Asụsụ Kuteb

Kuteb
Spoken in:	Nigeria, Cameroon
Region:	Taraba State
Total speakers:	46,000
Language family:	Nnijer–Kongo; Atlantic–Congo; Benue–Congo; Jukunoid; Kuteb
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	—
ISO 639-3:	kub
	Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Kuteb (nke a makwaara dị ka Kutep) makwaara dị ka Ati, Kutev, Mbarike, Zumper bụ asụsụ agbụrụ Naijiria. Ndị Kuteb na-ebikarị na mpaghara ndịda nke steeti Taraba na Naijiria, nwere otu puku ndị na-ekwu okwu n'ofe oke na Cameroon. Na Naijiria, a na-asụkarị ya na Takum na Ussa LGAs, na Yangtu SDA Taraba Steeti.^[1]

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Na Kuteb, e nwere fọnịm consonant 27, ụdaume iri na abụọ na ụda ise.^[2]

ụdaume

Na Kuteb, e nwere ụdaume abụọ dị iche iche, ọnụ na imi. N'ụdị ụda, setịpụ ọ bụla nwere ụdaume isii dị iche iche. Na mkpokọta, enwere fọnịm iri na abụọ dị iche iche. Ọkwa nke ɨ ịbụ fọnịm na Kuteb ejighị n'aka. Igwefoto a na-apụta naanị n'ime mkpụrụokwu mechiri emechi, ụfọdụ prefixes noun, yana n'okwu nkwugharị okwu ebe enwere nnọpụiche nke u na i.^[2]

Tebụl ụdaume na Kuteb
	Mkpịsị Akwara			Mkpịsị Akpụkpọ Akpụkpọ
	N'ihu	Central	Nlaghachi	N'ihu	Central	Nlaghachi
N'akụkụ	i /i/	Ọdịdị /ɨ/	u /u/	Ọ dị mfe /ĩ/		Otú ọ dị, /ũ/
N'etiti etiti	na /e/		o /o/	ē /ẽ/		ō /õ/
Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghere oghe	ae /æ/			Ạ̀ bụ n'ihi na /æ̃/
Emeghe		a /a/			À /ã/

Mgbochiume

Kuteb nwere fọnịm consonant 27 dị iche iche. A na-ahụ ndenye ndị a na-ede ede n'okwu mbinye ego nkịtị, ma ọ bụ, n'ihe banyere /v/ na /z/, mgbanwe subdialectical. Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Jukunoid, Kuteb akọwapụtala consonants. N'otu ọmụmụ ihe, agụnyere ndị a abụghị dị ka mgbanwe na base-phoneme, kama dị ka ụda nke ha dị iche iche.^[3]^[4]

Tebụl nke ụdaume na Kuteb
		Ọnụ	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Ọkụ
Ụgbọ imi		m /m/	n, nn^{[note 1]} /n/	ny /ɲ/	ŋ /ŋ/
Plosive	kwuru okwu	b /b/	d /d/		g /g/
	unvoiced	p /p/	t /t/	c /c/	k /k/
	pre-nasalvoiced	mb /m͡b/	nd /n͡d/	nj /n͡ʒ/	Gọsi /ŋ͡g/
Africate			ts /t͡s/
Ihe na-esiri ike	kwuru okwu	v /v/	z /z/	j /ʒ/
Ihe na-esiri ike	unvoiced	f /f/	s /s/	sh /ʃ/		h /h/
Ihe atụ				na /j/	w /w/
Flap			r /ɾ/
Ihe Na-eru nso n'akụkụ			l /l/

Ụda

Na Kuteb, enwere ụda anọ ma ọ bụ ise dị iche iche, dabere n'otú e si agụ ha. Ụda nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ nabatara bụ ụda dị ala (enweghị akara), etiti (-), elu ('), na ụda dara ada (ˆ).

Arụmụka

Dị ka Roger Blench si kwuo, e nwere ụda ise dị iche iche na Kuteb, ndị a bụ: obere (enweghị akara), mid (n), elu ('), ọdịda (ˆ), na ịrị elu (ˇ). A na-emepụta ụda nke ise, (na-ebili) naanị site na mgbanwe sandhi nke na-emetụta ụfọdụ okwu mgbe "elu elu". Dị ka W.E. Welmers, mgbanwe Sandhi a anaghị eme, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ mere, naanị ịkpọ okwu ga-agbanwe, ọ bụghị diacritic edere ya.^[5]

Phonotactics

oke syllabic

Na Kutep, dị ka n'asụsụ Jukunoid ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ ekwentị consonantal nwere ike bụrụ nke a na-edegharị ma ọ bụ palatal. Ọ bụrụ na ewere mgbanwe ndị a ka ọ bụrụ ụyọkọ ụda olu ekwe ntị, oke syllabic bụ ndị a:^[6]

N - ụdaume imi, V - ụdaume, C - ụdaume
	Kuteb (nkewa syllabically)	Kuteb	Nsụgharị Bekee
N	ḿ.m	ḿm	na ọ bụghị
V	u.fu	Ufe	ọnụ ụzọ
CV	bá	bá	bịa
CVC	mūm	mūm	gwuo
CCV	u.kwe	ukwe	onye isi
CCVC	kwáb	kwáb	gbalịa

Sandhi na-agbanwe

Akwụkwọ ozi ⟨w⟩ n'asụsụ Kuteb na-ejigide ọkwa ya dị ka okwu labio-velar dị nso, dị ka ọ dị na uwé 'face' ma ọ bụ na 'mkpọnwụ' - n'agbanyeghị, mgbe ⟨w⟩ gụnyere na ụyọkọ nwere consonant palatal (/c). , j, sh, nj/) /w/, n'ihi mgbanwe sandhi, na-aghọ ntọhapụ labiodental ekwupụtara ma ọ bụ enweghị olu.

