Wikipedia

Circle of Poison

mbupụ nke ọgwụ nje nke iwu na-akwadoghị
Okirikiri nsị

Circle of Poison (COP) na-arutu aka na mbupụ ọgwụ a machibidoro n'ụlọ maka iji ya na nri wee wega ha n'ebe ndị ọzọ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-alaghachi site na mbubata.[3][4][5] "Okirikiri" ahụ zuru ezu mgbe a na-eji kemịkal na-egbu egbu nke a na-ebupụ wee na-azu mkpụrụ osisi, anụ, na ihe ndị a na-ebubata maka oriri n'ụlọ.[6] E bu ụzọ chọpụta gburugburu a gbasara United States mana mmekọrịta ahụ dịkwa n'etiti mba ndị ọzọ nke Global North na South.

Oroma bụ ihe ọkụkụ ego nke a na-eji Imazalil (Enilconazole) agwọ, usoro fungicide eji achịkwa ọtụtụ fungi na mkpụrụ osisi. Na Julaị 1999, EPA depụtara Imazalil dị ka "o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ carcinogenic na ụmụ mmadụ," na Draft Guidelines for Carcinogenic Risk Assessment .[1] N'ime nyocha nke Pesticide Action Network (PAN) mere, ha chọpụtara na ihe karịrị pasent ịse nke mkpụrụ osisi, akwụkwọ nri na nri ndị ọzọ na-ebu ọgwụ ahụhụ na-emerụ ahụ nke na-eweta ihe ize ndụ ahụike dị mma nye ndị na-azụ ahịa. Imazalil, gafere oke nchekwa na pasent iri asaa na itoolu nke oroma enyochara.[2]

Akụkọ banyere echiche dezie

N'akwụkwọ ahụ, Circle of Poison: Pesticides and People in a Hungry World, David Weir na Mark Schapiro nke Oakland Center for Investigative Reporting na-egosi nyocha dị omimi banyere otú ụfọdụ kemịkal dị ize ndụ, nke a machibidoro na United States, ka na-alaghachi na United States na nri ndị America site na mbubata nri. A na-emepụta ọtụtụ kemịkal a machibidoro, ọkachasị ọgwụ ahụhụ, na United States ma na-ebupụ ya na ndịda ụwa.[7] A na-ejizi kemịkal ndị a machibidoro na 'ihe ọkụkụ ego', nke a na-ebupụ na United States na mba ndị ọzọ mepere emepe maka nnukwu uru.[8]

Nnyocha nke Wier na Schapiro mere gosiri na kemịkal dị ike ma dị ize ndụ nke a na-eji na ọrụ ugbo n'ụlọ mere ka ọha na eze na-eti mkpu maka iwu siri ike, nakwa na ọgwụ ahụhụ na-enye aka n'ịgbasawanye nke ọrụ ugbo na-ebupụ ngwaahịa na mmefu nke mmepụta nri maka mkpa obodo. Ọbụna ebe a na-etinye ha na ihe ọkụkụ nri, a na-ejikọkarị ọgwụ ahụhụ na Green Revolution, nke nwere ike ịpụta agụụ karịa ọbụna mgbe ọ na-ebuli mmepụta. Ha na-arụ ụka na ọgwụ nje abụghị ihe ngwọta maka agụụ, ha na-agafe mkpa nke ndị ogbenye bụ ndị 'enweghị ego ịzụta nri ma ọ bụ ala ha ga-akọ nri na ya'. Ọzọkwa, ha na-ekwu n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ agrochemical na-enweta uru, ha ahaziela ụkpụrụ iji kwe ka mbupụ kemịkal dị ize ndụ n'enweghị ihe mgbochi.[9] Wier na Schapiro na-arụ ụka na oghere a bụ ọdachi.[10]

