Asụsụ Ndebele nke Ebe Ugwu

asụsụ, modern language
obere ụdị nke	Nguni languages, Zunda
mba/obodo	Zimbabwe, Botswana
ụmụ amaala ka	Central District, Bulawayo Province, Midlands Province, Matabeleland North Province, Matabeleland South Province
dị na ngalaba nhazi mpaghara	Matabeleland North Province, Matabeleland South Province
usoro ederede	Latin script
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue	3 Nkwukọrịta sara mbara

Northern Ndebele (English), nke a na-akpọkwa Ndebele, IsiNdebele saseNyakatho, Zimbabwean Ndebele^[1] ma ọ bụ North Ndebele,^[2]^[3] nke jikọtara ya na okwu Matabele, bụ Asụsụ Bantu nke ndị Northern Ndebele na-asụ nke so n'òtù asụsụ Nguni.

Ndebele bụ okwu a na-eji ezo aka na nchịkọta nke ọtụtụ ọdịbendị Africa dị iche iche na Zimbabwe. Ikekwe site ^[4] ndabara ọ ghọrọ 'asụsụ' (n'ihi enweghị okwu ka mma) [nkọwa dị mkpa] nke ụmụ Mzilikazi na-asụkarị. Dị ka asụsụ, ọ dịghị ka asụsụ Ndebele a na-asụ na kwaNdebele na South Africa ọ bụ ezie na, dị ka ọtụtụ olumba Nguni, a ga-ekerịta okwu ụfọdụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ amaala ndị Matabele chịrị n'ime alaeze Mzilikazi iji mepụta ụdị isiZulu. Ndị Matebele nke Zimbabwe sitere na ndị na-eso ụzọ onye ndu Zulu Mzilikazi (otu n'ime ndị ọchịagha Zulu King Shaka), onye hapụrụ Alaeze Zulu na mmalite narị afọ nke 19, n'oge Mfecane, rutere na Zimbabwe nke oge a na 1839.

^[5] bụ ezie na e nwere ụfọdụ ọdịiche na ụtọ asụsụ, okwu na ụda olu n'etiti Zulu na Northern Ndebele, asụsụ abụọ ahụ na-ekerịta ihe karịrị 85% nke okwu ha. Nye ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ Nguni a ma ama dị ka Anthony Trevor Cope na Cyril Nyembezi, Northern Ndebele bụ olumba nke Zulu. Nye ndị ọzọ dị ka Langa Khumalo, ọ bụ asụsụ. ^[6] ^[7]^[8] dị n'etiti asụsụ na olumba maka ụdị asụsụ ndị yiri ya siri ike, na mkpebi na-adabere na ọ bụghị na njirimara asụsụ kama na echiche ndị ọzọ, na-abụkarị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

Northern Ndebele na Southern Ndebele (ma ọ bụ Transvaal Ndebele), nke a na-asụ na South Africa, bụ asụsụ dị iche iche ma nwee njikọ ụfọdụ nke nghọta, ọ bụ ezie na nke mbụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Zulu. ^[9] Ndebele, mgbe ọ na-anọgide na-enwe mgbọrọgwụ Nguni, Asụsụ Sotho enweela mmetụta.

