Asụsụ Buru
| obere ụdị nke | Central Maluku  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Indonesia |
| ụmụ amaala ka | Q24340639, Jakarta, Maluku |
| ebe | Buru Island |
| usoro ederede | Latin script |
| Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue | 6a Vigorous |
Buru ma ọ bụ Buruese (Buru: li fuk Buru[2]) bụ asụsụ Malayo-Polynesian nke alaka Central Maluku. 'afọ 1991, ihe dị ka mmadụ 45,000 bi n'àgwàetiti Indonesia _people" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Buru people">Ndị Buru (Indonesia: ) na-asụ ya. [1] [1] na-echekwa ya na obodo Buru na Ambon na ụfọdụ Àgwàetiti Maluku ndị ọzọ, yana n'isi obodo Indonesia Jakarta na Netherlands.
| Buru | |
|---|---|
| li fuk Buru | |
| A mụrụ ya | Indonesia |
| Ógbè | Àgwàetiti Buru (Maluku) |
Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala
|
45,000 (2009)[1] |
| Latịn | |
| Koodu asụsụ | |
| ISO 639-3 | mhs
|
| Glottolog | buru1303
|
Nnyocha zuru ezu nke asụsụ Buru nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ Australia na ndị na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme Charles E. Grimes na Barbara Dix Grimes mere n'afọ ndị 1980.
Asụsụ dezie
Enwere ike ịmata asụsụ atọ nke Buru, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha bụ nke agbụrụ ya na agwaetiti Buru na-eji: Rana (nke aha ya bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Buru; ihe karịrị ndị na-asụ 14,000), Masarete (ihe karịrị ndị na'asụ 9,500) na Wae Sama (ihe karịrị 6,500). Ihe dị ka 3,000-5,000 nke ndị Rana tinyere asụsụ ha bụ isi na-eji ihe a na-akpọ "asụsụ nzuzo" Ligahan. Asụsụ Fogi dịbu n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke agwaetiti ahụ adịkwaghị. Mmekọrịta okwu n'etiti olumba bụ ihe dịka 90% n'etiti Masarete na Wae Sama, 88% n'etiti masarete na Rana na 80% n'etiti Wae Sama na Rana. Ewezuga asụsụ obodo, ọtụtụ ndị Buru, ọkachasị na mpaghara na obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụfọdụ iwu na nghọta nke asụsụ gọọmentị nke mba ahụ, Indonesian. [1] n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-ejikwa Ambonese Malay.
Aha na ihe mgbochi dezie
Ndị Buru na-eji aha ọdịnala, tinyere aha ndị Alakụba ma ọ bụ nke Ndị Kraịst, ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ Lesnussa, Latbual, Nurlatu, Lehalima, Wael na Sigmarlatu. Asụsụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ usoro okwu ndị a machibidoro iwu, nke bụ ma omume ma asụsụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ikwu na-ezo aka na ibe ha site na aha ndị ikwu, mana ọ bụghị site na aha (ya bụ, nna, mana ọ bụ Lesnussa). Otú ọ dị, n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ọdịbendị Austronesian ndị ọzọ, ndị Buru na-ezo aka na ndị ikwu nwụrụ anwụ site na aha. Ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ka okike, owuwe ihe ubi, ịchụ nta na igbu azụ, nke a ga-ahọrọ okwu ụfọdụ dabere na mpaghara agwaetiti. Ihe omuma ndi a nwere nkọwa n'akụkọ ifo ndi ozo. 'ọnọdụ niile, a naghị ahapụ okwu maka ihe ndị a machibidoro iwu, kama a na-eji ihe ndị ọzọ dochie ya. Asụsụ niile nke Buru nwere okwu ndị a gbazitere agbazitere. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na Dutch na Portuguese n'oge Dutch colonization ma na-ezo aka na ihe ndị a na-ahụtụbeghị n'àgwàetiti ahụ. Ụdị okwu ndị ọzọ gbazitere sitere n'asụsụ Malay n'ihi mbata nke ndị mmadụ si n'àgwàetiti dị nso.
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu dezie
Asụsụ Buru nwere ụdaume na ụdaume 17. E gosipụtara ha na tebụl ndị dị n'okpuru ebe a:
| Akpụkpọ ahụ | Apical | Akụkụ dị iche iche | N'azụ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Kwụsị | enweghị olu | p | t̪ | tʃ | k |
| kwuru okwu | b | d | (dʒ) | g | |
| Ihe na-esiri ike | f | s | h | ||
| Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | r | ||||
| Ihe atụ | w | l | j | ||
| N'ihu | Central | Ịlaghachi azụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N'akụkụ | i | u | |
| N'etiti | na | o | |
| Emeghe | a |
Usoro ide ihe dezie
N'adịghị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Buru na agwaetiti Ambelau dị nso (Lisela, Kayeli na Ambelau), Buru nwere usoro ederede na-arụ ọrụ dabere na mkpụrụedemede Latin. Ndị Kraịst Buru ji Bible e dere n'asụsụ ha na-efe ofufe, nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ Dutch sụgharịrị na 1904. [1]
Asụsụ dezie
Enwere ike ịhazi asụsụ Buru dị ka asụsụ isi-okwu-ihe, prepositional, na ndị na-agbanwe aha na-esote aha isi na ahịrịokwu aha, na genitive na-apụta n'ihu aha.
