Asụsụ Arawak

 

Asụsụ Arawak

language family

obere ụdị nke	indigenous language of South America
ụdị asụsụ	polysynthetic language

Arawak (Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan n'onwe ya), nke a makwaara dị ka Maipurean (nke a na-akpọkwa Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre), bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ nke mepụtara n'etiti ndị obodo oge ochie na South America. Alaka ndị ahụ kwagara Central America na Greater Antilles na Caribbean na Atlantic, gụnyere ihe bụ Bahamas ugbu a. A maara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba South America niile dị ugbu a dị ka ebe obibi nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Arawakan, ma e wezụga Ecuador, Uruguay, na Chile. Maipurean nwere ike inwe njikọ na ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị ọzọ na Macro-Arawakan.

Aha ya

Filippo S. Gilii nyere ezinụlọ ahụ aha Maipure na 1782, site na Asụsụ Maipure nke Venezuela, nke o ji mee ihe dị ka ihe ndabere maka ntụnyere ya. A gbanwere aha ya site na Asụsụ Arawak dị mkpa karịa otu narị afọ ka e mesịrị. Okwu Arawak weghaara, ruo mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta North America gbatịkwuru ojiji ya na atụmatụ Macro-Arawakan sara mbara. N'oge ahụ, a kpọlitere aha Maipurean maka ezinụlọ ahụ. Lee Arawak <i id="mwIQ">vs</i> Maipurean maka nkọwa zuru ezu.

Mgbasawanye

Echiche nke asụsụ Arawak (ALMH) na-atụ aro na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Arawak nke oge a sitere na ọdịiche nke Asụsụ azụmahịa ma ọ bụ lingua franca nke a na-asụ n'ọtụtụ ala dị ala nke okpomọkụ South America. Ndị na-akwado echiche a gụnyere Santos-Granero (2002) na Eriksen (2014). (2014) na-atụ aro na ezinụlọ Arawakan kewara mgbe 600 OA gasịrị, mana Michael (2020) na-ewere nke a dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume, na-ekwu na ọdịiche dị n'ime Arawakan karịrị nke asụsụ Romance. 'aka nke ọzọ, Blench (2015) na-atụ aro mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke mere ihe karịrị puku afọ ole na ole, yiri mgbasa nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesian na Austroasiatic na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.

Mmekọrịta asụsụ

Dị ka otu n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị a kacha gbasaa na Amerịka niile, enwere ike ịchọta mmetụta asụsụ Arawakan n'ọtụtụ ezinụlọ asụsụ nke South America. Jolkesky (2016) na-ekwu na e nwere ihe yiri ya na Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guahibo, Harakmbet-Katukina_languages" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Harakmbet-Katukina languages">Harakmbet-Katukina, Harakambet, Katukina-Katawixi, Irantx, Jaqi, Karib, Kawapana, Kayuvava, Kechua, Kwaza, Leko, Macro-Jê, Macro, Macro -Mataguayo, Mapudungun, Mochika, Mura-Matanawi, Nambikwara, Omurano, Pano-Takana_languages" id="mwSw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pano-Takana languages">Pano-Takana, Takupi, Pu Pu Puina, Puro, Tupi, Tupi, Tupiina. Otú dị, myirịta ndị a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ihe nketa, kọntaktị, ma ọ bụ ohere.

Ebe a na-ekesa ya

Arawak bụ ezinụlọ kachasị ukwuu na Amerịka n'ihe gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ asụsụ. Asụsụ Arawak nke ndị bi n'ókèala buru ibu na-asụ, site na ndagwurugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke etiti Andes na Peru na Bolivia, gafee Ọdọ mmiri Amazon nke Brazil, n'ebe ugwu gaa na Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad na Tobago na Colombia n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke South America, na n'ebe ndịda dị ka Nicaragua, Honduras, Belize na Guatemala. A na-ahụkarị asụsụ ndị ahụ na Argentina na Paraguay.

Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Arawak kwagara n'àgwàetiti ndị dị na Caribbean ihe dị ka afọ 2,500 gara aga, na-ebi na Greater Antilles na Bahamas. kwere omume na ụfọdụ asụsụ ndị na-adịghịzi adị na North America, dị ka asụsụ Cusabo na Congaree na South Carolina, bụ ndị otu ezinụlọ a.

A na-asụ Taíno, nke a na-akpọkarị Island Arawak, n'àgwàetiti Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, na Bahamas. Okwu Taino ole na ole ka na-eji Bekee, Spanish, ma ọ bụ ụmụ na-asụ asụsụ Creole nke Haiti n'àgwàetiti ndị a. Asụsụ Taíno gosipụtara nke ọma mana nhazi ya n'ime ezinụlọ Arawakan enweghị esemokwu. Onye ikwu ya kacha nso n'etiti asụsụ Arawakan a kwadoro nke ọma yiri ka ọ bụ Asụsụ Wayuu, nke a na-asụ na Colombia na Venezuela. Ndị ọkà mmụta atụwo aro na ndị Wayuu sitere na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Taíno, mana echiche ahụ yiri ka ọ gaghị ekwe omume igosi ma ọ bụ gbaghaa.   

Garífuna (ma ọ bụ Black Carib) bụ asụsụ ọzọ Arawakan sitere na agwaetiti ndị ahụ. malitere n'ihi ịkwaga n'ike n'etiti ndị Arawak, Carib, na ndị Afrịka. na-eme atụmatụ na ọ nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ 195,800 na Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala na Belize. [1]

Taa, asụsụ Arawak ndị nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ ya so n'òtù 'Ta-' (Ta-Maipurean) ndị na-adịbeghị anya: Wayuu [Goajiro], nke nwere ihe dị ka ndị 300,000 na-asụrụ ya; na Garifuna, nke nwere ihe dịka 100,000 ndị na-ekwu ya. Otu Campa na-esote; Asháninca ma ọ bụ Campa n'onwe ya nwere ndị ọkà okwu 15-18,000; na Ashéninca 18-25,000. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ga-abụ na Terena, nke nwere 10,000 ndị ọkà okwu; na Yanesha' [Amuesha] nke nwere 6-8,000.   

Okwu

Loukotka (1968) depụtara ihe ndị na-esonụ maka asụsụ Arawak.