N'ọkwa CV, a na-eji consonants ndị a:

Na Kuteb, e nwere ọtụtụ ụyọkọ consonant nwere ike ịdị, n'agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-eme n'etiti oke okwu, n'agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-eme n'otu mkpụrụokwu - edepụtara n'okpuru ebe a. Otú ọ dị, nchikota ọ bụla nke syllable-ikpeazụ consonants (lee n'okpuru) na-esote mkpọda-mkpọmkwem mbụ ọ bụla ga-ekwe omume. O yikarịrị ka mbelata ahụ ga-eme, dịka ọ dị n'okwu ushitong 'ofe-stirrer' (nke sitere na shir na utoŋ) ebe a tụbara /r/. Ọzọkwa, mgbe ikpeazụ ⟨nn⟩ ị ga-ebu ụzọ malite na ⟨n⟩, a na-ebelata okpukpu abụọ ⟨nn⟩ Enwere ike igosi mmetụta a n'okwu ndị dị ka munae (munn-náe) 'ba ụba', na na munji (munn-nji) 'echefu'.^[7]

N'ọkwa CV, a na-eji consonants ndị a:

p ts t c k b (d) (g) mb nd nj bg f s sh h v z nz m n ŋ r l

Mgbe ịnọ na C (C) VC ikpeazụ, a na-eji ihe ndị a kama:

b r g m n* ŋ*

A na-eji ihe ndị a na ụyọkọ CC:

Na Cw: pw, mbw, bw, fw, mw, sw (?), cw, njw, jw, shw, kw, ngw, na ŋw^{[note 2]}
Mụ na Cy: py, mby
Na Ck: pk, tk, fk, sk
Na Cg: mbg, ndg

ụyọkọ mgbochiume

Na 1964, Peter Ladefoged dekọtara ụda olu nke ọtụtụ asụsụ West Africa. Otu n'ime asụsụ ndị a bụ Kuteb, ndị a bụ ihe ọ chọpụtara:^[8]

Ọnụ			Ezé ezé	Alveolar	Palatal	Post-palatal	Velar
Na /w/	Na /y/	Na /ɣ/ ma ọ bụ /x/	Ezé ezé	Alveolar	Palatal	Post-palatal	Velar
pw	py	px	ts	tx	tʃ	tɕf	kw
mbw	mby	mbɣ	ndz	ndɣ	ndʒ	__ibo____ibo__ Nkwupụta	ŋgw
bw	site na	bɣ			dʒ	Nke a	(gw)
F.	ya	fx		sk		ʃf
mw	m	(mɣ)			Ee e		ŋw

ndetu

↑ In the standard Kuteb orthography, ⟨n⟩ is used initially and medially for /n/, while ⟨nn⟩ is used finally
↑ Roger Blench notes that ⟨ŋ⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ are equivalent in the standard orthography. Here, both ⟨ŋw⟩ and ⟨ngw⟩ are listed as separate phonemes, though, the difference between them is not given

edensibia

↑ Did you know Kuteb is at risk? (en). Endangered Languages. Retrieved on 2022-01-23.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 19
↑ Kiyoshi (1980). Comparative Jukunoid. Vienna, Austria: Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Afrikanistik und Ägyptlogie der Universität Wien, 66.
↑ Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 20
↑ Welmers (1948). The Phonology and Morphology of Kuteb (unpublished). Sudan United Mission, 105 & 173.
↑ Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 53–54
↑ Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 37–38
↑ Ladefoged (1964). A phonetic study of west African languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 31. ISBN 0-521-06963-7.

mpụga njiko

[:0-5] In the standard Kuteb orthography, ⟨n⟩ is used initially and medially for /n/, while ⟨nn⟩ is used finally

[9] Roger Blench notes that ⟨ŋ⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ are equivalent in the standard orthography. Here, both ⟨ŋw⟩ and ⟨ngw⟩ are listed as separate phonemes, though, the difference between them is not given

[1] Did you know Kuteb is at risk? (en). Endangered Languages. Retrieved on 2022-01-23.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 19

[3] Kiyoshi (1980). Comparative Jukunoid. Vienna, Austria: Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Afrikanistik und Ägyptlogie der Universität Wien, 66.

[4] Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 20

[6] Welmers (1948). The Phonology and Morphology of Kuteb (unpublished). Sudan United Mission, 105 & 173.

[7] Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 53–54

[:1-8] Blench, Roger. Kuteb grammar. p. 37–38

[10] Ladefoged (1964). A phonetic study of west African languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 31. ISBN 0-521-06963-7.

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