Wikipedia

Cucumber

ụdị osisi dị na ezinụlọ Cucurbitaceae gourd

cucumber (Cucumis sativus) bụ osisi vaịn a na-akụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ezinụlọ Cucurbitaceae nke na-amị mkpụrụ cylindrical na spherical, nke a na-eji dị ka akwụkwọ nri.[1] A na-ewere ya dị ka osisi na-eto eto kwa afọ, e nwere ụdị cucumber atọ - ịkpụ, ịkpụ, na enweghị mkpụrụ - nke e mepụtara ọtụtụ ụdị.[2] Cucumber sitere na Eshia site na India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi), na Northern Thailand,[3][4][5][6] mana ugbu a ọ na-eto n'ọtụtụ Kọntinent, a na-akụkwa ọtụtụ ụdị cucumber dị iche iche maka azụmahịa ma na-ere ahịa n'ahịa ụwa. Na North America, okwu cucumber ọhịa na-ezo aka na osisi dị na ụdị Echinocystis na Mara, ọ bụ ezie na ha abụọ enweghị njikọ chiri anya.

Cucumber

Nkọwa

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Kukumba bụ osisi vaịn na-akpụ akpụ nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ala wee tolite trellises ma ọ bụ okpokolo agba ndị ọzọ na-akwado ya, na-eji mkpịsị dị gịrịgịrị na-agbagharị gburugburu na-ekekọta ihe nkwado. Osisi ahụ nwekwara ike gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ime ala na-enweghị ala, nke ọ ga-esi na ya gbasaa n'ala n'ọnọdụ nke ihe nkwado. Osisi vaịn ahụ nwere akwụkwọ buru ibu nke na-etolite n'elu mkpụrụ osisi..   [citation needed]

Mkpụrụ kukumba nwere mmiri 95% (lee okpokoro oriri na ọṅụṅụ). N'okwu botanical, a na-ekewa kukumba dị ka pepo, ụdị beri botanical nke nwere mpụta siri ike na enweghị nkewa dị n'ime. Otú ọ dị, dị ka tomato na skwọsh, a na-aghọtakarị ya, kwadebere ya ma na-eri ya dị ka akwụkwọ nri..[7]

Mkpụrụ kukumba nwere mmiri 95% (lee okpokoro oriri na ọṅụṅụ). N'okwu botanical, a na-ekewa kukumba dị ka pepo, ụdị beri botanical nke nwere mpụta siri ike na enweghị nkewa dị n'ime. Otú ọ dị, dị ka tomato na skwọsh, a na-aghọtakarị ya, kwadebere ya ma na-eri ya dị ka akwụkwọ nri.[8]

Okooko osisi na mmịpụta

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Cucumis sativus okooko osisi

  Ọtụtụ kukumba cultivar bụ mkpụrụ na-achọ pollination. Maka nke a, a na-ebufe ọtụtụ puku ụlọ aṅụ mmanụ aṅụ kwa afọ gaa n'ubi kukumba tupu oge ntoju. A pụkwara imetọ kukumba site na bumblebees na ọtụtụ ụdị aṅụ ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ cucumbers nke chọrọ pollination adịghị ekwekọ n'onwe ya, yabụ na-achọ pollen nke osisi ọzọ iji mepụta mkpụrụ na mkpụrụ osisi. Ụfọdụ cultivars na-adakọbara onwe ya dị adị nke metụtara mkpụrụ osisi 'Lemon kukumba'.'.[9]

Ugbo kukumba ole na ole bụ parthenocarpic, ifuru ya na-emepụta mkpụrụ na-enweghị mkpụrụ na-enweghị pollination, nke na-emebi àgwà iri nri nke ahịhịa ndị a. Na United States, a na-akụkarị ihe ndị a na greenhouses, ebe a na-ewepụ aṅụ. Na Europe, a na-akụ ha n'èzí na mpaghara ụfọdụ, ebe a na-ewepụkwa aṅụ   [citation needed]