Iwu mgbochi nke Circle of Poison nke afọ1991 dezie

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1991, Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT) webatara "Circle of Poison prevention Act" na Senate nke United States ya na ndị nnọchi anya Mike Synar (D-OK) na Leon Panetta (D-CA) n'ụlọ omeiwu.[11] Iwu a gaara etinye njikwa siri ike na mbupụ kemịkal dị ize ndụ.[12] Iwu yiri nke ahụ gafere ụlọ abụọ nke Congress mana ọ nwụrụ na kọmitii ogbako.[13]

Na nkenke, "Iwu mgbochi nke Circle of Poison" ga-enwe:[14]

  • Machibido mbupụ ọgwụ ahụhụ ndị a na-edebeghị aha maka iji ya eme ihe n'ụlọ; ndị edebeghị aha maka iji nri ma a gaghị ebupụ ya maka iji ya mee ihe oriri; ma ọ bụ kagbuo ọtụtụ ndebanye aha.
  • Gọọmentị nyere ikike ịjụ mbubata ụfọdụ ọgwụ ahụhụ dị ize ndụ, nke gụnyere ọgwụ ahụhụ na-egbochi iji ya na ndị e debanyere aha ma ọ bụ bụrụ isiokwu nke usoro ịkagbu.
  • E nyere ụmụ amaala ikike ịgba akwụkwọ megide ndị na-emebi iwu iji mee ka iwu ahụ mezuo.
  • A na-akagbu nkwenye a na-akpaghị aka maka ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụ na nri maka ọgwụ ahụhụ ndị a na-edebeghị aha na United States.
  • Achọrọ EPA iji kesaa ozi gbasara ụzọ ndị na-abụghị kemịkal na-achịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ na nzukọ ndị a kwadoro iji mepụta atụmatụ dị mma maka ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide, gụnyere njikwa ụmụ ahụhụ na iji ụzọ ndị na-abụghị kemịkal.

Iwu ọgwụ ahụhụ dezie

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) nwere ikike ịchịkwa ire na ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na United States; tupu e ree ọgwụ ahụhụ, EPA ga-enye ya ikikere ma ọ bụ debanye aha ya.[15] Ọ bụ ezie na ndebanye aha abụghị "nkwado" nke EPA, ọ pụtara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ekpebiela na ọgwụ ahụhụ agaghị akpata 'mmetụta ọjọọ na-enweghị isi' n'ebe ụmụ mmadụ nọ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi.[16] EPA nwere ike ịkagbu ma ọ bụ kwụsị ndebanye aha ọgwụ ahụhụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ihe akaebe ọzọ na-egosi na ojiji ya na-eweta ihe ize ndụ na-enweghị isi. Ma ọ bụ ọ nwere ike igbochi ojiji nke ga-eme ka e ree ya maka ihe ọkụkụ.[17]

EPA enweghị ikike igbochi mbupụ ọgwụ ahụhụ a kagburu ma ọ bụ kwụsịtụ; ọ nweghịkwa ike igbochi mbupụ ọgwụ ahụhụ a machibidoro iji ya eme ihe nke nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ n'aka ndị na-enweghị ọzụzụ ma ọ bụ ogige ọhụrụ, nke enwetụbeghị ndebanye aha.[18] N'ihi ya, a na-ebuga ọtụtụ nde pound nke ọgwụ ahụhụ, nke ekpebiri na ọ dịghị ize ndụ maka iji ya na United States, gaa n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mba ọzọ.[19]

Ndekọ data nke ọgwụ nje dezie

Akụkọ nchịkọta nke afọ 2005 nke ọgwụ ahụhụ fọdụrụnụ nke Pesticide Data Program mere (usoro ihe omume nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States malitere) gosiri na n'ime nri pụkụ ịrị na otu narị na iri n'ise na anọ a nwalere, mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri dị ka apụl na lettuce nwere ihe fọdụrụ na ọgwụ ahụhụ.[20]

Mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri ọhụrụ



 Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Samples Analyzed



 A chọpụtara ihe atụ ndị nwere ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ



