Asụsụ Yeyi
Yeyi (autoethnonym Shiyɛyi) bụ Asụsụ Bantu nke ọtụtụ n'ime ihe dị ka Ndị Yeyi 50,000 na-asụ n'akụkụ Osimiri Okavango na Namibia na Botswana. Yeyi, nke asụsụ Juu metụtara, bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ asụsụ Bantu n'akụkụ Okavango nwere clicks. N'ezie, ọ nwere ndepụta kachasị ukwuu nke ịpị aka n'asụsụ Bantu ọ bụla, yana ezé, alveolar, palatal, na nkwonkwo n'akụkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị okenye na-ekwu okwu na-ahọrọ Yeyi na mkparịta ụka nkịtị, a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ewepụ ya na Botswana site na njem a ma ama na Tswana, ebe ọ bụ naanị ụmụaka na-amụta Yeyi n'ime obodo ole na ole. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-asụ Yeyi na Caprivi Strip nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Namibia, na-ejigide Yeyi n'ime obodo (gụnyere Linyanti), mana ha nwekwara ike ịsụ asụsụ mpaghara, Lozi.
| Yeyi Shiyɛyi | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Namibia, Botswana | |
| Region: | along the Okavango River | |
| Total speakers: | 55,000 | |
| Language family: | Nnijer–Kongo Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu (Zone R) Yeyi | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | yey | |
A na-akpọ asụsụ ahụ Shirwanga. Obere ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị BoTswana Yeyi na-asụ otu asụsụ n'asụsụ mba, Tswana, na ọtụtụ n'etiti ndị ọzọ na-asụrụ asụsụ abụọ.
Nchịkọta
dezieYeyi yiri ọ bụ agbụrụ dị iche iche nke Bantu. A na-ahazi ya dịka onye otu asụsụ R Zone Bantu. Asụsụ Ju enweela mmetụta fonetically n'asụsụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ya na ha anaghịzi enwe mmekọrịta.
Mkpụrụedemede
dezie| N'ihu | Central | Ịlaghachi azụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N'akụkụ | i | u | |
| N'etiti | Ọ bụ | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | |
| Emeghe | a |
Ogologo ụdaume dịkwa iche.
- A na-ahụ ụdaume /ɛ ɔ/ n'ụzọ fonetiki.
- /ɔ/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka [ʊ] na ọnọdụ ikpeazụ nke okwu. A pụkwara ịnụ /i/ dị ka [ə] na prefixes.
- A na-anụ ụda /i u a/ dị ka nasalized [ĩ ũ ã] mgbe ọ na-ebute ụdaume imi. A pụkwara ịnụ ụda imi, mana ọ bụ naanị n'ọnọdụ dị n'ime.
- Ụda /i u/ nwere ike ịbụ nke etiti dị ka [ɨ ʉ] na-esote ụda fricative na sibilant.
Mkpụrụ okwu
dezieỤda ụda ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịpụta bụ /bʲ ⁿdʲ lʲ/.
- A glottal stop sound [ʔ] nwekwara ike ịpụta, mana naanị n'etiti ụdaume.
- A na-anụkarị ụdaume nkwụsị /kʲ kʰʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ/ dị ka ụdaume nkwụchi [c [c cʰ cʼ ɟ]].
- Ụda na-eru nso n'ọnụ /βʹ/ nwere ike ịdị site na ụda na-eru n'ókè na ụda fricative [βʹ ~ β].
- Enwere ike [ɽ] ụdaume alveolar rhotic /r/ dị ka tap ma ọ bụ trill, mana enwere ike ịnụ ya dị ka retroflex tap.
