Wikipedia

Bessie Coleman

Bessie Coleman
mmádu
ụdịekerenwanyị Dezie
mba o sịNjikota Obodo Amerika Dezie
Aha ọmụmụElizabeth Coleman Dezie
aha enyereBessie, Elizabeth Dezie
aha ezinụlọ yaColeman Dezie
aha otutuBessie, Brave Bessie Dezie
ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya26 Jenụwarị 1892 Dezie
Ebe ọmụmụAtlanta Dezie
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya30 Eprel 1926 Dezie
Ebe ọ nwụrụJacksonville Dezie
Ụdị ọnwụaccidental death Dezie
ihe kpatara ọnwụaviation accident Dezie
Ebe oliliLincoln Cemetery Dezie
asụsụ ọ na-asụ, na-ede ma ọ bụ were na-ebinye akaBekee Dezie
ọrụ ọ na-arụaircraft pilot, onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ, stunt pilot Dezie
ebe agụmakwụkwọLangston University, Caudron School of Aviation Dezie
Ebe obibiWaxahachie, Atlanta, Langston, Chicago Dezie
Ebe ọrụChicago Dezie
agbụrụNdi Afrika nke Amerika Dezie
Ihe nriteNational Women's Hall of Fame, Women in Aviation International, National Aviation Hall of Fame Dezie
webụsaịtịhttp://www.bessiecoleman.org/ Dezie
kọwara na URLhttps://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/obituaries/bessie-coleman-overlooked.html Dezie
assessmentpilot licensing and certification Dezie

Bessie Coleman (Januarị 26, afo 1892 – Eprel 30, afo 1926) bụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu mbụ nke America. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ onye Afrịka America na onye America mbụ nwere ikike ịnya ụgbọ elu . [1] [2] [3] [4] O nwetara ikikere ya n'aka Fédération Aéronautique Internationale na June 15, afo 1921, [2] [3] [5] ma bụrụ onye isi ojii mbụ nwetara akwụkwọ ikike ụgbọ elu mba ụwa . [6]

A mụrụ na ezinụlọ nke sharecroppers na Texas, Coleman rụrụ ọrụ n'ubi owu na nwata mgbe ọ na-agụkwa akwụkwọ na obere ụlọ akwụkwọ dịpụrụ adịpụ . Ọ gara otu akwụkwọ kọleji na Mahadum Langston . Coleman zụlitere mmasị mbụ n'ịfe ụgbọ elu, mana ndị Africa America, ụmụ amaala America, na ụmụ nwanyị enweghị ohere ọzụzụ ụgbọ elu na United States, ya mere ọ zọpụtara ma nweta nkwado iji gaa France maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ụgbọ elu.

Ọ ghọrọ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu dị elu na ihe ngosi ikuku dị egwu na United States. A maara ya nke ọma dị ka Queen Bess na Brave Bessie, [7] ma nwee olile anya ịmalite ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị na-efe efe ndị America na ndị America. Coleman nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọelu na afo 1926. Ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ ya bụ ihe mkpali nye ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu oge ochie na ndị obodo Africa-American na ụmụ amaala America.

Ndụ mbido

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Elizabeth Coleman (mgbe ụfọdụ, Bessie) [8] mụrụ na Jenụwarị 26, afo 1892, na Atlanta, Texas, [6] nke iri n'ime ụmụ iri na atọ nke George Coleman, onye America agwakọtara agwakọta nke nwere nne na nna Cherokee, na Susan Coleman, onye bụ African American. [9] [10] Itoolu n'ime ụmụaka ahụ lanarịrị nwata, nke a na-ahụkarị maka oge ahụ. [9] Mgbe Coleman dị afọ abụọ, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Waxahachie, Texas, ebe ha bi dị ka ndị na -eketa ihe. [10] Coleman malitere ịga akwụkwọ na Waxahachie mgbe ọ dị afọ isii. Ọ na-eji ụkwụ na-aga kilomita anọ kwa ụbọchị gaa n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dịpụrụ adịpụ, nke nwere otu ọnụ ụlọ, ebe ọ na-amasị ịgụ akwụkwọ ma guzobe onwe ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụ pụtara ìhè. [10] Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ elementrị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. [10]