Asụsụ	Alaka	otu	abụọ	atọ	isi	anya	aka	ụkwụ
Amoishe	Lorenzo	pachía	epá	mapá	Mụ onwe m-Oyi	net	n-ọ bụghị
Guahibo	Guahibo	kaí	nahuaxu	akuoíebi	pe-matána	pe-wánto	pi-tahuto
Churuya	Guahibo	kai	kabale	omopesiva
Guayabero	Guahibo	Kayen			magneten	ụgbọ mmiri	fuʔuten
Marawan	Marawan	paxa	tsálie	mpána	pi-tiui	pi-taibi	pu-aku
Caripurá	Marawan	pabereː	Yaana	Akpụkpọ ụkwụ	i-tiuti	pi-taibi	pu-áko
Palicur	Marawan	Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga	pitána	mpána	teuti	i-teibi	i-wak-ti
Aruan	Aruan	ihe eji eme ihe	dekuráma	nkeduke	p-küue	pe-xinháku	pe-aynáu
Moríque	Moríque	akápastoi	shikará	shika-bená	p-doko	p-dái	pi-ó
Chamicuro	Chamicuro	padláka	maʔa póxta	kiddlko	o-káski	ax-chái	u-chíxpa
Waurá	Waurá	Paua	Mepiáua	kamaukula	Nu-Tozata	nu-titai	nu-kapi
Mehináku	Waurá	pauitsa	mepiáma	Camayukule	Nu-tau	nu-titai	nu-kapu
Kustenau	Waurá	paúdza	mepiáma	kamaukula	Ihe akaebe	nu-titai	Ni-Uriiko
Yaulapíti	Waurá	Paua	purziñama	Camayunkula	nu-kurzyu	nu-ritä	nu-irika
Sarave	Onye ikwu	N'oge na-adịghị anya	iñama	Anaama	na-enweghị nnụnụ	na-abụghị ya	aui-kachi
Onye ikwu	Onye ikwu	hatita	naamá	anamá	na-abụghị nke na-eso	Nu-Duse	nu-kau
Waimare	Onye ikwu	hakida	hiːnamaː	hanámaː	no-tseːri	nu-zoːtse	nu-kahe
Chané	Chané
Guaná	Chané	posha	piá	mopoá	mee nke a	u-ke	u-oú
Terena	Chané	paisuan	piá	mopuá	mee nke a	U-mụrụ	u-oú
Quiniquinao	Apolista	poikuá	piá	mopuá	mee nke a	u-nhé	w-oú
Lapachu	Apolista	eto	api	mopo	ya-tuni		Hua-nia
Mojo	Mojo	ikapia	apisá	ihe na-adịghị mma	nu-xuti	yu-ki	nu-bupe
Baure	Mojo				ni-póã	I-kise	nu-ake
Pauna	Mojo					i-huike
Paicone	Mojo	ponotsiko	baniki		I-pe	ni-kis	i-vuaki
Ipurina	Ipurina	hatiká	ipíka	mapáka	i-kiwi	o-kí	O-Kuti
Mgbasa ozi	Preandine nke Mbụ	mba ọzọ	apit	máhua	a-ito	a-oki	a-kó
Machiganga	Preandine nke Mbụ	paniro	api	Mahuani	na-abụghị ya	no-ki	Ihe na-eme
Chanchamayo	Preandine nke Mbụ		kipachi		Nu-China	o-eki	e-na-eme
Quirineri	Preandine nke Mbụ	aparu	ebere	mana	pi-hita	po-ke
Maneteneri	Preandine nke Mbụ
Piro	Preandine nke Mbụ	Saịpụ	epi	Map	anyị-iwé	xali	hue-mio
Chontaquiro	Preandine nke Mbụ	suriti	apiri	nokiri	Mgbasa ozi	anyị-ari	hua-mianuta
Inapari	Preandine nke Abụọ
Kushichineri	Preandine nke Abụọ	Satepia	Hepi		u-shiwe	na-enweghị ya	Nọmba
Cuniba	Preandine nke Abụọ				yi-hwö	wi-bere	wö-miu
Kanamaré	Preandine nke Abụọ	satibika	hepü	Map	nu-xüi	nu-xü	nu-muyú
Huachipairi	Preandine nke Abụọ	mkpọmkpọ ebe	gundupa			ya-kuk
Mashco	Preandine nke Abụọ	mkpọmkpọ ebe	gundupa
Uainumá	Uainumá	apágeri	macháma	matsüke	ba-ita	na-enweghị	na-abụghị nke a na-akpọ
Mariaté	Uainumá	Ọpụpụ	mechema	atapo	na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla	na-enweghị Chineke	no-ghapi
Jumana	Jumana	aphla	liágua	mabäʔagua	n-úla	un-ló	na-abụghị gabí
Oge gara aga	Jumana	apeala	Pakistan	mapeana	Ni-ola	chi-ló	nu-ghapóle
Cauishana	Cauishana	bälämo	N'ihi ya, ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ	bämä bikaka	na-oá	nó-ló	na-agbanyụ
Yukúna	Yukúna	paxlúasa	Hiamá	uesikiéle	Nu-ilá	nux-lú	na-abụghị ya
Guarú	Yukúna	pagluachima	iogwu	Uzbek			yatela-chima
