Asụsụ Esselen
Esselen bụ asụsụ nke Esselen (ma ọ bụ Huelel) Nation, nke bi na ugwu Central Coast nke California, ozugbo n'ebe ndịda Monterey (Shaul 1995). O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, ọ bụ ezie na etinyela ya dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ Hokan.
Aha
dezieAha Esselen sitere na aha obodo. Ndị Esselen kpọrọ asụsụ nke ha Huelel. Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta dere aha ahụ na Mee 18, 1832 na Soledad Mission site n'aka onye na-enye ya Eusebio (aha obodo Sutasis) (cf. villel 'asụsụ' dị ka Dionisio Alcalá Galiano dere) (Shaul 1995).
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
dezieOnye France na-eme nchọpụta Lapérouse, onye gara Monterey na 1786, kọrọ, sị: [1] Esselen nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Californian izizi kpochapụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mbụ tọghatara kwuru ya na Mission Carmel, ojiji ya dara ngwa ngwa n'oge oge Hispanic. E chekwabere obere ozi gbasara okwu na ụtọ asụsụ Esselen. Ihe dị ka okwu na nkebiokwu 350 na ahịrịokwu ole na ole zuru ezu ka echekwara na akwụkwọ [1] gụnyere katkizim dị mkpirikpi n'asụsụ abụọ (maka nchịkọta lee Mithun 1999:411-413 na Golla 2011:114). Ka ọ na-erule mmalite narị afọ nke 20, naanị data gbasara Esselen nke ndị nyocha dịka Kroeber na Harrington nwere ike ịnakọta bụ okwu ole na ole ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ógbè ahụ chetara. [citation needed]
Asụsụ
dezieAsụsụ Esselen bụ nke agbụrụ ise dị n'ógbè ahụ na-asụ. Nke [2] bụla n'ime agbụrụ ise dị n'ógbè ahụ na-asụ asụsụ dị iche. Mpaghara Esselen ọ bụla nwere agbụrụ dị n'ógbè ahụ nwere agbụrụ nna ha. Ndị otu ag[2] ahụ bụ ndị exogamous, na-alụ ndị otu agbụrụ ndị ọzọ mana n'ime agbụrụ dị n'ógbè ahụ.
A na-enyocha ebo Esselen dị na mpaghara na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụgụ ha na Milliken (1990: 59).[3]
Breschini na Haversat (1994: 82-88) na-enye ọnụ ọgụgụ obodo na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na nke ọ bụla n'ime ebo Esselen ise. A na-agbakọ atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ site n'ịba ụba nke obodo site na 30 ma ọ bụ 40 (ya bụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-eche na ndị mmadụ n'otu obodo).. [4]
| Mpaghara | Obodo nta | Ndị bi na ya (nke mmadụ 30 n'otu obodo) |
Ndị bi na ya (nke mmadụ 40 n'otu obodo) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ịdị Mma | 4 | 120 | 160 |
| Eslen/Eslenajan | 7 | 210 | 280 |
| Aspaniajan | 2 | 60 | 80 |
| Imunajan | 5 | 150 | 200 |
| Ecgeajan | 6 | 180 | 240 |
| Ngụkọta | 24 | 600 | 960 |
Ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ụdaolu na okwu
dezieNkwekọrịta ụda n'etiti asụsụ ọdịda anyanwụ na nke ọwụwa anyanwụ: [2]
| Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ | Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ |
|---|---|
| č ~ ts | ṭ |
| na | a |
| š | s |
| Nkọwa | Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ | Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ |
|---|---|---|
| nwoke | exe-noč | exe-noṭ |
| nna | aya ~ a'ay | m-a'aṭ |
| ụwa | Matta | maṭa |
| anyị | leč | leṭ |
| gị (pl.) | *Nomeč | aha |
| ha | lač | laṭ |
| ọ gwụchara | *amomuč | amo-muṭ |
| zuru oke | -mutsu ~ -musu | -muṭ |
| Nkọwa | Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ | Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ |
|---|---|---|
| gị (sg.) | N'ihi ya, | aha |
| gị (sg.) | nemi-š- | nami-s- |
| gị (pl.) | N'ihi na ọ bụghị | aha- |
| Nkọwa | Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ | Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ |
|---|---|---|
| Nwa m nwanyị | ni-š-ta | ni-s-ta |
| anyanwụ | aši | ya mere |
| Ogwu ogwu | Chuši | n'ihi ya |
| nwa agbọghọ | Shileta | soleta-sis |
| akara na-arụ ọrụ | -piši | -pisi |
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
dezie| Akpụkpọ ahụ | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Mkpịsị aka | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | Ọdịdị | k | ʔ | ||
| Africate | ts | kx | |||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | s | ʃ | x | h | |||
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | |||||
| Rhotic | r | ||||||
| Ihe atụ | w | l | j | ||||
[5]/p/ nwere allophones nke [f] na [pf]. /t/ nwere allophone nke [tʃ].