Ụdị ọdịnala na-ebu ụzọ na-amịpụta okooko osisi nwoke, mgbe ahụ nke nwanyị, n'ihe dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ha nhata. Ụdị ngwakọta ọhụrụ nke gynoecious na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okooko osisi nwanyị niile. Ha nwere ike ịnwe ụdị pollenizer a kụrụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ aṅụ kwa mpaghara na-abawanye, mana mgbanwe okpomọkụ na-eme ka okooko osisi nwoke ọbụna na osisi ndị a, nke nwere ike zuo ezu maka pollination.[9]

N'afọ 2009, otu ndị nchọpụta mba ụwa kwupụtara na ha emeela usoro nke cucumber genome.[10]

Nchebe nke ndị na-eri ahịhịa

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Phytochemicals na cucumbers nwere ike igbochi ndị na-eri ahịhịa, dị ka ụmụ ahụhụ, nematodes ma ọ bụ Anụ ọhịa.[11] Dị ka usoro nchebe nwere ike, cucumbers na-emepụta cucurbitacin C, nke na-akpata ụtọ dị ilu na ụdị cucumber ụfọdụ.[12] Usoro a nwere ike ịdị n'okpuru nyocha mbụ iji chọpụta ma cucumbers nwere ike igbochi ndị na-eri ahịhịa na nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji ihe Nchebe kemịkal, ọkachasị na akwụkwọ, cotyledons, pedicel, carpopodium, na mkpụrụ osisi.[12][13]

Nri, ísì, na uto

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  Cucumber (nke nwere akpụkpọ) bụ 95% mmiri, 4% carbohydrates, 1% protein, ma nwee abụba na-enweghị isi. + 1⁄2-ounce) na-enye 65 kilojoules (16 kilocalories) nke Ike nri.  Ọ nwere obere micronutrients: ọ bụ naanị maka vitamin K, na 14% nke Uru Kwa Ụbọchị (tebụl).

Dabere na ụdị dị iche iche, cucumbers nwere ike ịnwe ísì na ụtọ melon, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ sitere na aldehydes na-enweghị ntụpọ, dị ka (E,Z)-nona-2,6-dienal, na <i id="mwpQ">cis</i>- na <i id="mwpg">trans</i>- isomers nke 2-nonenal.[14] Nri dịtụ ilu nke mkpo cucumber sitere na cucurbitacins.[15]

Ụdị dị iche iche

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N'ịkọwa n'ozuzu, a na-ekewa cucumbers n'ime ìgwè atọ: ịkpụ, ịkpụ, na enweghị mkpụrụ / enweghị mkpụrụ.

Ojiji

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Nri

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Ịkpụchasị

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A na-akpọ cucumbers ndị a zụlitere iji rie ihe ọhụrụ cucumbers. Ụdị ndị isi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-etolite n'Osisi vaịn nwere nnukwu akwụkwọ nke na-enye ndò.[16]

Slicers a zụlitere maka ahịa North America na-adịkarị ogologo, na-akwọ mụrụmụrụ, na-acha otu, ma nwee akpụkpọ ahụ siri ike. N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị dị na mba ndị ọzọ, nke a na-akpọkarị cucumbers Europe, dị obere ma nwee akpụkpọ ahụ dị gịrịgịrị, nke na-enwekarị mkpụrụ ole na ole, n'ihi ya, a na-erekarị ha na akpụkpọ plastik maka nchebe. A pụkwara ịkpọ ụdị a cucumber telegraph, ọkachasị na Australasia.[17]

Mkpịsị ugodi

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Iji saline, shuga, vinegar, na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na-emepụta ngwaahịa dị iche iche na-atọ ụtọ site na cucumbers na nri ndị ọzọ. [18] Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ịkpụ cucumber ọ bụla, a na-eji cucumbers a zụlitere n'ụzọ pụrụ iche emepụta cucumber azụmahịa maka ịdị n'otu nke ogologo na dayameta na enweghị oghere n'anụ ahụ. Cucumbers ndị e mere maka ịta nri, ndị a na-akpọ picklers, na-eto ruo ihe dị ka 7 ruo 10 in) n'ogologo na 2.5 cm (1 in) n"obosara. E jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-akpụ akpụ, ndị na-eme ihe na-adịkarị mkpụmkpụ, sie ike, na-adịkarịghị mma, ma nwee akpụkpọ ahụ nwere obere ogwu ọcha ma ọ bụ oji. Agba nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site na odo odo ruo na-acha odo odo ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.   [citation needed]