Resigaro	Resigaro	apaːhapené	eytzaːmo	eitzaːmoapo	whe-bühe	wa-tnih	waː-kí
Marawa	Marawa	ukvashumu	piá	ghebeñ	Ni-siuy	na-kosi	no-kabesui
Araicú	Araicú	etetu	puyabana	mayba	ghi	no-ki	ni-kabu
Manáo	Manáo	panimu	piarukuma	Piyaukipaulo	nu-küuna	nu-kurika	nu-kaité
Cariay	Manáo	nyoi	püthairama	tükahui	nu-küuy	nu-kuniki	nu-ghai
Uirina	Uirina				shishi-kaba	na-kuke	li-kaue
Yabaána	Uirina				fuu-dagu	ná-ui	Nu-Khapi
Anauya	Uirina	Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ọzọ	mahoren	marahunaka	na-agba ọsọ	ụgbọ mmiri	Nọn-kapi
Chiriána	Chiriána				nu-kiwida	Nu-ái	Nu-nái
Ipéca	Ipéca	apada	yamada	madarida	Nú-wida	Nu-tí	nu-kápi
Payualiene	Ipéca	apádacha	yamáda	Madalida	nu-wida	nu-nke a	N'elu obodo
Curipaco	Ipéca	elu	yamáde	Madálda	lyi-wida	nó-ti	h'no-kápi
Akara	Ipéca	pádda	yamádda	madaridda	mmiri	nó-ti	na-kápi
Kapitémínaneí	Ipéca	aphepai	yamhépa	mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe	ni-wirechipa	nú-ti	nu-kápi
Tariana	Tariana	páda	yamáite	Mandatalite	pax-huída	Pa-tída	kopi-vana
Cauyari	Tariana				na-enweghị	na-abụghị gị	nu-kapi
Baré	Baré nke Mbụ	bakunákali	pekúname	klikúname	hua-dósie	Hua-oíti	hua-kabi
Uarequena	Baré nke Mbụ	apáhesa	Dauntasa	Nabatalia	nó-iua	nó-bui	na-abụghị kapy
Adzáneni	Baré nke Mbụ	apékutsa	dzámana	Mandalípa	nu-wída	nu-thi	nu-kapi
Carútana	Baré nke Mbụ	aʔapetsa	na-ekwu na m	Madai	nú-ita	nu-thi	na-enweghị-kopü
Katapolitan	Baré nke Mbụ	apadátsa	dzamáta	Madai	ní-wida	au-thí	nu-kápi
Siusí	Baré nke Abụọ	Obi ụtọ	dzamá	Mandalíapa	Ni-uita	nú-ti	nu-kapi
Moriwene	Baré nke Abụọ	apada	zamáda	Madalida	n-iwida	nu-nke a	nu-kapi
Mapanai	Baré nke Abụọ	páda	dzamáda	Madalida	ni-wida	Nu-tí	nu-kápi
Hohodene	Baré nke Abụọ	apada	dzamhépa	Mandalhipa	hi-wida	nu-thi	nu-kápi
Máulieni	Baré nke Abụọ	apahede	dzamáde	Madalide	Nhe-Wida	nu-thi	nu-kápi
Achagua	Caquetio	abai	chamay	Matavi	N'oge na-adịghị anya	Nu-toi	nu-kuhe
Piapoco	Caquetio	Abéri	Putsíba	maísiba	Ubi na Ubi	nu-tui	nu-kapi
Amarizana	Caquetio				Nu-ita	na-enweghị gị	nu-kagi
Ọdịdị dị ọcha	Ọdịdị dị ọcha	papaịrọs	Anyanwụ	apekiva	nu-kibukú	nu-puriki	nu-kapi
Mgbasa ozi	Mgbasa ozi	peyaːlo	enaːba	yabebuli	no-bohu	na-bolihi	naː-bipo
Yavitero	Mgbasa ozi	Ọdịdị nke Asaua	Ugboroja		nu-síhu	na-hólitsi	na-enweghị-kabuhi
Guinau	Guinau	Abamédzya	abiamáka		na-achọghị	na-uízyi	n-kábi
Wapishána	Central	bayadap	Na-ehi ụra	Akụkọ ifo	Ọla-ma	ung-wawin	kai
Atorai	Central	petaghpa	pauitegh	ihikeitaub	urui	na-win	un-kei
Mapidian	Mapidian	Chioñi	asagu	Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ike	un-ku	otu-osisi	un-chigya
Mawakwa	Mapidian	apaura	woaraka	tamarsa	un-kaua	ng-oso	ng-nkowa
Goajira	Goajira	na-ebelata	piama	apụl	te-kii	gaa na-'u	ta-japü	to-o'ui
Paraujano	Goajira	mánei	pimi	apáni	tó-ki	tá-i	mkpịsị aka
Taino	Àgwàetiti				zimu	aku		u-gúti
T. Cusa	Àgwàetiti
Caliponam-Eyeri	Àgwàetiti	aban	biama		ishöké	áku	nu-kabo	nu-guti
Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Arawak	Guiana	aba	biama		da-shi	da-kusi	ue-babuhu	da-kosai
Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Arawak	Guiana				da-shi	da-kushi	da-kapo	da-kuti

