaa na mba ahụ n'ihi ojiji ya na ndị agha Japan na ndị agha mmiri nke nakweere ya dị ka ebe dị mma na ebe a na-esi nri na mmiri mmiri, na-enye ohere ọbụna ndị si n'ime ime ime obodo nweta efere ahụ. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force na omenala nwere curry kwa Friday maka nri ehihie na ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere ntụziaka nke ha. [37] Curry Japanese ọkọlọtọ nwere eyịm, karọt, poteto, na mgbe ụfọdụ celery, na anụ a na-esi na nnukwu ite. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-agbakwunye apụl ma ọ bụ mmanụ aṅụ grated maka ụtọ ọzọ, a na-eji akwụkwọ nri ndị ọzọ eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ.

Curry gbasaa na mpaghara Eshia ndị ọzọ. A na-agbakwunye ntụ ntụ curry na nri ụfọdụ n'akụkụ ndịda China. Uzuzu curry a na-ere n'ụlọ ahịa nri ndị China yiri Madras curry ntụ ntụ, mana na mgbakwunye nke anise star na cinnamon. [38] Obodo ochie Portuguese nke Macau nwere omenala culinary na nri curry, gụnyere Galinha à portuguesa ("ọkụkọ ụdị Portuguese") na nshịkọ curry. Ihendori Portuguese bụ ihendori nke curry na-esi ísì ma were mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo sie ya . [39]

A na-ewu ewu Curry na nri ndị Korea mgbe Ottogi banyere n'ụlọ ọrụ nri ndị Korea nwere ntụ ntụ curry na-ebubata na 1969. [40] [41] Curry ntụ ntụ nwere ngwa nri gụnyere cardamom, chili, cinnamon, na turmeric. [42] A na-eme Curry tteokbokki nke tteok (achịcha osikapa), eomik (achịcha azụ), àkwá, akwụkwọ nri, na gochujang, tapawa chili na-acha uhie uhie fermented. Dị ka ọ dị n'India, ndị ahịa Europe butere chili na Korea. Chili ihendori na-esi ísì ụtọ wee dochie soy sauce nke a na-ejibu na tteokbokki. [43]

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    Ụdị Japanese Karē-Raisu (curry osikapa)
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    Korean tteokbokki



    achicha osikapa (curry)

Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia

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Na nri Burmese, a na-akpọ curries nke ukwuu hin . Curry Burmese nwere anụ amịkọrọ na tapawa curry nwere yabasị, galik, tapawa ahịhịa, tomato na turmeric. Curries Burmese na-adịkarị nwayọọ, na-enweghị chili, yana ntakịrị mmanụ. [44] [45]

A na-akpọ curries Thai gaeng , na-enwekarị anụ, azụ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri n'ime ihendori dabere na tapawa sitere na chili, yabasị ma ọ bụ shallots, galik, na tapawa ahịhịa . [46] Nri Thai e ghere eghe ole na ole na-eji phong kari , ụdị India curry ntụ ntụ. [47] N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, curries Thai na-abụkarị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, odo, na ọbara ọbara, na-enwekarị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-adịkarị nwayọọ, na-acha uhie uhie kacha mma. A na-eji chili ndụ ndụ, coriander, kaffir lime, na basil na-esi ísì ụtọ curry green; odo, na-acha odo odo chili na turmeric; na uhie, ya na chili uhie. [48]

Nri Malaysian ndị India emegharịgharịrị curries (dị ka gulai , na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo) site na mpaghara ndị India bi, [49] mana ọ ghọwo ihe dị mkpa n'etiti ndị Malay na ndị China ebe ahụ. Curries Malaysian nwere ọtụtụ ụdị, mana a na-esikarị cumin, cinnamon, turmeric, mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, shallots, ose chili na galik. [50]