Gherkin

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Gherkins, nke a na-akpọkwa cornichons, ma ọ bụ baby pickles, bụ obere cucumbers, nke a bụ 2.5 ruo 12.5 sentimita (1 ruo 5 sentimita) n'ogologo, nke a kewakwara akpụkpọ ahụ, nke a-ejikarị eme ihe maka pickling. [19][20][21] Okwu gherkin sitere na oge Dutch gurken ma ọ bụ augurken ('obere cucumber pickled'). A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ mee ihe na aha maka Cucumis anguria, West Indian gherkin, ụdị yiri ya. [22]

Enweghị ụfụfụ

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Burpless cucumbers na-atọ ụtọ ma nwee akpụkpọ ahụ dị gịrịgịrị karịa ụdị cucumber ndị ọzọ. A na-ekwu na ọ dị mfe ịgbari ma nwee ụtọ dị mma. Ha nwere ike itolite ruo sentimita 60 (2 , ha fọrọ nke nta ka ha ghara inwe mkpụrụ, ma nwee akpụkpọ ahụ dị nro. A na-ahụkarị cucumbers parthenocarpic ndị a n'Ahịa nri, a na-ekpuchi ha na plastik. A na-ere ha dị ka ndị na-enweghị ntụpọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghị enwe mkpụrụ, ebe a na-ekwu na mkpụrụ na akpụkpọ anụ nke ụdị cucumbers ndị ọzọ na-enye ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ gas.[23]

Mmepụta

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Mmepụta cucumber - 2022
Mba ọtụtụ nde tọn
 China 77.3
 Turkey 1.9
 Rọshịa 1.6
 Mexico 1.1
Ụwa 94.7
Ebe e si nweta ya: FAOSTAT nke United NationsMba Ndị Dị n'Otu[24]

N'afọ 2022, mmepụta ụwa nke cucumbers na gherkins bụ nde tọn 95, nke China duziri na 82% nke ngụkọta.[24]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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A zụlitere ya ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 3,000, a zụliere cucumbers "Cucumis sativus" na India site na ọhịa "C. sativus var. hardwickii". [25] [26] [27] ebe a hụla ọtụtụ ụdị, tinyere onye ikwu ya kacha biri ndụ, Cucumis hystrix.[28] Ụdị atọ dị iche iche nke cucumber bụ Eurasian cucumbers (cucumbers na-eri nri na-enweghị isi na nke na-eto eto), cucumbers nke East Asia (cucumber na-egbu egbu) na cucumbers Xishuangbanna. Dabere na modeling nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, ụdị C. sativus nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia kewara site na ụdị India n'ihe dị ka afọ 2500 gara aga.[29] O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ Ndị Gris ma ọ bụ Ndị Rom webatara ya na Europe. Ihe ndekọ nke ịkọ cucumber pụtara na France na narị afọ nke 9, England na narị afọ ya nke 14, na North America site n'etiti narị afọ nke 16. [1][30][31]