Asụsụ	Alaka	mmiri	ọkụ	anyanwụ	ọka	ụlọ	tapir	nnụnụ
Amoishe	Lorenzo	óñ	tsó	yumpór	gabigara ókè	bakü	atók
Guahibo	Guahibo	Mera	isotọ	ikatia	hetsóto	bó	Metsaha
Churuya	Guahibo	Oge m	ixito	Mshaxaint	xesá
Guayabero	Guahibo	Oge m	giptan		hes	baːh	tebụl
Marawan	Marawan	jikọtara ọnụ	tiketi	kamui		paiti	Oldogri
Caripurá	Marawan	otuː	Ticketí	kamuí	Maqi	Paịdi	arudeika
Palicur	Marawan	Otu	tiketi	Kamoí	Mahiqui	paitipin	aludpikli
Aruan	Aruan	unü	diha	hamo		Udi	Müle
Moríque	Moríque	na	Ashkomi	ñóki	Nashi	anár	omume
Chamicuro	Chamicuro	uníxsa	Kaxchi	mosóxko	náchi	axkóchi	maxtódli
Waurá	Waurá	otu	yaị	Kama	máiki	Apụl	M na-akọwa
Mehináku	Waurá	óne	tsé	Kama	máiki	nna	M na-akọwa
Kustenau	Waurá	otu	tséi	Xahmi	Maqi	Apụl	M na-akọwa
Yaulapíti	Waurá	u	zyro	Kame	máiki	pa	njem
Sarave	Onye ikwu	otu	rikiai	Kaʔane	N'ihi ya		kuti
Onye ikwu	Onye ikwu	Ony	irikati	Kamai	Kozoto	hati	Kotui
Waimare	Onye ikwu	Ịdị n'otu	Irigate	kamái	Ọ bụ ihe mere o ji malite	haːtí	koːtuí
Chané	Chané	Otu	Nkọwa		sopóro
Guaná	Chané	otu	yukú	kache	tsoporo	obere	kamó
Terena	Chané	otu	yukú	kache	ụra	ovongu	gamó
Quiniquinao	Apolista	Ịdị n'otu	yukú	kadzyé	osoporo	peti
Lapachu	Apolista	chani	yuó	na-adị n'oge a	Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ	pinna	Yama
Mojo	Mojo	jikọtara ọnụ	Nkọwa	Sachi	Suru	nupena	samo
Baure	Mojo	na-abụghị	yaki	ịgba chaa chaa		sommo	choro
Pauna	Mojo	Ené	yukĩ	mara		sese
Paicone	Mojo	ina	shaki	isésé	tiolo
Ipurina	Ipurina	na-aga n'ihu	chaminá	Ọkọchị	Kemikik	Aikó	kíamá
Mgbasa ozi	Preandine nke Mbụ	nwa bebi	Chichi	Tawanti	sinki	pangotsi	kemáli
Machiganga	Preandine nke Mbụ	nía	Chichi	buriente	sinki	imbako	kemari
Chanchamayo	Preandine nke Mbụ	niya	paneni	Pahuasi	Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ	Pọnji
Quirineri	Preandine nke Mbụ	nixa	pishironta	shantoshi	shinki	Pangọcha
Maneteneri	Preandine nke Mbụ	húni	ashi	kashi	bụ		xama
Piro	Preandine nke Mbụ	otu	Chichi	Kati	sixi	panchi	siema
Chontaquiro	Preandine nke Mbụ	Ịdị n'otu	Chichi	Kati	sizyi	panchi	siemo
Inapari	Preandine nke Abụọ	jikọtara ọnụ	titi	takuati			chema
Kushichineri	Preandine nke Abụọ	otu	titi	takachi	shihi	panti	Ọ bụrụ na ị ga-abụ abụ
Cuniba	Preandine nke Abụọ	Ịdị n'otu	titi	Tʔkati	Chihi	panti	hyema
Kanamaré	Preandine nke Abụọ	wenü		ghasirü	shishie	egwu	nuyeshuata
Huachipairi	Preandine nke Abụọ			were	sinka
Mashco	Preandine nke Abụọ			ne	A na-egbu egbu	kichäpo	siema
Uainumá	Uainumá	auni	icheba	ghamui	pexkia	N'oge ọzọ	äma
Mariaté	Uainumá	jikọtara ọnụ	ichepa	gamui	pékye	panisi	zema
Jumana	Jumana	Uhu	nụrụ	Simanlú	irari	pana	zema
Oge gara aga	Jumana	oy	heghüe	aguma	niari	Akpụkpọ ụkwụ	Ọmụmụ ihe