| N'ihu | Ịlaghachi azụ | |
|---|---|---|
| N'akụkụ | i | u |
| N'etiti etiti | na | o |
| Emeghe | a | |
Nchịkọta okwu
dezieAkwụkwọ Nsọ
dezie[5] (1995) weghachiri okwu Esselen, nke sitere na isi mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, dị ka ndị a. Ụdị sitere na [./Alfred_L._<i id= Kr" id="mwAbs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Alfred L. Kroeber">Alfred L. Kroeber] nwere akara (Kr).
| ịma mma | Esselen |
|---|---|
| okenye | -nVč |
| niile | komVnam |
| akụ́ | Lotus |
| bear | koltála |
| ụta | paxu-nax |
| nwa nwoke | pana |
| ákwá | siawa |
| ịgba egwú | mepV, mef- |
| ọchịchịrị | Nnukwu nnwere onwe |
| ụbọchị | asátsa |
| nwụọ | ebu |
| nkịta | Na-eto eto |
| ihe ọṅụṅụ | Ọ bụ, ọ bụ |
| ntị | tus-usp (Kr) |
| ụwa | maṭa, matsa |
| anya | -ikxpa |
| nna | hay |
| nwanyị | ta- |
| ụkwụ | kxéle |
| enyi | -mgbe ahụ |
| nwa agbọghọ | soleta |
| nye | Toxesa |
| ezi ihe/olulu | ire ere- |
| nna | meči |
| squirrel n'ala | mexe |
| ntutu isi | haka |
| isi | kxáta-sVx |
| obosara | putú-ki; yakí-s-ki |
| nwoke | exe- |
| nne | Atzịa |
| ugwu | polom |
| ọdụm ugwu | xeke-s |
| ọnụ | iši |
| ntú | uluxV |
| abalị | Tomani-s |
| imi | xoši |
| onye | mmetụta |
| pinọ | amúxe |
| ala dị larịị | Yaala-x |
| igurube | kumul (Kr) |
| ewi | Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-eme ka ọ dị mma |
| salmon | kilí- |
| akara | opopa-pas |
| Eluigwe | imi- |
| obere | ukxu-s-ki |
| kwuo okwu | al-pa |
| anyanwụ | aši |
| ezé | awur |
| mmiri | asa-nax |
| ebe | Keya- |
| onye | kinni |
| nwamba ọhịa | toloma |
| osisi | i'i |
| ee | igwu egwu |
Ọnụ ọgụgụ
dezie| ịma mma | Esselen |
|---|---|
| otu | pek |
| abụọ | kxulax |
| atọ | kxulep |
| anọ | kxamakxu-s |
| ise | pemakxa-la |
| isii | pek-walanai |
| asaa | kxula-walanai |
| asatọ | kxulef-walanai |
| iri | were ya |
Edensibia
dezie- ↑ 1.0 1.1 DCQ Fall Equinox 1999 -- The Caves Ranch. www.ventanawild.org. Retrieved on 23 April 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Shaul (2019). Esselen studies: language, culture, and prehistory. Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-86288-986-0. OCLC 1132875180.
- ↑ Millikan, Randal. 1990. Ethnography and Ethnohistory of the Big Sur District, California State Park System, During the 1770-1780 Time Period. Submitted to Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento.
- ↑ Breschini, Gary and Trudy Haversat. 1994. An Overview of the Esselen Indians of Central Monterey County, California. Salinas, CA: Coyote Press.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Shaul, David L. 1995. "The Huelel (Esselen) Language." International Journal of American Linguistics 61:191-239.
Akwụkwọ
dezie- Golla, Victor 2011. Asụsụ ndị India nke California. Mahadum nke California Press.
- Mithun, Marianne 1999. Asụsụ nke ụmụ amaala North America. Cambridge University Press.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "The Huelel (Esselen) Language". International Journal of American Linguistics 61:191-239.
Njikọ mpụga
dezie- Nchịkọta Asụsụ Esselen na Survey of California and Other Indian LanguagesNnyocha nke California na Asụsụ India Ndị Ọzọ
- Nkọwa okwu Spanish-Rumsen-Esselen, 1802
- Okwu Salinan-Esselen, peeji nke 73
- Esselen na California Language Archive
- Ihe onwunwe OLAC na banyere asụsụ Esselen
- Esselen, The World Atlas of Language Structures