Kwa afọ, owuwe ihe ubi na-akwụsị ọrụ Coleman na-aga n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọrụ, na chọọchị. Na afo 1901, George Coleman hapụrụ ezinụlọ ya. Ọ laghachiri Oklahoma, ma ọ bụ Indian Territory, dị ka a na-akpọ mgbe ahụ, ịchọta ohere ka mma, ma nwunye ya na ụmụ ya esoghị. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 12, a nabatara Bessie n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Chọọchị Baptist nke ozi ala ọzọ na agụmakwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ gbara afọ iri na asatọ, o weere ego ya wee debanye aha na Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Normal University na Langston, Oklahoma (nke a na-akpọ Mahadum Langston ugbu a). O mechachara otu okwu tupu ego ya agwụ, ọ lọghachikwa n'ụlọ. [11]

Ọrụ

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Na afo 1915, mgbe ọ dị afọ 23, Coleman kwagara Chicago, Illinois, bụ́ ebe ya na ụmụnne ya bi. Na Chicago, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye manicurist na White Sox Barber Shop. N’ebe ahụ, ọ nụrụ akụkọ banyere ụgbọ elu n’oge agha site n’aka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri si Agha Ụwa Mbụ lọta. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke abụọ dị ka onye njikwa ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ chili iji chekwaa ego n'olileanya nke ịghọ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu. [14] Ụlọ akwụkwọ ụgbọ elu America nke oge ahụ ekwenyeghị na ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ ndị ojii, ya mere Robert S. Abbott, onye nchoputa na onye bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Chicago Defender, gbara ya ume ka ọ mụọ akwụkwọ ná mba ọzọ. [1] Abbot kwusara ọchịchọ Coleman n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya wee nweta nkwado ego site n'aka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ akụ Jesse Binga na onye na- agbachitere . [14]

Bessie Coleman gara klas nke asụsụ French n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Asụsụ Berlitz dị na Chicago wee gaa Paris na Nọvemba 20, afo 1920, ka o wee nweta ikike ịnya ụgbọ elu ya. Ọ mụtara ife efe na Nieuport 564 biplane nwere "usoro nhazi nke nwere mkpisi kwụ ọtọ n'ịdị arọ nke bat baseball dị n'ihu onye na-anya ụgbọ mmiri na ogwe ntụ n'okpuru ụkwụ onye na-anya ụgbọelu." [12]

Na June 15, afo 1921, Coleman ghọrọ nwanyị ojii mbụ [6] na onye America mbụ [13] iji nweta akwụkwọ ikike ịnya ụgbọ elu yana onye ojii mbụ [6] na onye mbụ nwa amaala America [13] iji nweta ikike ụgbọ elu mba ofesi. Ụlọ ọrụ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale . [6] N'ịbụ onye kpebisiri ike ime ka nkà ya dị mma, Coleman ji ọnwa abụọ na-esote na-amụ ihe site n'aka onye na-anya ụgbọelu French nke dị nso na Paris na, na September na afo 1921, ọ gara America. Ọ ghọrọ ihe mmetụta mgbasa ozi mgbe ọ laghachiri na US Na afọ nke ụgbọ elu azụmahịa ka dị afọ iri ma ọ bụ karịa n'ọdịnihu, Coleman ghọtara ngwa ngwa na iji nwee ike ibi ndụ dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu nkịtị na ọ ga-aghọ onye na-agba ọsọ " barnstorming " stunt flier, na-eme aghụghọ dị ize ndụ na ikuku na mgbe ahụ. ka na-eji teknụzụ mbụ nke ụgbọ elu maka ịkwụ ndị na-ege ntị ụgwọ. Mana, iji nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ọgbọ egwuregwu a nke ukwuu, ọ ga-achọ nkuzi dị elu na akwụkwọ akụkọ sara mbara karị. N'ịlaghachi na Chicago, Coleman enweghị ike ịhụ onye ọ bụla dị njikere ịkụziri ya ihe, ya mere na February na afo 1922, ọ gaghachiri ụgbọ mmiri na Europe. [12]