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Mkpụrụ okwu

ike ịhazi aha n'ime klas aha, nke a na-agụ n'usoro, iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe iji ya tụnyere asụsụ ndị ọzọ nkeMkpụrụ okwu Ndebele nke Ebe Ugwu
		Bilabial	Ezé egbugbere ọnụ<br id="mwVA">	Ezé / alveolar		Post-alveolar<br id="mwWw">/Palatal	<b id="mwYA">Velar</b>	Mkpịsị aka
		Bilabial	Ezé egbugbere ọnụ<br id="mwVA">	etiti	n'akụkụ	Post-alveolar<br id="mwWw">/Palatal	<b id="mwYA">Velar</b>	Mkpịsị aka
Ụgbọ imi	ala dị larịị	__ibo__ m'ihi ya, ọ bụNkọwaỌdịdị		n'ihi ya__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị		NkọwaNkọwaỌdịdị	__ibo____ibo__ ŋ'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihi naN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị
Ụgbọ imi	ịda mbà n'obi	mɦ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdị		nɦ'ihi ya, ọ bụ__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị		N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị	__ibo__ ŋɦ bụ otú e si eji ya eme iheN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị
Plosive	ejective	pʼ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọNkọwaỌdịdị		__ibo__ tʼ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịIhe omuma aỌdịdị			kʼ'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị
	kwuru okwu	b b b bNkọwaỌdịdị		__ibo__ d'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị			ɡọ a na-akpọ "Oké Anyanwụ"__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị
	aspirated	NkọwaAkwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọỌdịdị		th'ihi yaNkọwaỌdịdị			__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Akụrụngwa__ibo____ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọ "Spanish"Ọdịdị
	tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị	mp'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị		nt'ihi yaIhe omuma aỌdịdị			Nkwupụta__ibo____ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị
	prensalized (vd.)	__ibo__ mb'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị		nd'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdị			__ibo____ibo__ ŋɡ'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị
Africate	ejective			N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị		__ibo__ ỌdịdịỌdịdị n'anya	Akụkọ banyere yaAkụkọ a na-akpọ "Spanish"Ọdịdị
	aspirated			na-agụnye__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Akwụkwọ NsọỌdịdị		__ibo__ Ọdịdị
	kwuru okwu					__ibo____ibo____ibo__ dʒ'ihi ya, ọ bụ__ibo__ Ihe omuma di iche icheỌdịdị
	pre-nasalised ejective			N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị		ɲtʃʼỌdịdị	N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-anọ n'ụlọ__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị
	a na-ekwupụta ya					ɲdʒ__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị
Ihe na-esiri ike	ala dị larịị		__ibo____ibo____ibo__ f'ihi ya__ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọỌdịdị	SINAIhe omuma aỌdịdị	__ibo____ibo__ Asụsụ ɬ n'Otu__ibo__ ỊhọrọỌdịdị	__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị		__ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdị
	olu (depr.)	βɦ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịAkwụkwọ bụ́ "Spanish"Ọdịdị	N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị	zɦ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịIhe omuma ahuỌdịdị		__ibo____ibo__ ʒɦ'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Akwụkwọ NsọỌdịdị	ɣɦ (N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ	(Ọ bụ otú e si akọwapụta)
	olu (ọ bụghị nke mbụ)	β'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịAkwụkwọ bụ́ "Spanish"Ọdịdị			Akụkụ a na-akpọ__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọỌdịdị		ɣ (Anya)
	tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị		Oghere ahụ__ibo__ Ọdịdị	ns'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdị	nɬN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị
	prensalized (vd.)		__ibo__ Ọdịdị ya	nz'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị	N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị
Ọkụ na-ada ụda	ala dị larịị	__ibo__ w'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịIhe omuma ahuỌdịdị		__ibo__ Ịnọba__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị	l'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị	__ibo__ j'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNa-ekwu maka yaỌdịdị
Ọkụ na-ada ụda	ịda mbà n'obi	wɦ'ihi ya, ọ bụIhe omuma ahuỌdịdị			Ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọ ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị	jɦ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNa-ekwu maka yaỌdịdị

Ọtụtụ ụda ụda nwere ike ịkpata ịda mbà n'obi (ma ọ bụ iku ume). Alveolar cond="mwAao">t, t, d, na n, nwere ike ịnwe dentalized allophones nke [t̪ʼ, d̪, n̪]. Mk k na h nwere ike ịpụta na allophones nke [ɣ, ɣʱ] na [ɦ].