Nri Indoneshia nke India nwere mmegharị nke ezigbo efere si India, yana ihe okike izizi sitere na omenala nri Indonesia dị iche iche. Curry na Indonesian bụ kari na na Javanese, kare . Na nri Indonesian karịsịa na Bandung, e nwere efere a na-akpọ lontong kari, ngwakọta nke lontong na beef yellow curry soup. [51] Na nri Javanese, kare rajungan, blue swimmer crab curry aghọwo nri ụtọ nke Tuban Regency, East Java . [52] Rendang, nri mba Indonesia, nke sitere na Minang, dị nkụ ma nwee ọtụtụ anụ na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo karịa curry Malaysian; Hikayat Amir Hamzah kwuru banyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Malay na 1550. [53]

Na nri Vietnamese, nke ma Thai na nri India na-emetụta, a maara curry dị ka cà ri . A na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee ya, ntụ ntụ Madras curry nwere ọtụtụ turmeric, na ihe dị iche iche dị ọhụrụ dị ka coriander, lemongrass, na ginger. [54]

Na Philippines, nri nwere ike bụrụ na ọ sitere na curries India sitere na ya bụ oxtail stew kare-kare , ikekwe ndị Sepoy si mba ọzọ na-emetụta ya n'oge nkenke British ọrụ nke Manila (1762-1764), ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na Southeast Asia efere ose. [55] Ginataanbụ nri ala nke na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, [56] [57] nke dị ka ọ dị na Filipino chicken curry nwere ike ịkpọ 'curry' mgbe a na-agbakwunye ntụ ntụ . [58]

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    Mutton gulai (curry Indonesia), akụkụ nke nasi padang
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    Nri ọdịnala na-egosipụta ọtụtụ curries Burmese
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    Curry ọkụkọ Filipin
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    Thai phanaeng na anụ ezi
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    Vietnamese cà ri na ọkụkọ

South Africa

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Bunny chow, South Africa

Curry gbasaa na South Africa na njem nke ndị mmadụ si na mpaghara India na mpaghara n'oge colonial. Curries Africa, Cape Malay curries na Natal curries gụnyere omenala Natal curry, Curry Durban, Bunny chow, na roti mpịakọta. South African curries yiri ka emepụtara na KwaZulu-Natal na Western Cape, ebe ndị ọzọ mepụtara n'ofe obodo ahụ na njedebe 20th na mmalite narị afọ 21st iji tinye ụdị ekasi, agba, na Afrikaner . [59] Durban nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị India kacha ukwuu na mpụga India n'ụwa. [60] Bunny chow ma ọ bụ "set", ọkọlọtọ South Africa, nwere ma nwa atụrụ, ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ bean curry nke a wụsara n'ime ogbe achịcha a na-ekpo ọkụ ka a ga-eji mkpịsị aka ya rie site n'itinye iberibe achịcha ahụ n'ime ya. [59] [60] 'Bunny chow' pụtara 'nri India', sitere na Banian, onye India. Emebere usoro iji nri curry n'ihi na apartheid machibidoro ndị isi ojii iri nri n'ụlọ nri ndị India; Enwere ike iburu ogbe achịcha ahụ ngwa ngwa ma rie n'okporo ámá. [81]

