Asụsụ Jicaquean

,Jicaquean, makwaara dị ka Tolan, bụ obere ezinụlọ asụsụ nke Honduras. Enwere asụsụ Jicaquean abụọ agbanyere aka, Tol (Eastern Jicaque) na Western Jicaque (Holt 1999), nke Campbell (1997) na-akọ dị ihe dịka Bekee na Swedish. Naanị Tol dị ndụ.

Nchịkọta

Tupu akwụkwọ Greenberg na Swadesh nwere mmetụta na 1953[1] Tol (aka Eastern Jicaque) chere na ọ bụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, ya bụ, enweghị ihe ọmụma gbasara njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike ime. Ha rụrụ ụka na ekwesịrị ịgbakwunye Tol na ngwaahịa Hokan, nnukwu asụsụ, phylum ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ, nke R. B. Dixon na Alfred D. Kroeber tụpụtara na 1913.[2] Na 1977, David Oltrogge[3] tụrụ aro ijikọ Tol na asụsụ Subtiaba nke Nicaragua na-ekpochapụ, yana Chontal nke Oaxaca, nke a makwaara dị ka Tequistlateco. Nke a pụtara n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya dị ka obere nhazi, ebe ọ bụ na asụsụ atọ a na-ekwu okwu bụ akụkụ nke ngwaahịa Hokan a chọrọ. Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, Campbell na Oltrogge[4] bipụtara nrụgharị nke fọnịm Jicaquean, dabere na ozi dị na Western na Eastern Jicaque. N'otu akwụkwọ ahụ, ha gosipụtara obi abụọ siri ike na njikọ Hokan nke Tol na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi dị nro gbasara njikọ dị na Chontal nke Oaxaca, ma kwusiri ike na ọ dị mkpa ka ọtụtụ ozi ndị ọzọ nwee ike ikwu ihe ọ bụla ezi uche dị na ya. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Kaufman[5] ekwupụtala nkwado ya na-aga n'ihu na njikọ Hokan nke Tol.

Granberry & Vescelius (2004) na-eche na Asụsụ Ciguayo nke Hispaniola nwere ike ịnwe ndị ikwu ya n'asụsụ Tolan.

Asụsụ Mbụ

 

Nrụzigharị Proto-Jicaque site na Campbell na Oltrogge (1980):

Proto-Jicaque reconstructions by Campbell and Oltrogge (1980)

no. gloss Proto-Jicaque 2 all *pʰɨ(t) 3 always *han- 5 arm, back, shoulder *pʰel 7 arrow *¢imea ? 8 ashes *pʰɨpʰɨh 13 to be *kʼos 16 bed *kʰan 17 belly *-kol 18 big *pɨneh ? 24 black *te(kʰ) 27 blood *kʼas 28 blue *¢u(h) 30 body *pʼɨ(y) 32 bone *kʰele 34 bow (of bow and arrow) *halek 37 to burn *tV-pʷe 38 bush (forest) *hokʼ-la 40 buzzard *mantɨ 45 cloud *mol 46 coal(s) *¢ʰek 51 cougar *pɨkʼa(-he) 59 daughter *(ku)kus 62 deer *pʼɨs 63 to die *pɨʔ ? 65 dog *¢ʰiyo(h) 66 to drink *mɨʔ 67 (to) dry *pʰa 69 ear *pʰa¢ʼ 70 earth, land *(a)ma(h) 71 to eat *la ? 72 egg *pehey 75 excrement *pɨ(y) 78 far *kampa 79 father *(pa)pa(y) 84 fire *kʼawa 85 firewood *wɨ(t) 86 fish *kʰul 89 flea *pel 91 fly *no¢o¢ 93 forehead *wala 94 to forget *-pɨʔ 95 four *(y)ulupʰana 97 fruit *wolas 99 to give *-tekʼa 101 good *wɨ(k) 102 grain (cf. maize) *hulup 103 grandmother, female *(mɨ)mɨy 104 to grind *kʰol ? 106 hair *¢ʼil 107 hand *mas ? 108 he, that *hup 109 head *ha(y)pʰuk 110 to hear *pʰak 111 heart *has- 114 horn *¢ʰeme 115 house *wa 117 I *nap ? 119 intestines *¢ʼul 123 knee *tikʼ- 125 to laugh *wiʔ 126 leg *tek 128 lip *lɨp 129 liver *kom 131 long *kampa 132 to look for *pal- 133 louse *tɨtʼ 135 macaw *pʼɨsa(h) 137 male, grandfather *(ko)koy 138 man *yom 140 meat *pis 143 moon *mɨmɨy 144 month *mɨy-pʰini(h) 148 mouth *lala 149 much *pɨlɨk 150 my, mine *na¢aʔ 152 navel *lulu 153 nephew *kelew ? 155 no *ma- 156 nose *mik 157 to nurse *¢oʔ 158 oak *¢ʼolol 159 one *pʰani(h) 164 parrot *kʰuyu(h) 168 red *he(h) 172 round *mul- ? 175 salt *¢olim 177 sandal, shoe *¢ompit 178 scorpion *¢ʰew ? 179 to see *nu(k) 186 skinny *kʰele 187 sky *alpa 188 sleep *han- 190 smoke *mus 192 to snore *-hol- 194 to sow, plant *sin- 195 to speak *wele 196 spider *kolok 201 stone *pe(h) 202 summer *¢ʰikin 203 sun *lo¢ʼak 204 tail *sokʼ 207 there is/are not (Sp.: no hay) *kuwa 210 thorn *ham ? 212 to tie *¢upa- 215 tongue *pelam 216 tooth *wis 217 tree *yo(h) 220 two *matʼɨ 221 uncle *kokʰam ? 224 wasp *petʰel 225 water *sɨ(tʰ) 226 we *-kup 228 white *pʰe(kʰ) 229 wind *lɨpʰɨ(kʰ) 230 woman *kep 233 word *wele 235 worm, caterpillar *¢ʼihih 237 yellow *lu(pʰ) 239 you *hip

Edensibia

• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1979). "Middle American languages." Na L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment (pp. 902-1000).  Austin: Mahadum nke Texas Press.
• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1997). Asụsụ ndị India America, Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke America. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford UP.
• Campbell, Lyle, na David Oltrogge (1980). "Proto-Tol (Jicaque)." International Journal of American Linguistics, 46:205-223.
• Granberry, Julian, na Gary Vescelius (2004). Asụsụ nke Pre-Columbian Antilles. Birmingham: Mahadum nke Alabama Press.
• Greenberg, Joseph H., na Morris Swadesh (1953). "Jicaque dị ka Asụsụ Hokan" International Journal of American Linguistics 19: 216-222.
• Holt, Dennis (1999). Tol (Jicaque) Asụsụ nke Ụwa / Ihe 170. Munich: LincomEuropa.