Cauishana	Cauishana	auví	ikiö	Ọdịdị	Mazi	banö	Ọ bụrụ na ị ga-abụ abụ
Yukúna	Yukúna	Uni	tsiá	kamú	kaeru	oge ochie	emam
Guarú	Yukúna			kaʔamu
Resigaro	Resigaro	hoːní	ketse	hahi	N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ ya		adnoːhoki
Marawa	Marawa	jikọtara ọnụ	irisi	kumétu	Uati	kakoaka	ụdị
Araicú	Araicú	jikọtara ọnụ	Ighé	ghuma	mechi	Ọdịdị
Manáo	Manáo	Nkwupụta	ghügati	gamuy	auati	nuanu	mmụọ
Cariay	Manáo	ton	apai	ghamui	yuanati	Nuána	mmụọ
Uirina	Uirina	otu	yishe	Kamoué	auati	bakué	kamá
Yabaána	Uirina	Uni	ikági
Anauya	Uirina	jikọtara ọnụ	ríkari	ahiri
Chiriána	Chiriána	Uni	Pái	n'oge gara aga	Mkpụrụ osisi makanáu	Ụjọ	Kem
Ipéca	Ipéca	Uni	Onye na-eme ihe nkiri	körzyi	kána	pancthy	__ibo____ibo__ Ọhịa
Payualiene	Ipéca	Uni	tüye	hözi	kána	panti	héma
Curipaco	Ipéca	Ony	notapíkata	Herri			héma
Akara	Ipéca	Ony	eriri	Hersi
Kapitémínaneí	Ipéca	úuni	nwanne nne	höri	kána	panti	héma
Tariana	Tariana	Uni	Chiána	kerị	kána	panishi	héma
Cauyari	Tariana	jikọtara ọnụ	hirari	eri		panetí	na-eme
Baré	Baré nke Mbụ	Ony	gaméni	ghamú	makanashi	egwu	Isiokwu
Uarequena	Baré nke Mbụ	Ony	Ixsíde	kamói	Manganasi	泛zi	ama
Adzáneni	Baré nke Mbụ	Uni	dzídze	gámui	kána	pante	héma
Carútana	Baré nke Mbụ	Uni	Tdzye	kámui	Manganachi	panishi	héma
Katapolitan	Baré nke Mbụ	Uni	Tise	gamui	kána	panti	héma
Siusí	Baré nke Abụọ	Uni	Tise	gámui	kána	panti	héma
Moriwene	Baré nke Abụọ	jikọtara ọnụ	Mmiri ozuzo	kamui	kána	panti	héma
Mapanai	Baré nke Abụọ	Uni	Tiidzé	kamói	kána	panti	__ibo____ibo__ Ọhịa
Hohodene	Baré nke Abụọ	Uni	mmiri ozuzo	kámui	kána	panti	héma
Máulieni	Baré nke Abụọ	Uni	Tise	Kaịm	kána	panítsi	héma
Achagua	Caquetio	jikọtara ọnụ	Chichái	erri	kana	banisi	Ema
Piapoco	Caquetio	Uni	Kishéi	erii	Kanay	kapí	ama
Amarizana	Caquetio	Sietaị	eriepi	keybin		kaxü
Ọdịdị dị ọcha	Ọdịdị dị ọcha	ueni	n'ime	kamosi	dzyomuki	paniti
Mgbasa ozi	Mgbasa ozi	wéni	aːshi	amoːshi	Manganatsi	paníshi	eːma
Yavitero	Mgbasa ozi	wéni	káthi	kámothi	kána	fanisi	Ema
Guinau	Guinau	Otu	cheke	gamũhũ	yúnu	basi	zema
Wapishána	Central	wéne	tiker	Kamọ	Ihe mgbu	kaburn	kudui
Atorai	Central	mmeri	tikir	kamu
Mapidian	Mapidian	mmeri	njem nleta		mariki		kudui
Mawakwa	Mapidian	wune	chikasi	kamu
Goajira	Goajira	wüin	Sibi	ka'i	maiki	m/piichi	kama	wuchii
Paraujano	Goajira	mmanya	Chigigá	kakai	N'ihi ya, ọnyà	xála
Taino	Àgwàetiti	ama ama ama	kuyo	Boinial	ọka	Bohio		bogiael
T. Cusa	Àgwàetiti			kochi	maysi	Bohio		ipis
Caliponam-Eyeri	Àgwàetiti	otu	ileme	káshi		tuhonoko		narguti
Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Arawak	Guiana	vuniabu	iki	hadali	Marisi	bahü		kudibiu
Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Arawak	Guiana	Wuini	hikiki	hadali		baʔache

