Asụsụ Gtaʼ

Asụsụ Gtaʼ (nke a na-akpọkwa Gataʼ, Gataʔ, na Gtaʔ), nke a makwaara dị ka Gta Asa, Didei ma ọ bụ Didayi (IPA: [ɖiɖaːj(i)]IPA: [ɖiɖaːj(i)] [16], bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke Ndị Didayi nke ndịda Odisha na India na-asụ. IPA: [ɖiɖaːj(i)]

Gta' Didayi ଡିଡାୟୀ
Spoken in:	India
Total speakers:	Templeeti:Sigfig
Language family:	Tustrusyawit  Munda   South    Gta'Templeeti:Infobox Language/script
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	—
ISO 639-3:	gaq

Ọ bụ ihe a ma ama maka ụdaume Sesquisyllabic ya na usoro ọnụọgụ vigesimal.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ

ʼ bụ nke mmadụ 3,000 na-asụ karịsịa na Mpaghara Malkangiri, Odisha yana mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu na Mpaghara Koraput. Dị ka Anderson si kwuo (2008), ihe na-erughị mmadụ 4,500 na-asụ ya.

Ethnologue na-akọ ebe ndị a:

• Odisha (47 obodo nta): Kudumulgumma block na Chitrakonda block nke Koraput district na Malkangiri district, ndịda nke Bondo Hills; ụfọdụ na Khairput block
• Mpaghara East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh

Nchịkọta na olumba

Gtaʼ bụ nke South Munda subgroup nke alaka Munda nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic. N'ime South Munda, a na-ewere Gtaʼ dị ka alaka mbụ nke na-esokwa asụsụ Remo na Gutob; a maara obere ìgwè a nke South Munda dị ka Gutob-Remo-Gataq. dị iche iche na fonology na morphologically n'ime alaka ahụ.

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Gtaʼ nwere ụdaume 5 /a, e, i, o, u/, na mgbe ụfọdụ ụdaume nke isii /æ/. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye na nke a ọtụtụ ihe yiri ya: /ã, õ, ũ/ na mgbe ụfọdụ /ĩ/. Gtaʼ nwere ụdaume ndị a:

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Mkpịsị aka
Kwụsị	<small id="mwXA">enweghị olu</small>	p	[t]	Ọdịdị	c	k	ʔ
	<small id="mwbA">kwuru okwu</small>	b	[d]	Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka a ga-eji	ɟ	ɡọ
Ihe na-esiri ike			s				h
Ụgbọ imi		m	n			ŋ
Ihe atụ			l
Flap			ɾ	Ọdịdị

Asụsụ

Aha

na-eji aha na Gtaʼ eme ihe maka ikpe, nọmba na ihe onwunwe.

Aha nwekwara ụdị abụọ, otu bụ ụdị zuru oke, nke ọzọ bụ ụdị dị mkpirikpi. Ndị nke ikpeazụ a na-eme naanị mgbe a na-agwakọta aha na aha ọzọ ma ọ bụ ngwaa maka ebumnuche derivational, ya mere a na-akpọ ya "ụdị ngwakọta". Ụdị njikọta na-agụnyekarị iwepu akara ma ọ bụ ime ka aha ahụ dị mkpirikpi n'ụzọ ụfọdụ.

Ụdị nnwere onwe	Ụdị ngwakọta	Nkọwa
ncu	-cu-	mmanụ
gsi	-si-	louse
Gbe	-bụ-	bear
gnar	-gar-	Mkpụrụ osisi achara
remwa	-ịlaghachi	onye

Ọdịdị nke ụda

Gtaʔ bụkwa ihe a ma ama maka ojiji ọ na-eji okwu echo. E nwere ụdị anọ sara mbara nke ụdị ụda:

• a-ụdị, na-egosi nnukwu ụdị;
• ụdị i, na-egosi obere ma ọ bụ ụdị dị nro;
• u/a-forms, na-egosi ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche site na ụdị yiri ya;
• Ụdị gbanwere akụkụ ụfọdụ, na-egosi ụdị dị ala: ụdị a, na-egosipụta oke; na ụdị i, na-ezo aka n'ịdị nro.

Iwu phonological maka inweta otu ụdị okwu echo bụ ndị a:

1. A na-emepụta okwu mkpu site na ịgbanwe naanị ụdaume nke okwu isi.
2. Okwu echo ga-adị iche na okwu isi. A na-egosipụta ụdaume nke okwu ndị isi dị ka /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/ na okwu echo. Maka okwu isi /u, e, o/ a na-ahọrọ ụdaume /a/, ebe maka okwu isi /ɛ/ a na'ahọrọ ụdaolu /i/.
3. A na-egosipụta ụdaume nke okwu isi disyllabic na okwu echo dị ka ndị a:
   • A na-egosipụta ụdaume abụọ ahụ dị ka /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/; ma ọ bụ
   • Naanị otu n'ime ụdaume okwu bụ /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/ ebe nke ọzọ na-egosipụta n'agbanweghị; ma ọ bụ
   • Mkpụrụedemede mbụ (V1) na-agbanwe /u/ ebe nke abụọ (V2) na-agbanwere /a/.
4. N'ihe banyere okwu trisyllabic, otu, abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ n'ime ụdaume (na nkeji okwu ndị dị n'akụkụ) na-egosipụta dị ka /a/ ma ọ bụ /i/.
5. A na-enweta ụdị ụda nke okwu ndị dị mgbagwoju anya, n'agbanyeghị ọdịdị okwu ha, dị ka ndị a:
   • N'ihe banyere ngwaa ngwakọta nke nwere ngwaa abụọ, otu ma ọ bụ abụọ na-agbanwe, dabere na mmekọrịta ha na ibe ha.
   • Ụdị njikọta aha na-apụta na ngwaa na-agbanwe n'onwe ya; ndị ejikọtara na aha na-agbanwere naanị na isi.
   • N'okwu na-etinye prefix, ma prefix na stem na-agbanwe dị ka otu.