Ịgọnahụ dezie
Na Buru, echiche onye na-ekwu okwu ma ọ bụ nyocha nke otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ okwu na-apụta na njedebe. Ọbụna akụkọ zuru ezu nwere ike iji ahịrịokwu ma ọ bụ abụọ mechie na-egosipụta àgwà onye na-ekwu okwu banyere ihe a na-ekwu, ebe ma ọ bụ onye ha nụrụ ya, ma ọ bụ ikpe ndị yiri ya. A na-egosipụta nke a na ahịrịokwu na ọbụna ọkwa ahịrịokwu site na enyemaka, akụkụ nke usoro TAM (Tense-aspect-mood), mkpado, na ndị ọzọ dị otú ahụ. Grimes kew[3] ihe ndị a dị ka "ndị dị n'èzí na ahịrịokwu kwesịrị ekwesị". [1]:: 232 Nke a na-agụnye nyocha nke eziokwu nke ihe a na-ekwu, nke akara moo, isi okwu na-adịghị mma na Buru.
Ihe niile na-ezo aka na Grimes (1991).[3]Àtụ:InterlinearNkwupụta ikpeazụ dị otú ahụ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma n'Asụsụ Austronesian, ebe ihe na-ezighị ezi na-apụta n'ihu ngwaa ma ọ bụ predicate. Akụkụ a yiri ka ọ gafere ókèala asụsụ dị n'etiti asụsụ ndị agbata obi Papuan na Buru, yana asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Moluca. Nke [4] gosipụtara site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na "ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-egosi mmekọrịta ogologo oge na nke sara mbara n'etiti ndị Austronesians na ndị na-abụghị ndị Austronesian na Halmahera na ndị Moluccas".[4]:: 375 N'ihi ya, Klamer kwubiri na ọ bụ "ihe ezi uche dị na ya iji nyochaa ... mgbagha ikpeazụ na ... Buru ... dị ka nwere mmalite [na-abụghị nke Austronesian (ya bụ Papuan) ] nke enwere ihe akaebe akụkọ ihe mere eme na asụsụ".: 376 Àtụ:InterlinearÀtụ:InterlinearÀtụ:Interlinearsa ike ijikọta ihe deictic sa na moo (ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu) iji pụta 'ihe ọ bụla, ọ dịghị (ọ dịghị), ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla'. Sa nwere njikọ na quantifier sia ('ụfọdụ'), na, n'ihi ya, a na-akọwapụta ihe ndị metụtara sa ... moo dị ka 'sia otu'. Ebe onye sa-ekwu okwu na-etinye ihe a sa na-egosi oke nke mgbagha, ebe ihe na-adịghị mma, dị ka iwu maka Buru, na-anọgide na-abụ ahịrịokwu ikpeazụ. A na-anọchite anya Ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na onye ọ bụla na ihe ọ bụla na Buru dị ka ii sa ('otu ihe') na geba sa ('otu onye') n'otu. [3]
Deictics dị ka ihe nnọchianya dezie
Deictics nwere ike dochie anya ihe ma ọ bụ ihe mgbakwunye nke preposition, dịka ha nwere ike ime maka arụmụka NPs. Mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ a, a na-eche na njirimara nke onye na-ezo aka bụ anaphorically retrievable ma ọ bụ uncontroverially known. :173.Àtụ:Interlinear
Edensibia dezie
banyere ihe a na-ekwu, ebe ma ọ bụ onye ha nụrụ ya, ma ọ bụ ikpe ndị yiri ya. A na-egosipụta nke a na ahịrịokwu na ọbụna ọkwa ahịrịokwu site na enyemaka, akụkụ nke usoro TAM (Tense-aspect-mood), mkpado, na ndị ọzọ dị otú ahụ. Grimes kew ihe ndị a dị ka "ndị dị n'èzí na ahịrịokwu kwesịrị ekwesị". [1]:: 232 Nke a na-agụnye nyocha nke eziokwu nke ihe a na-ekwu, nke akara moo, isi
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Buru at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ↑ Grimes (2006). "Knowing Your Place: Representing relations of precedence and origin on the Buru landscape", in Fox: The Poetic Power of Place: Comparative Perspectives on Austronesian Ideas of Locality. Canberra: ANU Press. DOI:10.22459/PPP.09.2006. ISBN 9781920942861.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Àtụ:Cite thesis
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 (2002) "Typical Features of Austronesian Languages in Central/Eastern Indonesia". Oceanic Linguistics 41 (2). DOI:10.1353/ol.2002.0007.
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- Grimes, Barbara Dix (1994). "Halmahera and beyond", in Visser, L.E.: Buru inside out.