 Pasent nke Samples na Nchọpụta







 Achọpụtara ọgwụ nje dị iche iche







 Achọpụtara ihe dị iche iche fọdụrụnụ







 Nchọpụta zuru ezu nke ihe fọdụrụnụ



Apụl 774 727 98 33 41 2,619
Lettuce 743 657 88 47 57 1,985
Pears 741 643 87 31 35 1,309
Juice Orange 186 93 50 3 3 94

Iwu nke gọọmenti etiti gbasara ọgwụ nje dezie

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), na Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, bụ iwu abụọ bụ isi na-ahụ maka njikwa ọgwụ ahụhụ na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States, ma bụrụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke nri nwere ọgwụ ahụhụ na Ngalaba Ahụike, Mmụta, na Ọdịmma. Odeakwụkwọ ahụ enyefeela ọrụ a n'aka Food and Drug Administration.

Ebensidee dezie

  1. ↑ US EPA: Pesticides – R.E.D. Fact Sheet – Imazalil. Retrieved on 18 February 2016.
  2. ↑ Smithers. Survey points to unsafe levels of pesticide residues in food. The Guardian. Retrieved on 18 February 2016.
  3. ↑ Weir (1987). Circle of poison : pesticides and people in a hungry world, [2nd printing], San Francisco, CA: Institute for Food and Development Policy. ISBN 9780935028096. 
  4. ↑ Daberkow. Circle of Poison Legislation.
  5. ↑ Crowe. Heinonline. Georgetown International Environmental Law Review.
  6. ↑ Faber (1993). Environment under fire : Imperialism and the ecological crisis in Central America. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 9780853458401. 
  7. ↑ (Jan 6, 2011) Economic and Political Weekly. 1364: Sameeksha Trust. 
  8. ↑ Boyle (25 September 2012). Community Nutrition in Action: An Entrepreneurial Approach. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781285401218. 
  9. ↑ Castleman (January 19, 2016). "The export of hazardous industries in 2015". Environ Health 15: 8. DOI:10.1186/s12940-016-0091-6. PMID 26786721. 
  10. ↑ Weir (1987). Circle of poison : pesticides and people in a hungry world, [2nd printing], San Francisco, CA: Institute for Food and Development Policy. ISBN 9780935028096. 
  11. ↑ H.R.2083 – Circle of Poison Prevention Act of 1991. Congress.Gov. Retrieved on 18 February 2016.
  12. ↑ (1992) Circle of poison: Impact on American consumers: Hearing before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, on improving the safety of exported pesticides, focusing on the health impact of certain pesticides manufactured in the United States on the American consumer, September 20, 1991.. Washington: U.S. G.P.O.. ISBN 9780160396700. 
  13. ↑ (1992) Circle of poison: impact on American consumers: hearing before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, on improving the safety of exported pesticides, focusing on the health impact of certain pesticides manufactured in the United States on the American consumer, September 20, 1991.. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 193–194. ISBN 9780160396700. 
  14. ↑ (1991) Circle of poison : impact of U.S. pesticides on Third World workers : hearing before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, on the impact on Third World workers who use U.S. made pesticides, June 5, 1991.. Washington, DC: For sale by U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office. ISBN 9780160353253. 
  15. ↑ Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 22 February 2016.
  16. ↑ Sass. Superficial Safeguards: Most Pesticides Are Approved by Flawed EPA Process. Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved on 22 February 2016.
  17. ↑ Maximum Residue Limits. United States Department of Agriculture system. Retrieved on 22 February 2016.
  18. ↑ Setting Tolerances for Pesticide Residues in Foods. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on 22 February 2016.
  19. ↑ Sass. Superficial Safeguards: Most Pesticides Are Approved by Flawed EPA Process. Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved on 22 February 2016.
  20. ↑ Annual Summary Calendar Year 2005. United States Department of Agriculture.

Njikọ mpụga dezie

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