Alaeze Ukwu Rom

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Dị ka Pliny Onye Ochie si kwuo, Eze Ukwu Taịbiriọs na-enwe cucumber na tebụl ya kwa ụbọchị n'oge ọkọchị na oge oyi. Iji nwee ya maka tebụl ya kwa ụbọchị n'afọ, a kọrọ na ndị Rom jiri usoro aka mere iji too (dị ka usoro greenhouse), ebe Mirrorstone na-ezo aka na lapis specularis nke Pliny, nke e kwenyere na ọ bụ akwụkwọ mica: [32]   Akụkọ na-ekwu na a na-akụkwa ha na specularia, ụlọ cucumber e ji ákwà mmanụ mee.[32] Pliny kọwara mkpụrụ osisi Italian dị ka obere, ma eleghị anya dị ka gherkin. Ọ kọwakwara nkwadebe nke ọgwụ a maara dị ka elaterium. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta [onye?] kwenyere na ọ na-ezo aka na Ecballium elaterium, nke a maara n'oge tupu oge Linnean dị ka Cucumis silvestris ma ọ bụ Cucumis asininus ('cucumber ọhịa' ma ọ bụ 'cucumber nwa ehi'), ụdị dị iche na cucumber nkịtị.  Pliny dekwara banyere ọtụtụ ụdị cucumber ndị ọzọ, gụnyere cucumber a kụrụ akụ, na ọgwụgwọ sitere na ụdị dị iche iche (9 site na nke a kụrụ; 5 site na "ọbara;" na 26 site na "wild").

Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya

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Charlemagne nwere cucumbers na-eto n'ogige ya na narị afọ nke 8 / 9. A kọrọ na e webatara ha n'England na mmalite narị afọ nke iri na anọ, furu efu, wee weghachite ha ihe dịka afọ 250 ka e mesịrị. Ndị Spen (site n'aka onye Ịtali Christopher Columbus) wetara cucumbers na Haiti na 1494. N'afọ 1535, Jacques Cartier, onye France na-eme nchọpụta, chọtara "nnukwu cucumbers" na-eto n'ebe bụ Montreal ugbu a.   [citation needed]

Oge Mbido nke Oge A

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Trans,cis-2,6-Nonadienal, ma ọ bụ cucumber aldehyde, bụ akụkụ nke ísì cucumbers.

N'ime narị afọ nke iri na isii, ndị Europe na-atụ nta, ndị ahịa, ndị na-achụrụ anụ ọhịa bea, na ndị na-eme nchọpụta gbanwere ngwaahịa nke ọrụ ugbo American Indian. Agbụrụ ndị dị na Great Plains na Rocky Mountains mụtara site n'aka ndị Spain otu esi akụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị Europe. Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na Great Plains gụnyere Mandan na Abenaki. Ha nwetara cucumbers na watermelons site na ndị Spain, ma tinye ha na ihe ọkụkụ ha na-etolitelarị, gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị ọka na agwa, pumpkins, squash, na osisi gourd.[33] Ndị Iroquois nọkwa na-azụlite ha mgbe ndị Europe mbụ letara ha.[34]

N'afọ 1630, Reverend Francis Higginson wepụtara akwụkwọ a na-akpọ New-Englands Plantation nke, na-akọwa ogige dị na Conant's Island na Boston Harbor nke a maara dị ka The Governor's Garden, ọ na-ekwu, sị:

Obodo a jupụtara n'ụzọ okike na nchekwa nke mgbọrọgwụ nke nnukwu varietie na ihe dị mma iri. Turnips, parsnips, na karọt anyị dị ebe a ma buru ibu ma na-atọ ụtọ karịa ka a na-ahụkarị n'England. Nke a bụ ebe nchekwa nke pompions, cowcumbers, na ihe ndị ọzọ nke ụdị ahụ nke m na-amaghị...

Na New England Prospect (1633, England), William Wood bipụtara ihe ọ chọpụtara na 1629 na America: [35]

Templeeti:Sic

 
Lobster, Crab, and a Cucumber nke William Henry Hunt (watercolour, 1826 ma ọ bụ 1827)

Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asaa, ajọ mbunobi malitere megide akwụkwọ nri na mkpụrụ osisi a na-esighị esi. Ọtụtụ isiokwu dị na akwụkwọ ahụike nke oge a kwuru na ahịhịa ndị a na-esighị esi na-ebute ọrịa n'oge okpomọkụ ma kwesịkwa ịmachibido ụmụaka iwu. Cucumber nọgidere na-enwe aha a ruo oge na-enweghị atụ, "dị mma naanị maka oriri ehi" nke ụfọdụ kwenyere na ọ bụ ya mere o ji nweta aha ahụ, cowcumber.   [citation needed]

[T]ụbọchị ya Sir W. Batten gwara m na Maazị Newburne anwụọla n'ihi iri nri cowcumbers, nke m nụrụ banyere onye ọzọ, echere m.

