Allison Montana
[1]Chief Allison "Tootie" Montana (December 16, 1922 - June 27, 2005), onye na-azụ, bụ akara ngosi New Orleans nke ori ọrụ dị ka Mardi Gras Indian "Chief of Chiefs" ihe afu afọ 50. [1 ] [2] A na- ike Tootie na omenala Mardi Gras India dị ka onye isi. Tootie bụ nnukwu onye isi nke Yellow Pocahontas Tribe wee mee omenala ndị Mardi Gras India akwụkwọ ihu akwụkwọ kama ogụ.
Mmalite na ọdịnala nke ndị Mardi Gras India
dezieEnwere ike ịkpọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Mardi Gras India n'oge ịgba ohu na New Orleans . Mgbe ndị ohu ga-esi n'obodo ahụ gbapụ, ọtụtụ ndị ga- ndụ ebe obibi na ndị obodo America . Omenala ndị Mardi Gras India sitere na ihe ngosi mgbe a na-elekọta ụmụ amaala. Nkà nke masking na suut India na Carnival bụ ụzọ isi kwanyere ndị na-elekọta ndị ohu gbapụrụ agbapụ ihe [2]
Na mbụ, ndị Mardi Gras India bụ ndị na-eme ihe ike nke ndị mmadụ na-alụ maka ala na ngalaba gbara parish ahụ. Agbụrụ sitere na mpaghara dị iche iche nke obodo ga-alụ ogụ a na-akpọ humbugs n'ụdị New Orleans nke a na-akpọ ebe agha. [1] Carnival bụ ụbọchị e gburu India ọ lụa obọ. Onye India iwe iwe ga-agbagharị na uwe ma mgbochi n'ime mkpuru ndị Carnival. Ndị India na-eji ejiji ga-agakwuru onye ha na-achọ ịbọ ọbọ wee wakpo ha n'etiti Carnival. Onye nkọwa ahụ ga-agbapụ ka ọ uwe na ụlọ dị n'ahụ. Njụajụjụ ọnụ, Tootie kwuru na ụbọchị niile n'oge Carnival, ikiri ike ịhụ uwe ndị a tụfuru n' mmetụta dị na New Orleans.
Tootie were iwe maka ime ihe ike ndị Mardi Gras India, bụ nke na-akparị omenala ndị nna nna ha nwụrụ maka ya. Ọtụtụ abalị mgbe Carnival gachara, Tootie na-alọta n'uwe a na-eti ihe, kpuchie na ọbara na ọnya site na ihe omume abalị. [3] Tootie kwuru okwu megide ime ihe ike ndị otu ndị India wee tụgharịa na egwu na ịgba egwu dịka ụzọ isi gosipụta ihe ngosi asọmpi. N'okwu nke nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke Tootie, Joyce Montana, Tootie bụ onye mbụ kwuru, "kwụsịnụ egbe gị ọgụ, werekwa uwe na uche gị malite ịlụ ọgụ." [4]
Ndụ mbido
dezieTootie bụ nnukwu nwa nwanne Becate Batiste, [5] creole mbụ mechiri ndị India. Becate mechara guzobe agbụrụ Mardi Gras India nke ya a na-akpọ Creole Wild West ebe ọ bụ akụkụ India na akụkụ creole. Nna Tootie Alfred Montana kpuchiri ndị Mardi Gras India, bụ nke nyere Tootie ohere ịhụ omenala. Nne na nna ya gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe Tootie dị afọ asatọ, mana njikọ nke masking mere ka Alfred na Tootie nọrọ nso. Alfred nyeere Tootie aka kpuchie afọ ole na ole mbụ ọ na-aga dị ka Mardi Gras India. [6]
Alfred nyeere Tootie aka wuo okpueze ya n'afọ abụọ mbụ Tootie kpuchiri. Nna ya nyere okpueze n'abalị ahụ tupu Carnival. Ọbịarute mbubreyo kpaliri Tootie iwuo okpueze nke ya, ka ọ ghara inwe uwe na-enweghị otu. Tupu WWII Tootie amara aha ya dị ka Big Chief of Yellow Creole Pocahontas ebo. Na 1947, ọ ghọrọ Big Chief of The Monogram Hunters, ebo ya na ndị enyi obodo hiwere. N'oge ọrụ ya dị ka Big Chief, Tootie gbanwere ọdịdị nke masking.
Onye isi ala
dezie
Mgbe ọ na-arịgoro ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ndị Mardi Gras India a ma ama, Tootie gbanwere onyonyo nke uwe ndị India site na nke nwere agba na-adịghị mma, ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngosi nke beads, feathers na sequins mara mma. Tootie ga-eji agba na-egbuke egbuke na nku nnụnụ na-egosipụta nganga ya ịbụ Mardi Gras India. Ọ bịara mara ya maka ọrụ bead geometric ya. Ọtụtụ ndị India tụrụ anya Tootie ikpughe atụmatụ agba ya na patches kacha ọhụrụ.