Ọ nọrọ ọnwa abụọ na-esote na France na-agụcha ihe mmụta dị elu na ụgbọ elu. Ọ gawara Netherlands ka ya na Anthony Fokker zute, otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta ụgbọ elu kachasị ama n'ụwa. Ọ gakwara Jamanị, bụ́ ebe ọ gara na Fokker Corporation wee nweta ọzụzụ ọzọ n’aka otu n’ime ndị isi ụgbọ elu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ọ laghachiri na United States ịmalite ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi ofufe. [12]

"Ezenwanyi Bess," dị ka a maara ya, bụ ihe osise na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu maka afọ ise na-esote. N'ịbụ onye a kpọrọ òkù ka ọ bụrụ ihe omume ndị dị mkpa ma na-agbakarị akwụkwọ akụkọ ajụjụ ọnụ, ma ndị ojii na ndị ọcha masịrị ya. Ọ na-efekarị Curtiss JN-4 Jenny biplanes na ụgbọ elu ndị ọzọ bụbu ụgbọ elu ndị agha fọdụrụ n'agha hapụrụ. O mere ka ọ pụta ìhè nke mbụ na ihe ngosi ikuku America na Septemba 3, afo 1922, na mmemme na-asọpụrụ ndị agha agha nke 369th Infantry Regiment nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ . Emere na Curtiss Field na Long Island dị nso na New York City, ma kwado ya site na enyi ya Abbott na akwụkwọ akụkọ Chicago Defender, ihe nkiri ahụ kpọrọ Coleman dị ka "nwanyị kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa" [14] ma gosipụta ikuku ikuku site na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ elu asatọ ndị ọzọ America. na wụliri elu nke onye na-ahụ maka parachuti ojii Hubert Julian . [15]

Izu isii ka e mesịrị, ọ laghachiri na Chicago, na-eme ihe ngosi ikuku, oge a iji sọpụrụ Agha Ụwa Mbụ nke 370th Infantry Regiment . Coleman weputara ihe ngosi dị egwu nke ụzọ egwu egwu-gụnyere ọnụọgụ asatọ, loops, na ntinye dị nso n'ala na nnukwu ìgwè mmadụ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na Checkerboard Airdrome - ugbu a mgbada nke Hines Veterans Administration Medical Center, Hines, Illinois, Loyola Hospital, Maywood, yana nchekwa oke ọhịa Cook County dị nso.

Obi ụtọ nke ịkwọ ụgbọ elu na mmasi nke igwe mmadụ na-akwa emo bụ naanị akụkụ nke nrọ Coleman. Coleman echefughị nkwa ọ kwere n'oge ọ bụ nwata na otu ụbọchị "ego maka ihe." Dị ka onye ọrụ ụgbọ elu ọkachamara, Coleman na-akatọkarị ndị nta akụkọ maka ọdịdị ohere ya na ụdị ọmarịcha ọ wetara na ngosi ya na-efe efe. Ọ nwetakwara aha ngwa ngwa dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu nwere nkà na onye na-atụghị egwu nke na-akwụsị n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla iji mezuo ihe siri ike. Na Los Angeles, ọ gbajiri ụkwụ na ọgịrịga atọ mgbe ụgbọ elu ya kwụsịrị wee daa na February 22, afo 1923. [7]

 
Bessie Coleman, c. 1922

N'ịbụ onye kwadoro ịkwalite ụgbọ elu na ịlụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ, Coleman gwara ndị na-ege ntị n'ofe mba ahụ banyere ịchụso ụgbọ elu na ebumnuche maka ndị America America. Ọ jụrụ kpam kpam isonye na mmemme ụgbọ elu machibidoro ịga ndị Africa America. [21]