Asụsụ Mbụ

 

Nrụzigharị Proto-Arawak site na Aikhenvald (2002):

Proto-Arawak reconstructions by Aikhenvald (2002)

gloss Proto-Arawak 'manioc, sweet potato' *kali 'moon' *kahɨ(tɨ) 'water (n)' *hu(ː)ni 'sun, heat' *kamui 'sun' *ketʃi 'hammock' *maka 'long thing objects classifier' *-pi 'snake' *api 'road; limited space; hollow objects classifier' *-(a)pu 'path' *(a)pu 'leaflike objects classifier' *-pana 'leaf' *pana 'thin, powder-like classifier' *-phe 'dust' *phe 'arm' *dana 'hand, shoulder, arm' *wahku 'blood' *itha-hna 'bone' *apɨ 'breast, milk' *tenɨ 'snout, nose' *t(h)aku 'snout, nose' *kɨri 'fingernail, claw' *huba 'excrement' *(i)tika 'ear' *da-keni 'eye' *ukɨ/e 'flesh, meat' *eki 'flesh, meat' *ina 'flesh, meat' *ipe 'foot' *kipa 'hair' *isi 'hand' *k(h)apɨ 'head' *kiwɨ 'horn' *tsiwi 'leg' *kawa 'tongue' *nene 'lip, tongue' *tʃɨra 'mouth' *numa 'skin' *mata 'tail' *(i)di(-pi) 'ash' *pali-ši 'earth' *kɨpa 'lake' *kaɨlesa 'night' *tʃapu 'salt' *(i)dɨwɨ 'smoke' *kɨtʃa(li) 'stone' *k(h)iba 'agouti' *p(h)ɨkɨ-li 'animal' *pɨra 'ant' *manaci 'armadillo' *yeti 'bee, honey' *maba 'bird' *kudɨ-pɨra 'crocodile' *kasi/u 'coati' *k(h)ape-di 'chigoe flea' *iditu 'fish' *kopaki 'fish' *hima 'flea, cockroach' *k(h)aya(pa?) 'hummingbird' *pimi 'dog, jaguar' *tsinu/i 'dog' *auli 'lizard' *dupu 'louse' *(i)ni 'monkey' *pude 'mosquito' *hainiyu 'peccary' *a(h)bɨya 'mouse, rat' *kɨhi(ri) 'tapir' *kema 'termite' *kamatha/ra 'toad' *ki(h)pa(ru) 'tortoise' *si(n)pu 'tortoise' *hiku(li) 'turkey, guan' *mara-di 'wasp' *hani/e 'achiote' *(a)binki-thi 'manioc, cassava' *kani 'medicine, medicinal grass' *pini/a 'firewood' *dika 'firewood' *tsɨma 'flower' *dewi 'grass' *katʃau 'leaf' *pana 'pepper' *atʃɨ (di/ɨ) 'root' *pale 'seed' *(a)ki 'tobacco' *yɨma 'tree' *a(n)da 'people, body' *mina 'man, person' *(a)šeni/a 'man, person' *(a)dia(-li) 'brother' *p(h)e 'people, man' *kaki(n) 'wife, female relative' *ɨnu 'woman' *tʃɨ na(-ru) 'uncle, father-in-law' *kuhko 'fan' *hewi 'house' *pe, *pana/i 'dream' *tapu 'path' *(ah)tɨnɨ 'above, sky' *(y)enu(hʔ) 'bad' *ma(h)tʃi 'bitter' *kep(h)idi 'black, dirty' *k(h)u(e)re 'cold' *kipa/e 'green, blue, unripe' *šɨpule 'new' *wada(li) 'painful' *katʃi(wi) 'red' *kɨra 'sweet' *putsi 'to arrive' *kau 'to sweep' *pɨ(da) 'to give' *po 'to give' *da 'to cry' *(i)ya 'to be sick, die' *kama 'to drink' *itha 'to fly' *ara 'to hear, understand' *kema 'to wash' *kiba 'to eat' *nika 'to stand' *dɨma 'to dig' *kika '1st person; someone, another' *pa- '2nd person' *(a)pi '2nd person' *yama