Tootie mechara ụdị ime ihe ike nke ndị Mardi Gras India site na iji ikike mma, na ọdịdị na nlegharị anya ya. O na-abụ na onye India na-arụ ọrụ ọtụtụ ụnwa na uwe sara mbara, ha ga-ezere ihe nkiri ime ihe ike iji jide uwe ahụ. N'ọgwụ 1950s, Tootie nwe ike aha ya nke Big Chief maka ebo Yellow Creole Pocahontas [7]
Mmalite nke Carnival onye isi na-eme njem n'azụ ebo ya, ebe na-eso ụzọ eji eji ejiji na-eso ndị India, nke a mara dị ka ahịrị nke abụọ . N'ihu ebo ahụ bụ "Spyboy" nke bụ ngozi ma ọ bụ abụọ n'ihu. Ọ ga-abụ na "Flagboy" ma ọ bụrụ na ụzọ dị n'ihu doro anya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. "Flagboy" ga-eme ka onye isi mara. [1] Onye isi ala ga- neynkwa ụzọ ọ ga-esi aga. N'ihi na-akpata isi nke ndị India, ọnweghị ụdị ụzọ ha si aga na New Orleans. Nke a na-eme ka ọ sie ike kpọmkwem ebe ha nọ kwa afọ. Mgbe ebo abụọ zukọrọ n’otu ụzọ, ha ga-alụ. Agha aagụnyekwaghị mwụfu ngwaọrụ na ngwá agha, kama ịbụ abụ na ịgba egwu, yana ajụjụ na- nke onye isi nwere uwe "kacha mma". [2] Egwu a dị n'asụsụ ala nna, ma nwee ike ịme asụsụ, nwe izi ozi ma ọ bụ kparị ebo na-ama ya. ụgbọ dị n'etiti ebo dị ọrụ ọrụ Tootie mere n'ịgbanwe omenala ndị Mardi Gras India.
N'afọ 1982, a na-ekwu na Tootie kwuru na "Ugbu a, ndị mmadụ na-agba ọsọ na Mardi Gras India; laa azụ n'ụbọchị, ndị mmadụ ga-agbapụ n'ebe ha nọ". Montana bụ onye nna nke 1987 National Heritage Fellowship nyere site na National Endowment for Arts, nke bụ nanị elu nke United States na nkà ndị mmadụ na omenala. [1] [2] [3] Tootie gara n'ihu na-ekpuchi mkpuchi dị ka Chief ruo 1998, mgbe nwa ya nwoke Darryl weghaara onye isi nke Yellow Pocahontas Tribe. [4] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 78, Tootie bụ onye kasị ochie na-ekpuchi Mardi Gras India. N'afọ 1995, o kwuru, sị, "Abụ m onye ochie, abụ m onye kasị mma, na m kacha mma." [5] Enwere otu awụ n'oge ọrụ mgbasa na 1947 wee gbochie na 2005 na ọ naghị ekpuchi, nke ahụ bụkwa maka Mardi Gras nke 1986.
Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ na ọnwụ
dezieMgbe o nyefere nwa ya nwoke Yellow Pocahontas Tribe, Tootie gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na suut ma na-ekpuchi ya n'oge Carnival ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ 82, na-agbakọta afọ 52 nke masking. Ọ naghị enwe ike ịga ije ngwa ngwa ma nwee ụgbọ ala dọkpụrụ ya na ebo ya. Ọ gara n'ihu na-eme uwe mara mma na agba na-egbuke egbuke nke ga-adọta ìgwè mmadụ na Super Sunday. Na Maachị 19, 2005 ndị Mardi Gras India chere obi ọjọọ ihu ndị uwe ojii n'abalị ụbọchị Saint Joseph, abalị mgbe Mardi Gras India mere ngagharị. Ndị uwe ojii kpuchiri ụzọ ndị India na-eji wee malite ịgbasasị ọha mmadụ ma gbaa ọkụ n’ìgwè.
Tootie na-emekọ ihe ọnụ kemgbe ọ malitere itinye aka na 1940s. Na June 27, 2005 Tootie na-ekwu okwu na New Orleans City Council Chamber megide mmegbu NOPD nke ndị Mardi Gras India. N'etiti okwu ya Tootie nwere nkụchi obi nke gburu ndụ ya. N'oge olili ozu ya, ebo dị iche iche si n'ofe obodo gbakọtara ka ha bụrụ abụ, gbaa egwu na ịkwanyere Tootie, Big Creole Chief, Chief of Chiefs.
Ndụ onwe onye
dezie[6]Ọtụtụ n'ime ndụ ya toro eto, Montana ọrụ dị ka onye na-esi nri, na-ewu osisi ma ọ bụ okpokolo agba maka ihe owuwu plasta. [1] Ọ bụ parishioner nke St. Augustine Church na Tremé agbata obi New Orleans
N'afọ 1956, Montana lụrụ Joyce Francis, bụ onye na-adịghị ekpuchi ndị Mardi Gras India, ma onye nyeere Tootie aka na uwe ya kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. [7]
Ntụaka
dezie- ↑ Sakakeeny (October 1, 2012). Mardi Gras Indians. KnowLA Encyclopedia of Louisiana. Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved on 29 August 2015.
- ↑ Reckdall. "A Colorful Farewell for the Chief of Chiefs", New York Times, July 11, 2005. Retrieved on 30 August 2015.
- ↑ Baum (2010). Nine Lives: Mystery, Magic, Death, and Life in New Orleans. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0385523202.
- ↑ Brazile (December 4, 2012). Mardi Gras Indians. MediaNOLA. Tulane University. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved on 29 August 2015.
- ↑ Allison 'Tootie' Montana: Mardi Gras Chief/Costume Maker. www.arts.gov. National Endowment for the Arts (n.d.). Retrieved on December 4, 2020.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Medley (2005). Famous Parishioner: Allison "Tootie" Montana. St. Augustine Catholic Church of New Orleans. St. Augustine Catholic Church. Archived from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved on 30 August 2015.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 (2001) "Allison "Tootie" Montana", in Govenar: Masters of Traditional Arts: A Biographical Dictionary. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 453–455. ISBN 1576072401. OCLC 47644303.
Njikọ mpụga
dezie- Allison 'Tootie' Montana, Louisiana Folklife Center
- "Mardi Gras na New Orleans" ihe omume redio ọha nke American Routes na-egosi akụkụ na Allison 'Tootie' Montana. Ewepụtara February 14, 2007; echekwara n'efu na ntanetị.
- Award-emeri documentary film website.