N'afọ 1920, ọ zutere Rev. Hezakiah Hill na nwunye ya Viola na njem nlegharị anya okwu na Orlando, Florida. Ndị ọrụ obodo kpọrọ ya ka ya na ha nọrọ na parsonage nke Mount Zion Missionary Baptist Church dị na Washington Street na agbata obi Parramore . Otu okporo ụzọ obodo ka ahagharịrị aha "Bessie Coleman" Street maka nsọpụrụ ya na afo 2013. Di na nwunye ahụ, ndị mesoro ya dị ka nwa nwanyị, kwenye ya ka ọ nọrọ, Coleman meghere ụlọ ahịa ịma mma na Orlando iji nweta ego ọzọ iji zụta ụgbọ elu nke ya. [16]

Site na kọntaktị mgbasa ozi ya, e nyere ya ọrụ na ihe nkiri ogologo ogologo nke aha ya bụ Shadow and Sunshine, nke African American Seminole Film Producing Company ga-enweta ego. O ji obi ụtọ nakwere, na-atụ anya na mgbasa ozi ga-enyere aka ịkwalite ọrụ ya ma nye ya ụfọdụ ego ọ chọrọ iji guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya. Ma mgbe ọ matara na ihe nkiri mbụ e mere na fim ahụ chọrọ ka o yi uwe dọwara adọwa pụta, jikwa osisi na-aga ije na ngwugwu dị n’azụ, ọ jụrụ ịga n’ihu. "O doro anya . . . [Bessie's] ịpụ na ihe nkiri nkiri bụ nkwupụta ụkpụrụ. Opportunist n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ banyere ọrụ ya, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-enwe ohere banyere agbụrụ. O nweghị ihe o bu n'obi ime ka onyinyo mkparị nke ọtụtụ ndị ọcha nwere nke ọtụtụ ndị ojii," ka Doris Rich dere. [12]

Coleman agaghị adị ogologo oge iji guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị na-eto eto ndị isi ojii, ma ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mkpali maka ọgbọ nke ndị ikom na ndị inyom America-America. "N'ihi Bessie Coleman," ka Lieutenant William J. Powell na Black Wings (1934), raara nye Coleman dere, "anyị emeriwo ihe ahụ nke dị njọ karịa ihe mgbochi agbụrụ. Anyị emeriwo ihe mgbochi dị n'ime onwe anyị ma nwee ike ịrọ nrọ." [17] Powell jere ozi na ngalaba kewapụrụ n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ma na-agwụ ike na-akwalite ihe kpatara ụgbọ elu ojii site n'akwụkwọ ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, na Bessie Coleman Aero Club, nke o hiwere na afo 1929. [18] [12]

Ọnwụ

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Na Eprel 30, afo 1926, Coleman nọ na Jacksonville, Florida . Ọ zụtala Curtiss JN-4 (Jenny) na Dallas n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ ya na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, William D. Wills dị afọ iri abuo na ano, si Dallas fepụ ụgbọ elu ahụ maka nkwadebe maka ihe ngosi ikuku wee mee ka ọ gbatuo mmanye atọ n'ụzọ n'ihi na ụgbọ elu ahụ adịchaghị mma. [19] Mgbe ha matara nke a, ndị enyi na ezinụlọ Coleman echeghị na ụgbọ elu ahụ adịghị mma ma rịọ ya ka ọ ghara ịfe ya, mana ọ jụrụ. Mgbe ọ na-apụ, Wills na Coleman na-efe ụgbọ elu n'oche ọzọ. Ọ nọ na-eme atụmatụ ịwụ elu parachute maka ụbọchị na-esote, ma chọọ inyocha ebe ahụ dị ka a hụrụ site n'ọgbọ mmiri. [8]

