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Alfred William Bennett

Alfred William Bennett (24 Juun 1833 – 23 Jenụarị 1902) bụ onye ọka mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na onye nkwusa Britain. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na osisi nke Switzerland Alps, cryptogams, na ezinụlọ Polygalaceae ma ọ bụ Milkwort, yana afọ ya na ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta.

Alfred William Bennett
A mụrụ ya (1833-06-24) 24 June 1833
Clapham, Surrey, UK
Nwụrụ 23 Jenụwarị 1902 (1902-01-23) (afọ 68)  
London, UK
Alma mater  Mahadum London
Ọrụ sayensị
Ubi Botany, Mbipụta, Microscopy

Ụlọ ọrụ Ụlọ Ọgwụ St Thomas, Bedford College
Kọleji Bedford
Onye edemede dị mkpirikpi. <span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span> (ihe ọkụkụ) A.W.Benn

Oge ọ malitere

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Alfred William Bennett bụ nwa Quakers William Bennett (1804-1873), [1] onye na-ere tii na-aga nke ọma, onye na-amụ ihe ọkụkụ, na onye na-azụ anụ oge ụfọdụ, na Elizabeth (Trusted) Bennett (1798-1891), onye dere akwụkwọ okpukpe maka ndị ahụ. Otu ndị enyi. William Bennett sokwa ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ Charles Darwin na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nabataghị echiche nke ikpeazụ banyere usoro ihe ọmụmụ evolushọn.[2] Alfred Bennett, onye kwere na evolushọn ogologo oge n'adịghị ka nna ya, ga-emesịa guzobe akwụkwọ ozi nke ya na onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ama ama.

William Bennett nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ ya, bụ ndị ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ. Okenye Bennett nwere mmetụta n'echiche agụmakwụkwọ ya site n'ihe odide nke onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Switzerland na onye mgbanwe mmụta Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, na n'oge oyi nke 1841-1842, ọ kpọọrọ ezinụlọ ya gaa Switzerland ka ụmụ ya nwee ike ịgụ akwụkwọ na Pestalozzian School na Appenzell.[1] Ọ bụ n'oge njem a ka Alfred Bennett mụtara asụsụ German, nkà nke ga-enyere ya aka n'ihe odide ya n'ọdịnihu banyere ndụ osisi Alpine.

William Bennett mepụtara gburugburu ebe obibi maka ọmụmụ sayensị okike maka ụmụ ya. N'agbata afọ 1851 na 1854, ọ kpọọrọ Alfred na nwanne ya nwoke Edward Trusted Bennett (1831-1908) gaa ọtụtụ njem ije na Wales na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke England, ebe ụmụ nwoke ahụ mụrụ osisi ndị Britain ma dee ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ihe ha hụrụ. Nna ha kọwakwara ha ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ụmụ ahụhụ na ndị enyi ezinụlọ Edward Newman, Henry Doubleday, na Edward Doubleday.[1]

Agụmakwụkwọ na mbipụta

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Bennett gara Mahadum College London, ebe ọ natara BA na nsọpụrụ na chemistry na Botany na 1853, MA na biology na 1855, na BSc na biology. [2]

N'afọ 1858, ọ lụrụ Katharine Richardson (1835-1892) wee tụgharịa gaa n'ibipụta akwụkwọ dị ka ọrụ, [3] [4] weghaara azụmahịa ahụ na 5, Bishopsgate Without, nke Charles Gilpin na William & Frederick G. Cash na-achịbu. [5][6] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọrọ naanị afọ 10 sochirinụ dị ka onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'oge ndụ ya niile.[7] Ọ bụ Enyi nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-ebipụta The Friend, akwụkwọ onwe onye kwa izu maka ndị otu Society of Friends.

Ọ bụ otu n’ime ndị nkwusa mbụ ji ihe atụ foto mee ihe; na onye nchịkọta akụkọ mbụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Nature.[1] Na mgbakwunye, ọ gara n'ihu bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, akwụkwọ bụ isi nke Royal Microscopical Society, ụlọ ọrụ nke ọ bụ ibe ya ma jee ozi oge atọ dịka osote onye isi ala.

Ọrụ botanical

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N'agbata afọ 1871 na 1873, Bennett dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara itinye nri n'ime osisi nke mere ka Charles Darwin mara ya, onye gbara mbọ ya. Karịsịa, Bennett mere ka ọtụtụ n'ime usoro ndị dị na mmepụta okooko osisi doo anya ma guzobe okwu isi maka nkọwa ya, yana ịkọwa etu ọdịdị okooko osisi nwere ike isi mee ka mmepụta okoolo osisi dị mfe.[8] Bennett malitekwara ide ihe na Polygalaceae n'oge a, o nyekwara aka na ụdị dị iche iche n'ime ezinụlọ ahụ maka mbipụta 1874 Flora Brasiliensis na J.D. Hooker's 1872 volume Flora of British India . [4] N'oge njem ije nke Switzerland na 1875, mmasị Bennett na ụwa okike nke Swiss Alps maliteghachiri mgbe ọ chọtara ụdị 200 nke osisi na-agbasa okooko osisi ọ na-ahụtụbeghị n'ọhịa. Nke a dugara na ntụgharị ya nke J. Seboth's Alpenpflanzen nach der Natur gemalt dị ka Alpine Plants (1879-84) na ọrụ na onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Austrian K.W. von Dalla Torre's Tourists' Guide to the Flora of the Austrian Alps (1882, 1886), yana ọrụ Bennett's The Flora of los Alps (1897).[2] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ nke ukwuu na cryptogams, ọkachasị algae mmiri dị ọcha, n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ. N'afọ 1889, o bipụtara A Handbook of Cryptogamic Botany ya na onye edemede ya bụ George Robert Milne Murray. Akụkọ ọnwụ ya na Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society na-akpọ ya "ọrụ mbụ ya kachasị baa uru". Bennett nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ dị ka onye nkuzi na botany na St Thomas' Hospital na Bedford College. [9][10]

Agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị

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Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na mbipụta, na 1868, ya na nwunye ya meghere ụlọ ha na Park Village East, Regent's Park, maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole na-abịa London ịgụ akwụkwọ. Site n'oge a gaa n'ihu, o nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị.[1] Akụkụ buru ibu nke mgbalị ahụ dakwasịrị ya n'onwe ya.[2] Na 15 May 1878, Mahadum nke London Convocation, natara adreesị nke ụmụ nwanyị 1,960 bịanyere aka na ya, na-arịọ ka mahadum ahụ "na-emeghe ogo ya niile nye ụmụ nwanyị. A.W.Bennett bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà okwu, aha ya na akụkọ Times nke arụmụka na-esote. 3] Mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri gasịrị, mkpọsa ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'inye ikike inye ụmụ nwanyị ogo site na Mahadum London.[11]

Ọdịdị

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Bennett kwetara na evolushọn mere mana ọ bụ onye nkatọ nke nhọrọ okike. N'afọ 1870, o dere akwụkwọ nkatọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Nature nke akpọrọ The Theory of Natural selection from a Mathematical Point of View . O kwuru na obere ọdịiche na-enweghị isi enweghị ike ịba n'otu ụzọ ọ bụla dịka nzọụkwụ na-amalite nke mgbanwe nke akụkụ ahụ ga-abaghị uru nye onye ọ bụla. Alfred Russel Wallace jụrụ arụmụka ya.[12]

Na 1871, Bennett kwadoro nkatọ St. George Jackson Mivart maka nhọrọ okike wee dee nyocha nkwado nke akwụkwọ ya On the Genesis of Species.[1] Bennett dere ntụleghachi nke Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species na 1872. O toro akụkụ ụfọdụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ mana welitere mkpesa megide nhọrọ okike. O kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe na-erughị eru ịkọ maka mmalite nke nṅomi.[1] Darwin degaara Bennett "Ekelere m gị nke ukwuu maka nyocha mmesapụ aka gị nke ikpeazụ. Dezie. nke Mmalite, karịchaa ka anyị dị iche iche nke ukwuu & Ekwenyere m gị na naanị otu ụzọ ị ga-esi rute eziokwu bụ iji kparịta ụka & n'efu. kwupụta echiche dị iche iche."[1] N'agbanyeghị esemokwu ha, Bennett dere ntụle nkwado nke akwụkwọ Insectivorous Plants nke Darwin na ha gbanwere akwụkwọ ozi enyi na enyi..[13]

O dekwara akwụkwọ nke na-agbagha arụmụka nke Fritz Müller na enwere ike ịkọwa mimicry na-echebe na Lepidoptera site na nhọrọ okike.[14]

Ọnwụ

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Bennett nwụrụ na mberede site na nkụchi obi na Oxford Circus ka ọ nọ n'ụlọ na Regent's Park n'elu omnibus. Mgbe Quaker dị ndụ, e liri ya n'otu ebe a na-eli ozu Quaker na Isleworth n'akụkụ nwunye ya Katharine. Di na nwunye ahụ amụtaghị nwa.[15]

Ihe odide ndị a họọrọ

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  • Nnyocha nke Genus Hydrolea (1870)
  • Theory of Natural Selection from a Mathematical Point of View (1870)
  • Ntụle nke The Genesis of Species (1871)
  • Ntụle nke The Origin of Species site na Means of Natural Selection (1872)
  • Na Ngwá Ọgwụ nke Indian Simarubeae na Burseraceae (1875)
  • Nnyocha nke British Species na Subspecies nke Polygala (1877)
  • Banyere Ọdịdị na Mmekọrịta nke Characeae (1878)
  • Conspectus Polygalarum Europaearum (1878)
  • Polygalae americanae novae vel parum cognitae (1878)
  • Mmụba nke Zygnemaceae (1884)
  • Algae mmiri dị ọcha (1887)
  • Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Cryptogamic Botany (1889)
  • Flora nke Alps (1897)

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Baker (1902), pp. 157–158.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cleevely (2004b).
  3. ↑ "Katharine Bennett" (1893), p. 22.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Alfred William Bennett" (1902), p. 26.
  5. ↑ A.W.Bennett obituary in the Annual Monitor for 1903, p.13.
  6. ↑ The business at 5, Bishopsgate without was bought from Charles Gilpin by the Cash family, evidenced by title-pages on Internet Archive Publisher search. A 16-page catalogue of newly published books is printed at the back of Working women of the last half century available online.
  7. ↑ Stafleu (1993), p. 70
  8. ↑ Cleevely (2004a), p. 181.
  9. ↑ Baker (1902), p. 157.
  10. ↑ Bedford College was a women's higher education college, which won the right to award degrees in 1878.
  11. ↑ Obituary in Annual monitor for 1903.
  12. ↑ Bowler, Peter J. (1976). Alfred Russel Wallace's Concepts of Variation. Journal of the History of Medicine 31: 17–29.
  13. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Cantor
  14. ↑ Bennett, Alfred W. (1877). Is Protective Mimicry Due to Natural Selection?. The American Naturalist 11 (1): 3–7.
  15. ↑ "Alfred William Bennett" (1902), p. 27.
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