- [4][ɭ] pụkwara ịnụ ụdaume dị n'akụkụ /l/ dị ka retroflex dị n'otu akụkụ.
| Bilabial | Labio-<br id="mwAUM"><br>dental | Alveolar | Post-<br id="mwAUg"><br> alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | |||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | |||
| <small id="mwAWc">aspirated</small> | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | |||||
| ejective | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | ||||||
| <small id="mwAYI">voiced</small> | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | |||||
| <small id="mwAaA">aspirated</small> | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | ||||||
| <small id="mwAa0">voiced</small> | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | ||||||
| ejective | Templeeti:IPAlink | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | ||||
| <small id="mwAdY">voiced</small> | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | Templeeti:IPAlink | |||||
- A na-anụkarị ụdaume nkwụsịtụ /ᵑkʲ ᵑɡʲ/ dị ka ụdaume nkwụsi ike [ᶮc ᶮɟ].
| Pịa | Nkọwa |
|---|---|
| ᵏǂʰ | aspirated |
| ᵏǂ | na-eme ihe nkiri |
| ᶢǂ | kwuru okwu |
| ᵑǂ | imi |
| ŋᶢǂ | tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị |
| ᵏǂʼ | Mgbasa ozi ọnụ |
| ᵑǂˀ | oghere imi |
| ǂqχ | Mkpịsị ugodi |
| ǂqʼ | Uva ejective |
Usoro uvular ejective ejighị n'aka n'ihi ụkọ.
Fulop et al. (2002) nyochara clicks nke obere okwu na ndị na-asụ Yeyi 13 ndị na-esoghị n'ógbè na-ekwu okwu. Usoro ha chọtara bụ:
| Pịa | Nkọwa |
|---|---|
| ᵏǂʰ | aspirated |
| ᵏǂ | na-eme ihe nkiri |
| ᶢǂ | kwuru okwu |
| ᵑǂ | imi |
| ᵏǂʼ | Mgbasa ozi ọnụ |
| ǂqʼ | Uva ejective |
E nwere mgbakwunye na ụda ndị dị ka /ŋɡ́/ na /ŋ́/, mana Fulop et al. na-enyocha ndị a dị ka ụyọkọ ụdaume, ọ bụghị otu ụda. Na mgbakwunye, a kọrọ na ọ bụ n'ezie velar, na africation bụ ụdị ọchịchọ, ya mere etinyela ya n'okpuru kńh. E nwere ụdị nsogbu velar yiri nke ahụ na mkpịsị ezé n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị ọkà okwu. [1] doro anya na mkpọtụ ndị na-agbapụ bụ uvular.
Miller (2011), na nyocha iji tụnyere asụsụ ndị ọzọ, na-akọwa nsonaazụ ha dị ka ndị a: [2]
| Pịa | Nkọwa |
|---|---|
| ᵏǂʰ | aspirated |
| ᵏǂ | na-eme ihe nkiri |
| ᶢǂ | kwuru okwu |
| ᵑǂ | imi |
| ᵏǂʼ | Mgbasa ozi ọnụ |
| ᵑ̊ǂˀ | Ogwe imi na-agba agba |
| ǂ͡qχ | asụsụ na akpa ume |
| ǂ͡qχʼ | asụsụ na-agbasa |
| Pịa | Nkọwa |
|---|---|
| ᵏǃʰ | aspirated |
| ᵏǃ | na-eme ihe nkiri |
| ᶢǃ | kwuru okwu |
| ŋᵏǃʰ | aspirated tupu a mụọ ya |
| ŋᵏǃ | Tenuis a na-eme tupu ya |
| ŋᶢǃ | a na-ekwupụta ya |
A Yeyi Talking Dictionary bụ nke Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages mepụtara.
Edensibia
deziesite na njem a ma ama na Tswana, ebe ọ bụ naanị ụmụaka na-amụta Yeyi n'ime obodo ole na ole. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-asụ Yeyi na Caprivi Strip nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Namibia, na-ejigide
Akwụkwọ
dezie- Fulop (2002). Yeyi clicks: Acoustic description and analysis.
- Fulop (2007). The dying clicks of Yeyi.
- Seidel (2008). A Grammar of Yeyi: A Bantu Language of Southern Africa. R. Köppe.
- Sommer (1995). Sozialer Wandel und Sprachverhalten bei den Yeyi (Botswana), Ethnographie des Sprachwechsels.
Njikọ mpụga
dezieTempleeti:Languages of BotswanaTempleeti:Languages of NamibiaTempleeti:Narrow Bantu languages