Ihe dị ka nkeji iri n'ime ụgbọ elu ahụ, ụgbọ elu ahụ na-atụghị anya ya banye n'ime mmiri wee gbagharịa na 3,000 ụkwụ n'elu ala. A tụpụrụ Coleman n'ụgbọelu na 2,000 ft (610 m), e wee gbuo ya ozugbo mgbe ọ kụrụ ala. Wills enwekwaghị ike ịchịkwa ụgbọ elu ahụ, ma ọ daturu n'ala. Ọ nwụrụ n'elu mmetụta. Ụgbọ elu ahụ gbawara, na-agbakwa ọkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na mkpọmkpọ ebe nke ụgbọ elu ahụ gbara ọkụ nke ukwuu, e mesịrị chọpụta na mgbanaka e ji akwọ ụgbọ epeepe ahụ kụchiela ihe ndị a na-achịkwa n'ụgbọelu ahụ. Coleman dị afọ iri ato na ano. [12]

Emere emume olili ozu na Florida tupu ezighachi ozu ya na Chicago. Ọ bụ ezie na a kpọtụrụ aha obere okwu n'ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi, akụkọ banyere ọnwụ ya na-agbasa n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ African-American . Ndị na-eru uju puku iri gara emume ya na Chicago, nke onye ndọrọndọrọ Ida B. Wells duziri. [8]

Nkwanye ugwu

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  • Atlanta, Texas, nwere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke mpaghara nke ji nganga gosipụta ụdị mmeputakwa nke Bessie Coleman's yellow bi-plane "Queen Bess." Ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nka gụnyekwara uwe na ihe ncheta ndị ọzọ gbasara ndụ na oge Bessie Coleman. N'èzí ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke mpaghara bụ Texas Historical Marker dị na 101 N. East Street na Historic Downtown, Atlanta, Texas. Ụzọ a na-aga n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu Hall-Miller Municipal dị na Atlanta, Texas, bụ Bessie Coleman Drive na nsọpụrụ ya.
  • Akpọrọ ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na Chicago aha na nsọpụrụ Coleman, [20] dị ka okporo ụzọ dị na ọdụ ụgbọ elu O'Hare International na Chicago, [21] Oakland International Airport na Oakland, California, [22] Tampa International Airport na Florida, [23] na n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba ụwa nke Frankfurt nke Germany. [24] Chicago Cultural Center etinyela ihe ncheta ncheta n'ebe obibi mbụ ya, 41st na King Drive na Chicago, ọ bụkwa ọdịnala maka ndị njem ụgbọ elu America na-atụba ifuru n'oge ọgbaghara nke ili ya na Lincoln Cemetery . [25]
  • Akpọrọ okporo ụzọ na-eduga na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Nice dị na ndịda France aha ya na March 2016, na e nwere okporo ámá dị na Poitiers, na 20th Arrondissement nke Paris kpọkwara aha ya. [26] [27]
  • Bessie Coleman Middle School dị na Cedar Hill, Texas, bụ aha ya.
  • Bessie Coleman Boulevard na Waxahachie, Texas, ebe o biri mgbe ọ bụ nwata ka akpọrọ aha ya maka nsọpụrụ ya. [28]
  • B. Coleman Aviation, onye na-arụ ọrụ nke dabeere na Gary/Chicago International Airport, bụ aha ya na nsọpụrụ ya. [29]
  • E hiwela ọtụtụ onyinye mmụta nkuzi Bessie Coleman maka ndị okenye ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na-eme atụmatụ ọrụ ụgbọ elu.
  • Ndị ọrụ nzi ozi US nyere stampụ 32 centi sọpụrụ Coleman na 1995. [30] [31] Ihe ncheta Bessie Coleman bụ 18th na usoro nzi ozi US Black Heritage.
  • N'afọ 2001, a kpọbatara Coleman n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Nwanyị Mba . [32]
  • Na 2006, a kpọbatara ya na National Aviation Hall of Fame . [33]
  • N'afọ 2012, e tinyere ihe ncheta ọla nke yiri Coleman n'ihu ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ akwụkwọ Paxon maka Advanced Studies dị na saịtị nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu Jacksonville ebe ụgbọ elu Coleman na-egbu egbu gbapụrụ. [34]
  • A kwanyere Coleman ugwu na agwa egwuregwu ụmụaka na oge 5, ihe omume 11a nke mmemme ihe onyonyo ụmụaka Doc McStuffins .
  • Edebere ya No. 14 na Flying ' s 2013 ndepụta nke "51 Heroes of Aviation".
  • Na 2014, a kpọbatara Coleman n'ime International Air & Space Hall of Fame na San Diego Air & Space Museum . [35]
  • Na Jenụarị 25, 2015, Orlando degharịrị aha West Washington Street iji mata ndị bi n'okporo ámá kacha rụzuo oke. [16]
  • Na Jenụwarị 26, 2017, ncheta afọ 125 nke ọmụmụ ya, Google Doodle ka ebisara maka nsọpụrụ ya. [36]
  • Na Disemba afọ 2019, akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times gosipụtara Coleman na nke a na- eleghara anya (njirimara ọhụụ) : "Bessie Coleman, Ọsụ ụzọ African-American Aviatrix" [8]
  • Na 2021, mgbe Juneteenth ghọrọ ezumike gọọmenti etiti, a na-eme njem ụgbọ elu na Colorado iji sọpụrụ ya na ezumike ọhụrụ ahụ. [37]
  • Na 2021, International Astronomical Union kpọrọ ugwu (na ugwu mgbawa) na Pluto, Coleman Mons, maka nsọpụrụ ya. Ọ dị na nsọtụ Tombaugh Regio 'nwere ụdị obi'. [38] [39]