Ihe Nlereanya

Ọnwa na Northern na Southern Ndebele

Bekee	Northern Ndebele (Zimbabwe)	Ndịda Ndebele (South Africa)	Zulu (South Africa)
Jenụwarị	uZibandlela	Tjhirhweni	uMasingane
Febụwarị	Nhlolanja	uMhlolanja	Nhlolanja
Njem	Umbimbitho	uNtaka	uNdasa
Eprel	Omabasa	uSihlabantangana	UMbasa
May	UNk kpakpando	uMrhayili	UNhlaba
June	Nkọwa	uMgwengweni	UNhlangulana
Julaị	Ntulikazi	uVelabahlinze	Ntulikazi
Ọgọstụ	Nucwabakazi	Rhoboyi	UNcwaba
Septemba	Ompandula	uKhukhulamungu	Mandula
Ọktoba	uMfumfu	uSewula	uMfumfu
Nọvemba	Lwezi	uSinyikhaba	Lwezi
Disemba	uMpalakazi	uNobayeni	uZibandlela

Asụsụ

Asụsụ Ndebele yiri nke Zulu, na ụfọdụ ọdịiche dị iche iche. Northern Ndebele bụ asụsụ Nguni ma ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ ya na Swati na Xhosa na-aghọta ibe ha, nwere ọtụtụ ụda click nke asụsụ ndịda Afrịka bụ asụsụ kachasị na Eastern Cape.

Aha

Aha Northern Ndebele nwere akụkụ abụọ dị mkpa, prefix na stem. N'iji prefixes, enwere ike ịhazi aha n'ime klas aha, nke a na-agụ n'usoro, iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe iji ya tụnyere asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Bantu.

Tebụl na-esonụ na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu nke klas aha Northern Ndebele, nke a haziri dịka otu abụọ.

Klas	Otu	Ọtụtụ
1/2	um (u) -¹	aba-, abe-
1a/2a	u-	o-
3/4	um (u) -¹	imi-
5/6	i-, ili-	Ama-
7/8	bụ (i) -	iz (i) -
9/10	N'ihi ya,	iziN-
11/10	u-, ulu-
14	ubu-, ub-, utsh-
15	uku-
17	uku-

¹ umu- na-anọchi um- n'ihu ogwe osisi monosyllabic, dịka mmadụ (Onye).

Ngwaa

A na-eji akara ngwaa ndị a na-esonụ n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na aha aha nke isiokwu na ihe ahụ:

Onye/Ụlọ Akwụkwọ	Ihe ịrịba ama	Ihe ịrịba ama
Onye nke mbụ na-abụ abụ.	ngi-	-ngi-
Onye nke abụọ na-abụ abụ.	u-	-wu-
1st plur.	Ọ bụrụ na-	-si-
Nke abụọ.	li-	-li-
1	u-	-m (u) -
2	ba-	-ba-
3	u-	-m (u) -
4	i-	-yi-
5	li-	-li-
6	a-	-wa-
7	Ọ bụrụ na-	-si-
8	zi-	-zi-
9	i-	-yi-
10	zi-	-zi-
11	lu-	-lu-
14	bu-	-bu-
15	ku-	-ku-
17	ku-	-ku-
Reflection		-zi-

^[10] bụ ezie na nkwekọrịta isiokwu-okwu bụ iwu, akara ihe abụghị, ọ na-apụta naanị mgbe enyere ihe ahụ n'okwu ahụ. Ihe akara na-ejikọta nso na mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa mgbe ọ na-apụta (na akara ndị a: A - ụdaume mmụba; 1 - akara aha klas 1, wdg; 1s - nkwekọrịta isiokwu klas 1, watau; FUT - ọdịnihu; 1o - akara ihe klas 1, weta): E nwere ihe akaebe sitere na Zulu na akara ihe bụ mgbanwe nke nnọchiaha iji bụrụ akara nkwekọrịta, ^[11] nke nwekwara ike ịbụ eziokwu maka Northern Ndebele, n'ihi ọdịdị asụsụ dị n'etiti asụsụ.