Dị ka onye edemede Britain nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ bụ Samuel Johnson si kwuo, a na-ekwukarị n'etiti ndị dọkịta Bekee na cucumber "kwesịrị ịkpụcha ya nke ọma, ma jiri ose na vinegar kpuchie ya, wee tụfuo ya, dị ka ihe efu". [36]

A copper etching made by Maddalena Bouchard between 1772 and 1793 shows this plant to have smaller, almost bean-shaped fruits, and small yellow flowers. The small form of the cucumber is figured in Herbals of the 16th century, however stating that "[i]f hung in a tube while in blossom, the Cucumber will grow to a most surprising length."[Tinye edensibịa]

Ihe ngosi

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  •  
    Cucumber nnu
  •  
    Cucumber na-acha odo odo nke India
  •  
    Cucumber Scandinavian na bepụrụ ya
  •  
    Cucumber na gburu egbu
  •  
    Komkommer (Cucumis sativus'Gele Tros')
  •  
    Ụdị nkeNdị Hmongna-akụ na akpụkpọ ahụ na nnukwu mkpụrụ
  •  
    Limụ
  •  
    Nri na ji ụgbụ a pịrị apị mee (Mizeria)
  •  
    Akị bekee na-eme ka ọ dị nro
  •  
    Gherkins
  •  
    Cucumber na-enweghị ntụpọ nkeIsfahan,Iran
  •  
    Akwụkwọ osisi
  •  
    Ebe a na-etinye ihe n'ahụ n'ahụ osisi cucumber iji mee ka ọ dịrị mfe ịrịgo
  •  
    Ogwe eriri na-akwado uto osisi vaịn
  •  
    Cucumber dị kavine" data-linkid="586" href=". /Bulb" id="mw4" rel="mw:WikiLink" aha="Bulb"&gt;bulb na-ese n'elu osisi vaịn