Hụkwa

dezie
  • Ndepụta nke mbụ na ụgbọ elu
  • Eugene Bullard, onye Afrika-America mbụ nwetara akwụkwọ ikike ịnya ụgbọ elu
  • Leah Hing, bụ nwanyị China mbụ onye America nwetara akwụkwọ ikike ịnya ụgbọ elu
  • Mae Jemison, nwanyị mbụ na-enyocha mbara igwe nke Africa-American na mbara igwe, bụ onye bu foto Bessie Coleman na ya na ozi mbụ ya.
  • Akụkọ agha nke ndị Africa America
  • Mary Riddle, nwanyị America nke abụọ nwetara akwụkwọ ikike ịnya ụgbọ elu
  • Azellia White, nwanyị mbụ onye Africa America nwetara akwụkwọ ikike ịnya ụgbọ elu na Texas

Edensibia

dezie
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bessie Coleman (1892–1926). PBS.org. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved on March 3, 2010.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Some Notable Women In Aviation History. Women in Aviation International. Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved on April 10, 2008.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Onkst (2016). Women in History: Bessie Coleman. Natural Resources Conservation Service Nevada. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved on January 5, 2016.
  4. ↑ Fighter pilot takes inspiration to new heights. U.S. Air Force. U.S. Air Force (March 28, 2018). Retrieved on July 14, 2019.
  5. ↑ Pioneer Hall of Fame. Women in Aviation International. Archived from the original on March 27, 2008. Retrieved on April 10, 2008.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Bix (2005). "Bessie Coleman: Race and Gender Realities Behind Aviation Dreams", in Dawson: Realizing the Dream of Flight: Biographical Essays in Honor of the Centennial of Flight, 1903–2003 (in en-US). NASA, ix, 5. OCLC 60826554. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Bessie Coleman (en). National Women's History Museum. Retrieved on September 12, 2019.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Daniel E. Slotnik. "Overlooked No More: Bessie Coleman, Pioneering African-American Aviatrix – The New York Times", The New York Times, December 11, 2019. Retrieved on December 12, 2019.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ganson (2014). Texas Takes Wing: A Century of Flight in the Lone Star State. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-75408-9. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Marck (2009). Women Aviators: From Amelia Earhart to Sally Ride, Making History in Air and Space (in en). Rizzoli International Publications. ISBN 9782080301086. 
  11. ↑ Morales (February 25, 2020). Coleman, Bessie. The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State History Association. Archived from the original on December 24, 2011. Retrieved on May 19, 2013. “Upon graduation from high school, she enrolled at the Colored Agricultural and Normal University (now Langston University) in Langston, Oklahoma. Financial difficulties, however, forced her to quit after one semester because she could not afford to attend another one.”
