Asụsụ Kwadi

asụsụ, dead language, extinct language
obere ụdị nke	Khoisan
mba/obodo	Angola
ụmụ amaala ka	Namibe Province
usoro ederede	no value
Ọkwa asụsụ UNESCO	6 extinct
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue	10 Extinct

Kwadi /ˈkwɑːdi/ bụ "asụsụ pịa" nke a na-asụ n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Angola. Ọ kwụsịrị n'oge ụfọdụ n'ihe dị ka 1960. E nwere naanị iri ise Kwadi na 1950s, nke naanị 4-5 n'ime ha bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ. A maara ndị ọkà okwu atọ na 1965, mana na 1981 ọ nweghị ndị ọkà okwu a hụrụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na Kwadi enweghị ihe akaebe, enwere data zuru ezu iji gosi na ọ bụ onye dị iche iche nke Ezinụlọ Khoe, ma ọ bụ ma eleghị anya ya na asụsụ Khoe n'ezinụlọ Khoe-Kwadi. Ọ chekwaara ihe ndị dị na proto-Khoe nke furu efu n'asụsụ ndị Khoe dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'okpuru mmetụta nke Asụsụ Kxʼa na Botswana, na ihe ndị ọzọ furu efu n"asụsụ ndị Khoee dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. ^[1]

Ndị Kwadi, ndị Bantu na-akpọ Kwepe (Cuepe), yiri ka ha bụ ndị fọdụrụ na ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ bụ naanị ndị Cimba, Kwisi, na Damara na-anọchite anya ha, bụ ndị nabatara Asụsụ Khoekhoe. ^[2] ka ndị Kwisi, ha bụ ndị ọkụ azụ, n'okpuru Osimiri Coroca.

A maara Kwadi site na ụdị okwu Koroka (Ba-koroka, Curoca, Ma-koroko, Mu-coroca) na Cuanhoca.

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Mkpụrụedemede

Kwadi nwere [ɛ] ọ dịkarịa ala ụdaume ọnụ //a e i o u//, na phonetic [ɛ] ma eleghị anya ma ọ bụ ụdị /e/ ma ọ bụ mmezu elu nke /ae/. Ọ nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdaume imi /ã ĩ ũ/. ^[1] [ẽ õ] na-apụta ugboro ugboro dị ka ụdị dị iche iche *ãĩ /ĩ ũ/, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-ekwe omume na ụdaume /ẽ/ sitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme *ãĩ.

Ụda ụda

Usoro ụda ahụ edoghị anya, n'ihi obere data na àgwà ọjọọ nke ndekọ. Ọ dịkarịa ala ụda abụọ (elu na ala) dị mkpa iji kọwaa data ahụ: ^[1]

[ʔáú] 'nkịta', [ʔáù] 'azụ̀'

[k’ó] 'anụ', [k’ò] 'nwoke, nwoke'

Mkpụrụ okwu

A na-agba akaebe na ụdaume ndị a. ^[1][ǀ, ŋǀʔ] bụghị ihe doro anya na ha niile bụ phonemic; [s, ʃ] dịka ọmụmaatụ nwere ike ịbụ allophones, ebe ọdịiche [[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]] nwere ike ịla n'iyi n'oge ndekọ ikpeazụ.

		Akpụkpọ ahụ	Ezé ezé	Alveolar		N'akụkụ	Palatal	Velar	Mkpịsị aka
Ụgbọ imi		m	__ibo__ Ọ bụ na e nwere	n			(ɲ)	ŋ
Kwụsị	enweghị olu	p, (pj)	Ọ bụ na ọ bụ na ọ dị na ya?	t	ts~tʃ	tɬ	c	k	ʔ, ʔj
	kwuru okwu	b		d	dz		(ɟ)	ɡọ
	aspirated	pʰ	kǀʼh	tʰ	tsʰ			kʰ
	Glottalized		ŋǀʔ	tʼ	tsʼ	tɬʼ	cʼ	k(x)ʼ
Mgbukpọ Velarnsogbu			kǀx
Ihe na-esiri ike	enweghị olu	(f)	(θ)	s	ʃ?			x	h
	kwuru okwu	v	ð (nke a na-akpọ)
	Glottalized							xʼ
Ihe atụ		w		l			j

Ọ bụ a na-agbazinye ego. Mkpụrụ okwu ndị dị n'ime oghere sitere na mgbazinye ego Bantu. Intervocalic /mb, nd, ŋɡ/ na-apụta na mgbazinye ego Bantu.

Ọdịdị

Aha nnọchiaha

Kwadi nwere nnọchiaha onwe onye maka onye mbụ na nke abụọ n'otu, abụọ, na ọnụọgụ. Ndị nnọchiaha nwere isiokwu, ihe, na ihe onwunwe. ^[3] Onye nke mbụ nwere ike ịnwe ihe dị iche iche. A na-ejikọta nnọchiaha ihe na -le/-de, ma e wezụga nnọchiaha abụọ nke onye mbụ, nke bụ naanị mu. Ndị nnọchiaha nwere ihe bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka ụdị isiokwu ahụ, ma e wezụga onye mbụ nwere otu nnọchiaha, nke bụ tʃi. Ndị nnọchiaha nke atọ naanị ngosipụta, nke a na-emepụta na ntọala ngosipụta ha- na-esote nsonaazụ okike / nọmba.

Edensibia

na-akpọ Kwepe (Cuepe), yiri ka ha bụ ndị fọdụrụ na ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na'ebe ndịda

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Fehn, Anne-Maria. (2020). Towards a reconstruction of Proto Khoe-Kwadi: The challenges (and benefits!) of applying the historical-comparative method to archival data. Handout of paper presented at the Zoom meeting of the KBA Network, 15 October 2020.
↑ Roger (1999). "Are the African Pygmies an Ethnographic Fiction?", in Biesbrouck: Challenging Elusiveness: Central African Hunter-Gatherers in a Multidisciplinary Perspective, 41–60. Retrieved on 2011-10-26.
↑ Güldemann (2013). "Morphology: 3.5 Kwadi", in Vossen: The Khoesan Languages, Routledge Language Family Series. New York: Routledge, 261–263.

Njikọ mpụga

Kwadi isi lexicon na Global Lexicostatistical Database

[phonology-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Fehn, Anne-Maria. (2020). Towards a reconstruction of Proto Khoe-Kwadi: The challenges (and benefits!) of applying the historical-comparative method to archival data. Handout of paper presented at the Zoom meeting of the KBA Network, 15 October 2020.

[Blench-2] Roger (1999). "Are the African Pygmies an Ethnographic Fiction?", in Biesbrouck: Challenging Elusiveness: Central African Hunter-Gatherers in a Multidisciplinary Perspective, 41–60. Retrieved on 2011-10-26.

[morphology-3] Güldemann (2013). "Morphology: 3.5 Kwadi", in Vossen: The Khoesan Languages, Routledge Language Family Series. New York: Routledge, 261–263.

[1]

[2]

[3]