Hụkwa

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  • The Curry Club

Ihe ndetu

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Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Twilley. "The Word Curry Came From a Colonial Misunderstanding", The Atlantic, 20 April 2019. Retrieved on 10 May 2021.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Curry. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2018). Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved on 8 October 2018. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Online Etym Dict" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ What we know as "curry" has a long and curious history. The Takeout (2018-02-28). Retrieved on 2024-03-31.
  4. ↑ kari – A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Taylor (11 October 2013). Curry: Where did it come from?. BBC Food. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved on 4 January 2017.
  6. ↑ Sahni (1980). Classic Indian Cooking. New York: William Morrow, 39–40. 
  7. ↑ "Fresh Curry Leaves Add a Touch of India", NPR, 28 September 2011. Retrieved on 6 April 2018.
  8. ↑ Raghavan (2007). Handbook of Spices, Seasonings and Flavourings. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2842-8. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Manguin (2016). "Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships", in Campbell: Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World. Palgrave Macmillan, 51–76. ISBN 9783319338224. Retrieved on 26 March 2023.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Manguin2016" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ (1996) "The Nusantao and north-south dispersals". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 15: 101–109. 
  11. ↑ Iyer (2008). 660 Curries. New York: Workman Publishing, 2–3. ISBN 9780761137870. 
  12. ↑ People Have Been Eating Curry for 4,500 Years. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved on 26 December 2020.
  13. ↑ Lawler (29 January 2013). Where Did Curry Come From?. Slate. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved on 27 December 2020.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Twilley (9 April 2019). Transcript: The Curry Chronicles. Gastropod. Retrieved on 6 October 2024. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Twilley Graber 2019 transcript" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Batsha (25 June 2020). Curry Before Columbus. Contingent. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved on 15 December 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Batsha 2020" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ Mishan. "Asian-American Cuisine's Rise, and Triumph", The New York Times, 10 November 2017. Retrieved on 29 March 2023.
  17. ↑ Itoh. "Curry — it's more 'Japanese' than you think", The Japan Times, 26 August 2011. Retrieved on 19 May 2019. (in en)
  18. ↑ Lim (1886). "Provisions, Fish, Vegetable and Fruit", Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular. Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press. 
  19. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Davidson 2014 Curry
  20. ↑ Jahangir. "How Britain got the hots for curry", BBC News, 26 November 2009. Retrieved on 14 October 2018.
  21. ↑ National Curry Week: Why Britain loves curry. Fleet Street Communications (13 October 2017). Archived from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved on 16 July 2020.
  22. ↑ Spinks. "Curry on cooking: how long will the UK's adopted national dish survive?", The Guardian, 8 July 2005. Retrieved on 14 October 2018.
  23. ↑ Moore. "The great British curry crisis", Financial Times, 8 January 2016. Retrieved on 14 October 2018.
  24. ↑ de Freytas-Tamura. "Britons Perturbed by a Troubling Shortage of Curry Chefs", The New York Times, 4 November 2015. Retrieved on 4 November 2015.
  25. ↑ "Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech: Extracts from a speech by the foreign secretary to the Social Market Foundation in London", The Guardian, 19 April 2001.
  26. ↑ Dutt (21 October 2007). 60 years of Chicken Tikka Masala. Hindustan Times. Retrieved on 13 December 2021.
  27. ↑ Ghosh. "How I Learned to Stop Hating and Respect Chicken Tikka Masala", Bloomberg News, 19 January 2023. Retrieved on 26 February 2023. (in en)
  28. ↑ Taylor. Most people have no clue chicken tikka masala isn't an Indian dish, according to a top Indian chef. Insider. Retrieved on 13 December 2021.
  29. ↑ Thaker (2012). Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781405173582. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Dillon (2024). From balti to bhuna: the ultimate guide to curry. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved on 7 October 2024.