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Rich (1993). Queen Bess: Daredevil Aviator. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 37, 47, 57, 109–111, 145. ISBN 1-56098-265-9. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kerri Lee Alexander (2018). Bessie Coleman (en). National Women's History Museum. Retrieved on November 14, 2019.
  14. ↑ Toth. "Daredevil of the Sky: The Bessie Coleman Story", Los Angeles Times, February 10, 2001. Retrieved on February 24, 2011.
  15. ↑ "Negress Pilots Airplane: Bessie Coleman Makes Three Flights for Fifteenth Infantry", The New York Times, September 4, 1922, p. 9.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Hudak. "Orlando renames street in honor of black 'daredevil aviatrix'", Orlando Sentinel, January 31, 2015.
  17. ↑ Powell (1934). Black Wings. Los Angeles: Ivan Deach, Jr.. OCLC 3261929. 
  18. ↑ Broadnax (2007). Blue Skies, Black Wings: African American Pioneers of Aviation. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-99195-1. 
  19. ↑ Bessie Coleman Facts. yourdictionary.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2014. Retrieved on November 15, 2013.
  20. ↑ About Coleman Branch. Chicago Public Library. Retrieved on February 28, 2017.
  21. ↑ Bessie Coleman Drive, Chicago. Open Street Map. Retrieved on October 13, 2017.
  22. ↑ Bessie Coleman Drive, Alameda. Open Street Map. Retrieved on October 13, 2017.
  23. ↑ Bessie Coleman Boulevard, Tampa. Open Street Map. Retrieved on October 13, 2017.
  24. ↑ Bessie-Coleman-Straße, Frankfurt. Open Street Map. Retrieved on October 13, 2017.
  25. ↑ Markers of Distinction: Bessie Coleman. Chicago Tribute. City of Chicago, Chicago Cultural Center. Archived from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved on March 27, 2015.
  26. ↑ Rue Bessie Coleman, Poitiers. Open Street Map. Retrieved on October 13, 2017.
  27. ↑ Rue Bessie Coleman, Paris. Open Street Map. Retrieved on October 13, 2017.
  28. ↑ Bessie Coleman Boulevard, Waxahachie. Open Street Map. Retrieved on October 13, 2017.
  29. ↑ About. B. Coleman Aviation. Retrieved on May 21, 2014.
  30. ↑ Stamp Series. United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved on September 9, 2013.
  31. ↑ Sine. Bessie Coleman. US Stamp Gallery.com. Retrieved on October 13, 2017.
  32. ↑ National Women's Hall of Fame, Bessie Coleman
  33. ↑ Coleman, Bessie. National Aviation Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved on October 13, 2017.
  34. ↑ Soergel. "Looking to honor the daring 'Queen Bess'", The Florida Times-Union, October 28, 2013, p. A-4.
  35. ↑ Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor.
  36. ↑ Who was Bessie Coleman and why does she still matter?. AlJazeera (January 26, 2017).
  37. ↑ US comes together to mark Juneteenth after recognizing it as federal holiday (en). the Guardian (2021-06-19). Retrieved on 2021-06-19.
  38. ↑ JHUAPL. Great Exploration Revisited: New Horizons at Pluto and Charon (en). New Horizons. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved on 2021-10-26.
  39. ↑ Talbert (2021-10-25). Pluto Landmarks Named for Aviation Pioneers Ride and Coleman. NASA. Retrieved on 2021-10-26.
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