Toposa (nke akpọkwara Akara, Kare, Kumi, Taposa, Topotha) bụ asụsụ Nilo-Saharan (Eastern Sudan, Nilotic) nke ndị Toposa na-asụ na South Sudan. Ụdị asụsụ ndị a na-aghọta ọnụ gụnyere Jiye nke South Sudan, Nyangatom nke Ethiopia, Karimojong, Jie na Dodos nke Uganda na Turkana nke Kenya.[1] Teso (nke a na-asụ na Kenya na Uganda) dị anya karịa.
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Ọnụ
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Alveolar
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Palatal
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Velar
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| Plosive
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Enweghị olu
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p
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t
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k
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| Nkwupụta
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b
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d
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ɡ
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| Africate
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Enweghị olu
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t͡ʃ
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| Nkwupụta
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d͡ʒ
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| Ihe na-esiri ike
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s
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| Ụgbọ imi
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m
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n
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ɲ
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ŋ
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| Flap
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r
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| Ihe atụ
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w
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l
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j
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- Mgbochiume niile (ma e wezụga, n'ezie, maka /w/ na /j/) nwere ike ịpụta n'ụdị labialized na palatalized.
+ATR
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N'ihu
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Central
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Nlaghachi
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| N'akụkụ
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i
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u
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| N'etiti
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na
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o
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| Emeghe
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-ATR
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N'ihu
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Central
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Nlaghachi
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| N'akụkụ
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ɪ
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ʊ
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| N'etiti
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Ọ bụ
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Ọ bụ n'afọ
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| Emeghe
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a
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- Toposa, dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Nilotic, nwere nkwekọrịta ụdaume na ụdaume abụọ: otu setịpụrụ na mgbọrọgwụ ire dị elu (+ATR) na -ATR setịpụrụ. A na-egosi +ATR. Ụdaume //a// na-anọpụ iche n'ihe gbasara nkwekọrịta ụdaume.[2] Ụdaume itoolu
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- itoolu niile na-apụta dị ka ndị a na-eme ka ha dị ọcha, na-adị iche nỤdaumeme ihe. Mkpụrụedemede ndị a na-enweghị olu na-apụta n'ọnọdụ tupu nkwụsịtụ. Ụfọdụ Toposa morphemes nwere naanị ụdaume dị elu na-enweghị olu; ọrụ ọrụ ahụ yiri ka ọ dị ukwuu na ụdaume dị ala karịa nke dị ala.[3]
- Toposa nwere ụda, nke bụ ụtọ asụsụ kama okwu. A na-eji ụda eme ihe iji gosi okwu na aha na oge na ngwaa.
- Schröder (1989). "The Toposa Verb in Narrative Structure". Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 20: 129–142.
- Schröder (1987a). "Voiceless Vowels in Toposa". Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 12: 17–26.
- Schröder (1987b). "Vowel Harmony in Toposa". Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 12: 27–36.
- ↑ Jiye and Jie are the same name, but refer to different varieties
- ↑ Schröder & Schröder 1987b, p. 27
- ↑ Schröder & Schröder 1987a, p. 17
