Chọọchị Ụmụnna
Ụka Brotherhood bụ obodo Ndị Kraịst na-achị ọchịchị na udo . [1] Obodo kpachaara anya sitere na Quaker dị na Stapleton, na nso Pontefract, Yorkshire, kemgbe 1921. [2]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
dezieEnwere ike ịchọta ụka ahụ na 1887 mgbe onye ụkọ Chukwu ọgbakọ aha ya bụ John Bruce Wallace malitere magazin a kpọrọ " Ụmụnna " na Limavady, Northern Ireland . Echiche Henry George na Edward Bellamy metụrụ Wallace . Na 1891 Wallace kwagara London wee weghara ụlọ ụka na-adịghị mma na Southgate Road, Hackney, na-akpọ ya "Ụka Ụmụnna." Ndị Russia Social Democratic Labour Party jiri ụlọ ahụ na 1907 maka Congress 5th ha. [3]
Onye Tolstoyan aha ya bụ John Coleman Kenworthy hibere obodo ndị na-esote na Croydon, Surrey, na 1894 na Purleigh, Essex, na 1896. [3] Ndị bi na Croydon na Purleigh gụnyere Aylmer na Louise Maude na Vladimir Chertkov . Otú ọ dị, obodo abụọ a kwụsịrị obere oge ka e guzobechara ha, ebe Kenworthy ya na Chertkov na-ese okwu ma na-arụrịta ụka na Aylmer Maude maka nsụgharị Bekee nke ọrụ Tolstoy. Dabere na akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka Tolstoy, Kenworthy nọ n'okpuru echiche na o nwere ikike naanị maka ụfọdụ ederede Tolstoy. [4] N'aka nke ọzọ, Aylmer Maude, kwenyere na ihe kpatara ọdịda nke ógbè ahụ bụ n'ihi omume ọchịchị Kenworthy na enweghị ọrụ. [5]
Na 1897 ọtụtụ ndị otu, ụfọdụ sitere na Quaker, kwagara Leeds . Nnata nke ihe nketa mere ka ndị otu ahụ nwee ike ịkwaga n'obere acre asaa na ọkara na Stapleton na 1921. [2] [6] Otu ndị ọzọ na-agbaji Purleigh guzobere Whiteway Colony na 1898, nke onye nta akụkọ Quaker kwadoro. [3]
John Bruce Wallace gara n'ihu bụrụ onye mbụ bi na Letchworth na Hertfordshire ebe ọ na-enwe nnọkọ okpukpe kwa ụbọchị Sọnde n'Ụlọ Nzukọ Howard. Ka e guzobesịrị Nzukọ-nsọ Brotherhood Wallace tọrọ ntọala Alpha Union Society nke nwere ọtụtụ nzukọ ya na The Cloisters nke e wuru na Letchworth na nso nso a. [7]
Stapleton Colony
dezieStapleton Colony bụ onye anaghị eri anụ, na-eto ọtụtụ nri organic nke ha ma na-anwa ibi ndụ n'adabereghị na gọọmentị . Ha na-ejikọta na Peace Pledge Union, Mgbasa Ozi maka Nchụpụ Nuclear na Agha Resisters' International . [8] Ndị bi ebe ahụ agụnyela Len W. Gibson (1919–2007) bụ onye na-akwado udo ogologo ndụ yana onye jụrụ akọnuche ya . [9]
Hụkwa
dezie- Utopian socialism
- Tolstoyan ije
Edensibia
dezieweghara ụlọ ụka na-adịghị mma na Southgate Road, Hackney, na-akpọ ya "Ụka Ụmụnna." Ndị Russia Social Democratic Labour Party
- ↑ The Brotherhood Church. “The Brotherhood Church originated as a Christian anarchist pacifist community”
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 The Brotherhood Church - A Brief History."The Brotherhood Church - A Brief History".
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Charlotte Alston (2010). Tolstoy's Guiding Light. History Today. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved on 12 April 2024.Charlotte Alston (2010). . History Today. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ↑ Tolstoy (1978). Tolstoy's Letters: 1880-1910. Scribner. “He fell out with Chertkov in England, and also quarrelled with Aylmer Maude over the English translation of Tolstoy's works”
- ↑ Christoyannopoulos (2010). Christian Anarchism: A Political Commentary on the Gospel. Exeter: Imprint Academic. “Tolstoyism and Tolstoyan colonies”
- ↑ Brotherhood Church. Diggers and Dreamers.
- ↑ Spirituality and Belief in Letchworth Garden City. Letchworth Garden City Collection.
- ↑ Brotherhood Church. Utopia Britannica. “British Utopian Experiments (1325-1945), Yorkshire”
- ↑ Obituary for Len W. Gibson. War Resisters' International.
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
dezie- Higgins (1982). A History of the Brotherhood Church.
- Weller (1985). "Chapter 16: The Brotherhood Church", "Don't Be a Soldier!": The Radical Anti-War Movement in North London 1914-1918.