Hụkwa

Matabele
Asụsụ Zulu
Asụsụ Ndebele nke Ndịda
Ógbè ndị dị na Zimbabwe
Ebe Ugwu Matabele
Matabeleland South
Bulawayo

Edensibia

ike ịhazi aha n'ime klas aha, nke a na-agụ n'usoro, iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe iji ya tụnyere asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke ike ịhazi aha n'ime klas aha, nke a na-agụ n'usoro, iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe iji ya tụnyere asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke

↑ Mpofu (2011). Sithini isiNdebele?, 1st, Harare, Zimbabwe: Radiant Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7974-4280-1. OCLC 755905987.
↑ Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: nde. ISO 639-2 Registration Authority - Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved on 2017-07-04. “Name: North Ndebele”
↑ Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: nde. ISO 639-3 Registration Authority - SIL International. Archived from the original on 2017-11-01. Retrieved on 2017-07-04. “Name: North Ndebele”
↑ Sibanda (2002). Isikithi, 2nd, Harare Zimbabwe: College Press, 7. ISBN 1779001371.
↑ Langa Khumalo, “Language Contact and Lexical Change: A Lexicographical Terminographical Interface in Zimbabwean Ndebele,” Lexikos 14, no. 108 (2004).
↑ D.K. Rycroft “Ndebele and Zulu: Some Phonetic and Tonal Comparisons,” Zambezia, no. 2 (1980): 109–28.
↑ Nyembezi, C.L.S., 1957.
↑ Anthony Cope, “A Consolidated Classification of the Bantu Languages,” African Studies 30, nos. 3–4 1971): 213–36.
↑ Skhosana, Philemon Buti (2009). "3", The Linguistic Relationship between Southern and Northern Ndebele.
↑ The timing of agreement and A-movement in Ndebele - lingbuzz/005254. ling.auf.net. Retrieved on 2020-12-04.
↑ Zeller (June 2012). "Object marking in isiZulu" (in en). Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 30 (2): 219–235. DOI:10.2989/16073614.2012.737600. ISSN 1607-3614.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

(2002) in Bowern: Ndebele. Munich: LINCOM EUROPA. ISBN 3-89586-465-X.
Hadebe (2002). The Standardisation of the Ndebele Language Through Dictionary-making. University of Zimbabwe - University of Oslo.
Skhosana (2010). The Linguistic Relationship between Southern and Northern Ndebele. University of Pretoria: DLitt Thesis.

Njikọ mpụga

[1] Mpofu (2011). Sithini isiNdebele?, 1st, Harare, Zimbabwe: Radiant Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7974-4280-1. OCLC 755905987.

[ISO_639-2/RA-2] Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: nde. ISO 639-2 Registration Authority - Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved on 2017-07-04. “Name: North Ndebele”

[ISO_639-3/RA-3] Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: nde. ISO 639-3 Registration Authority - SIL International. Archived from the original on 2017-11-01. Retrieved on 2017-07-04. “Name: North Ndebele”

[4] Sibanda (2002). Isikithi, 2nd, Harare Zimbabwe: College Press, 7. ISBN 1779001371.

[5] Langa Khumalo, “Language Contact and Lexical Change: A Lexicographical Terminographical Interface in Zimbabwean Ndebele,” Lexikos 14, no. 108 (2004).

[D.K._Rycroft_1980-6] D.K. Rycroft “Ndebele and Zulu: Some Phonetic and Tonal Comparisons,” Zambezia, no. 2 (1980): 109–28.

[7] Nyembezi, C.L.S., 1957.

[8] Anthony Cope, “A Consolidated Classification of the Bantu Languages,” African Studies 30, nos. 3–4 1971): 213–36.

[Skhosana_2009_ch_3-9] Skhosana, Philemon Buti (2009). "3", The Linguistic Relationship between Southern and Northern Ndebele.

[:0-10] The timing of agreement and A-movement in Ndebele - lingbuzz/005254. ling.auf.net. Retrieved on 2020-12-04.

[11] Zeller (June 2012). "Object marking in isiZulu" (in en). Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 30 (2): 219–235. DOI:10.2989/16073614.2012.737600. ISSN 1607-3614.

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