Njikọ ụdị aha ndị na-apụta na ngwaa stems nwere ike ikwughachi n'onwe ya na ngwaa stem; ndị na-eme na aha stems ma ọ bụ na-anọgide ma ọ bụ gbanwee na isi stems.

Usoro ọnụọgụ

ọnụọgụ Gta' bụ vigesimal.

1. muiŋ	21. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịmatakwu
2. mbar	22. mũikuɽi mbar
3. ɲji	23. mũikuɽi ɲji
4. õ	24. mũikuɽi hõ
5. malʷe	25. mũikuɽi malikliɡˀ
6. tur	26. mũikuɽi turukliɡˀ
7. ɡul	27. mũikuɽi gukliɡˀ
8. N'ihi ya	28. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịmatak
9. sontiŋ / N'Anya	29. mũikuɽi sontiŋkliɡˀ
10. ɡʷa / dɔa	30. Ọnọdụ a na-akpọ "Oké Mkpụrụ" (20 + 10)
11. ɡʷamiŋ / eɡa
12. ɡombar / baro
13. teroʈa International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ɡoɲji / teroa
14. ɡohõ / coudoʹa	40. mbarkuʹi (2 × 20) / calistɔra
15. ɡomal / pɔndrɔa	50. mbarkuɽi ɡʷa ɡwa / pɔcas
16. ɡotur / soloːa	60. ɲjikui (3 × 20) / saʹe
17. ɡogu / sɔtroya	70. ɲjikuɽi ɡʷa / suturi
18. ɡotma / aɾa	80. ōkuɽi (4 × 20)
19. ɡososiŋ / unis	90. ōkuɽi ɡʷa
20. Akụkọ banyere mba ndị ọzọ	100. Ịkpọ anụ (5 × 20) / ya mere

Asụsụ ndị agbata obi

Gtaʼ echo-formation na-egosi ụfọdụ ihe yiri ya na echo-formation n'asụsụ Munda ndị agbata obi dị ka Remo na Gorum yana n'Asụsụ Desia nke Oriya nke a na-asụ na mpaghara Koraput Munda. Ihe kac pụta ìhè ha na Gtaʼ bụ na okwu mkparịta ụka n'asụsụ atọ a niile sitere na okwu ndị bụ isi site na mgbanwe na ụdaume naanị.

Edensibia

Malkangiri, Odisha yana mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu na Mpaghara Koraput. Dị ka Anderson si kwuo (2008), ihe na-erughị mbụ nke na-esokwa asụsụ Remo na Gutob; a maara obere ìgwè a nke South Munda dị ka

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

• Anderson, Gregory D.S. (onye nwụrụ). Gtaʔ (Didey) Asụsụ - Munda Languages Project - Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages E debere Wayback Machine.
• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Nchịkọta ọhụrụ nke South Munda: Ihe akaebe sitere na morphology ngwaa". Indian Linguistics 62.1: 21-36.
• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Gtaʔ." Na: Gregory D.S. Anderson (ed.), The Munda Languages. London / New York. [Routledge Language Family Series]. 682–763.
• Onye Kraịst bụ́ Bauer 1993. Nnyocha nke: Robert Parkin: Ntuziaka maka ndị na-asụ Austroasiatic na asụsụ ha. (Oceanic Linguistics, Special Publication, no. 23.) ix, 198, [xv] pp. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991. Na: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, mpịakọta. 56, mbipụta 1 (February 1993), peeji nke 193-194.
• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Proto-Gutob-Remo-Gtaq Mmetụta Mmetụta Monosyllabic Vowels na Mmetụta Mbụ. Ọmụmụ Austroasiatic Nkebi nke Mbụ, 13, 213-227. Munda (n.d.) E nwetara ya na February 15, 2015
• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Arguments against the Vowel Plane" na Gtaʔ Linguistic Inquiry, 18 (3), 523-529.
• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Alụmdi na nwunye, Omume na Ọgbọ n'etiti ndị Munda nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ India". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages (2 mpịakọta). Leiden: Ọmarịcha
• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya na Munda Linguistics I". International Journal of American Linguistics, 31 (4), 332-341.
• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "A Note on Gtaʔ Echo Forms", na P. Jenner, L. Thompson, na S. Starosta, eds., Austroasiatic Studies, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.

Njikọ mpụga

• Online Gtaʔ Dictionary (Chatterji)
• Online Gtaʔ Dictionary (Mahapatra)
• Munda Site nke Toshiki Osada (nke nwere ozi gbasara Gtaʼ, Gutob, Ho, Mundari)
• Nchịkọta ụda Gta'
• Gta'