Maka ndepụta nke nrụzigharị Proto-Arawakan site na Jolkesky (2016) na Ramirez (2019), lee Isiokwu Portuguese kwekọrọ.

Hụkwa

• Ndị Arawak
• Okwu Bekee sitere na Arawak
• Nchịkọta nke ụmụ amaala Amerịka

Edensibia

• Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). The Arawak language family. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.), The Amazonian languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Templeeti:ISBNISBN 0-521-57021-2; Templeeti:ISBN.
• de Goeje, C. H., (1928). The Arawak language of Guiana, Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Afdeling Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks.
• Deniker, Joseph. (1900). The races of man: an outline of anthropology and ethnography.
• Garifuna. (2015). In M. P. Lewis, G. F. Simmons, & C. D. Fennig (Eds.), Ethnologue: Languages of the world (18th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. Templeeti:ISBNISBN 0-292-70414-3.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R.E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
• Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Arawakan". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
• Rudes, Blair A. "Pre-Columbian Links to the Caribbean: Evidence Connecting Cusabo to Taino", paper presented at Language Variety in the South III conference, Tuscaloosa, AL, 16 April 2004.
• Walker (2011). "Bayesian phylogeography of the Arawak expansion in lowland South America". Proceedings. Biological Sciences 278 (1718): 2562–2567. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2010.2579. PMID 21247954. 

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

 Echiche nke asụsụ Arawak (ALMH) na-atụ aro na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Arawak nke oge a sitere na ọdịiche nke Asụsụ azụmahịa ma ọ bụ lingua franca nke a na-asụ n'ọtụtụ ala dị ala nke okpomọkụ South America. Ndị na-akwado echiche a gụnyere Santos-Granero (2002) na Eriksen (2014). (2014) na-atụ aro na ezinụlọ Arawakan kewara mgbe 600 OA gasịrị, mana Michael (2020) na-ewere nke a dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume, na-ekwu na ọdịiche dị n'ime Arawakan karịrị nke asụsụ Romance

Njikọ mpụga

• Asụsụ Arawak - Asụsụ - Oxford Bibliographies
• Ebe nchekwa data nke South American Phonological Inventory