  31. ↑ What is a Bhuna?. Seasoned Pioneers. Retrieved on 7 October 2024.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 Jaffrey (1982). Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cookery. BBC, 7–10. ISBN 978-0-563-16491-3. 
  33. ↑ Gopalakrishnan. The Indian Bread Types You Need to Know. Taste of Home. Retrieved on 8 October 2024.
  34. ↑ National Dish of Sri Lanka Rice and Curry. National Dishes of the World. Retrieved on 2024-03-17.
  35. ↑ S&B Company. History of Japanese curry. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved on 28 February 2013.
  36. ↑ Booth (2017). The Meaning of Rice: And Other Tales from the Belly of Japan. Random House. ISBN 9781473545816. Retrieved on 4 December 2020. 
  37. ↑ Itoh. "Curry – it's more 'Japanese' than you think", The Japan Times, 26 August 2011. Retrieved on 8 January 2019. (in en)
  38. ↑ Sen (15 November 2009). Curry: A Global History. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-704-6. Retrieved on 16 July 2020. 
  39. ↑ Levitt. "Our Latest Obsession: Portuguese Chicken at Wing Kee Restaurant", Houstonia, 28 December 2016. Retrieved on 6 March 2018.
  40. ↑ "[Best Brand Ottogi becomes Korea's representative curry product]", The Korea Herald, 25 June 2015. Retrieved on 10 January 2017.
  41. ↑ Sohn. "Ottogi Curry brings Indian cuisine to the table", 24 October 2014. Retrieved on 10 January 2017.
  42. ↑ Lee (2024). Real Korean Recipes. Seoul, Korea: Beeolive Books. ISBN 979-11-987166-0-6. 
  43. ↑ Huskey (2022). Asia: The Ultimate Cookbook (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Vietnamese, Asian). Cider Mill Press, 19, 398. 
  44. ↑ Bush (5 December 2012). Burmese curry restaurants. Austin Bush Photography. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved on 7 October 2024.
  45. ↑ DeWitt (2014-05-26). Precious Cargo: How Foods From the Americas Changed The World. Catapult. ISBN 978-1-61902-388-8. 
  46. ↑ Thai cooking, food thai, Thai menu, pad thai recipe. The Nation. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved on 22 October 2013.
  47. ↑ Stir Fried Prawns with Curry Powder and Eggs Recipe. Thaifoodmaster (18 May 2009). Archived from the original on 9 March 2010.
  48. ↑ Schmidt (22 September 2024). Thai Curry Types: The Difference Between Red, Yellow, and Green Curries. The Spruce Eats. Archived from the original on 1 October 2024. Retrieved on 7 October 2024.
  49. ↑ Raji (2017-12-01). "Past and present practices of the Malay food heritage and culture in Malaysia". Journal of Ethnic Foods 4 (4): 221–231. DOI:10.1016/j.jef.2017.11.001. 
  50. ↑ Malaysian Curry: Authentic and Delicious. Mama Lam's (14 January 2022). Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved on 7 October 2024.
  51. ↑ 5 Rekomendasi Lontong Kari Enak di Bandung, Cocok Pisan buat Sarapan! (Indonesian). idntimes.com. Retrieved on 25 April 2023.
  52. ↑ Kare Rajungan Khas Tuban yang Gurih dan 'Nendang' (Indonesian). genpi.id (21 September 2021). Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved on 25 April 2023.
  53. ↑ (2008) Hikayat Amir Hamzah 1 (Menentang Jin di Bukit Qaf). PTS Fortuna. ISBN 978-983-192-116-6. Retrieved on 5 January 2016. 
  54. ↑ Nguyen (30 August 2024). Excite Your Tastebuds with Cà Ri Gà, Vietnamese Chicken Curry. Simply Recipes. Archived from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved on 7 October 2024.
  55. ↑ Villar. "The Fascinating History of Kare-kare", Esquire, 2 August 2019. Retrieved on 15 November 2024.
  56. ↑ Ginataang Alimasag (Crabs in Coconut Milk). allrecipes. Retrieved on 15 November 2024.
  57. ↑ Sobel. Ginataang Langka (Filipino Jackfruit in Coconut Milk). Cinnamon Snail. Retrieved on 15 November 2024.
  58. ↑ Pinoy Chicken Curry Recipe. Panlasang Pinoy. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved on 20 April 2019.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Seid. "Curry is the story of South Africa on a plate", The Sunday Times, 19 October 2017. Retrieved on 27 January 2018.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Govender-Ypma (11 November 2017). The Brutal History of South Africa's Most Famous Curry. Munchies. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved on 27 January 2018.

Isi mmalite

dezie

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

dezie
  • Achaya, KT Nri India: Mkpakọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme . Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Burton, David. Raj na tebụl . London: Faber na Faber, 1993.
  • Chapman, Pat . Akwụkwọ Nsọ Pat Chapman's Curry . Hodder &amp; Stoughton, 1997.
  • Grove, Peter & Colleen. Ihe ụtọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme . London: Akwụkwọ Godiva, 2011.
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curry&oldid=196244