Hụkwa

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Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Cucumber." Encyclopædia Britannica. [1998] 2019.
  2. ↑ Silvertown (1985). "Survival, Fecundity and Growth of Wild Cucumber, Echinocystis Lobata". Journal of Ecology 73 (3): 841–849. DOI:10.2307/2260151. 
  3. ↑ Chomicki (June 2020). "Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology" (in en). New Phytologist 226 (5): 1240–1255. DOI:10.1111/nph.16015. 
  4. ↑ Weng (7 January 2021). "Cucumis sativus Chromosome Evolution, Domestication, and Genetic Diversity: Implications for Cucumber Breeding" (in en). Plant Breeding Reviews: 79–111. DOI:10.1002/9781119717003.ch4. 
  5. ↑ Cucumis sativus L.. Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved on 23 February 2023.
  6. ↑ Bisht (January 2004). "Distribution and genetic diversity of Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef in India" (in en). The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 79 (5): 783–791. DOI:10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843. ISSN 1462-0316. 
  7. ↑ Zhang (2019). "Genetic analysis and QTL mapping of fruit length and diameter in a cucumber (Cucumber sativus L.) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population". Scientia Horticulturae 250: 214–222. DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.01.062. 
  8. ↑ Cucumber. Fruit or Vegetable?. Retrieved on 2019-12-05.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nonnecke, I.L. (1989). Vegetable Production. Springer. ISBN 9780442267216. 
  10. ↑ Huang (2009). "The genome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L". Nature Genetics 41 (12): 1275–81. DOI:10.1038/ng.475. PMID 19881527. 
  11. ↑ (November 2014) "Plant science. Biosynthesis, regulation, and domestication of bitterness in cucumber". Science 346 (6213): 1084–8. DOI:10.1126/science.1259215. PMID 25430763. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Liu (February 2019). "The role of H2S in low temperature-induced cucurbitacin C increases in cucumber". Plant Molecular Biology 99 (6): 535–544. DOI:10.1007/s11103-019-00834-w. PMID 30707394. 
  13. ↑ He (2022). "Terpene Synthases in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and Their Contribution to Herbivore-induced Volatile Terpenoid Emission". New Phytologist 233 (2): 862–877. DOI:10.1111/nph.17814. PMID 34668204. 
  14. ↑ Schieberle (1990). "Evaluation of Potent Odorants in Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) and Muskmelons (Cucumis melo) by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis". Journal of Food Science 55: 193–195. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb06050.x. 
  15. ↑ Shang (2014). "Plant science. Biosynthesis, regulation, and domestication of bitterness in cucumber". Science 346 (6213): 1084–8. DOI:10.1126/science.1259215. PMID 25430763. 
  16. ↑ Cucumbers: Planting, growing, and harvesting cucumbers. Old Farmer's Almanac, Yankee Publishing, Inc., Dublin, NH (2016). Retrieved on 11 August 2016.
  17. ↑ Cucumber – 5+ a day, New Zealand Retrieved 18 May 2018
  18. ↑ Avi, Torey (3 September 2014). History in a jar: The story of pickles. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved on 13 November 2017.
  19. ↑ Gherkins. Zon (2017). Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved on 13 November 2017.
  20. ↑ Cucumbers. Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, US Department of Agriculture (May 2016). Retrieved on 13 November 2017.
  21. ↑ Cucumbers and gherkins. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, Government of India (2015). Retrieved on 13 November 2017.
  22. ↑ West Indian gherkin, Cucumis anguria L.. Plants for a Future (2012). Retrieved on 13 November 2017.
  23. ↑ Jordan-Reilly (15 September 2013). Why do cucumbers upset my digestion?. LiveStrong.com.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Cucumber and gherkin production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists). UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) (2024). Retrieved on 10 June 2024.
  25. ↑ Chomicki (June 2020). "Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology" (in en). New Phytologist 226 (5): 1240–1255. DOI:10.1111/nph.16015. 
  26. ↑ Weng (7 January 2021). "Cucumis sativus Chromosome Evolution, Domestication, and Genetic Diversity: Implications for Cucumber Breeding" (in en). Plant Breeding Reviews: 79–111. DOI:10.1002/9781119717003.ch4. 
  27. ↑ Bisht (January 2004). "Distribution and genetic diversity of Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef in India" (in en). The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 79 (5): 783–791. DOI:10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843. ISSN 1462-0316. 
  28. ↑ Asian News International. 21 July 2010. "Cucumber, melon's common ancestor originated in Asia." NewsTrack India. Retrieved on 4 June 2020.
  29. ↑ Chomicki (June 2020). "Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology" (in en). New Phytologist 226 (5): 1240–1255. DOI:10.1111/nph.16015. ISSN 0028-646X. 
  30. ↑ Renner (2007). "Phylogenetics of Cucumis (Cucurbitaceae): Cucumber (C. sativus) belongs in an Asian/Australian clade far from melon (C. melo)". BMC Evolutionary Biology 7. DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-7-58. PMID 17425784. 
  31. ↑ Zhuang (2006). "Taxonomic Relationships of A Rare Cucumis Species (C. hystrix Chakr.) and Its Interspecific Hybrid with Cucumber". HortScience 41 (3): 571–574. DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.571. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 James, Peter J. (1995). "Ch. 12, Sport and Leusure: Roman Gardening Technology", Ancient Inventions. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-40102-1. 
  33. ↑ Buchanan (2012). Taste, Memory: Forgotten Foods, Lost Flavors, and why They Matter. VT, USA: Chelsea Green Publishing, 109. ISBN 9781603584401. 
  34. ↑ Kuhnlein (1996). Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany and Use. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Gordon and Breach, 159. ISBN 9782881244650. 
  35. ↑ Wood, William. (1634). "Of the Hearbes, Fruites, Woods, Waters and Mineralls", pp. 13–18 in New England Prospect. London.
  36. ↑ Boswell (1832). The Life of Samuel Johnson: Including A Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, Volumen 1. Carter, Hendee and Company. Retrieved on 29 March 2024. 
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