Alexandra Tolstaya
Countess Alexandra (Sasha) Lvovna Tolstaya (Russian: Александра Львовна Толстая; 18 June 1884 - 26 Septemba 1979), nke a na-akpọkarị Tolstoy, bụ nwa nwanyị nke ọdụdụ na odeakwụkwọ nke onye edemede Russia a ma ama..[1][2][3]
Alexandra Lvovna Tolstaya
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| A mụrụ ya | 18 Julaị 1884 Yasnaya Polyana, RussiaRọshịa
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| Nwụrụ | 26 Septemba 1979 (afọ 95) |
| Nne na Nna | Leo Tolstoy Sophia Tolstaya |
Akụkọ ndụ
dezieAda Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) na nwunye ya Sophia (1844–1919), Alexandra nọ nna ya nso. Na 1901, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, ọ ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ ya. Ọ họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-emezu uche ya, ọrụ ọ ga-arụ na 1910.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na Alexandra na-ekerịta nkwenkwe nna ya n'emeghị ihe ike, ọ chere na ọ bụ ọrụ ya isonye na ihe omume nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ ma jee ozi dị ka onye nọọsụ na Turkey na Germany. Nke a mere ka a na-agba ya ọkụ wee banye n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'onwe ya. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mbipụta nke ihe odide nna ya. Otú ọ dị, mgbe o kwere ka ndị White Russia zukọta n’ebe obibi ya dị na Moscow, ndị Bolshevik nwụchiri ya ugboro ise, na 1920 a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ otu afọ..[4]
N'afọ 1921, ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Tolstoy na Yasnaya Polyana. E nyere ya ikike ịhapụ Soviet Union na 1929 wee gaa Japan n'otu afọ ahụ.[5] Na mbụ e nyere ya ikike ịnọ ọnwa isii iji gụọ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ mechara nọrọ na mba ahụ ọnwa 18. [6][7] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Tolstoy na dị ka onye nkụzi Russia, ma bụrụ onye ndị edemede na agụmakwụkwọ Japan kwadoro. [6][7]
N'afọ 1931, ọ hapụrụ Japan wee biri na United States, ebe ọ na-ekwu okwu ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ ugbo ọkụkọ. Afọ ole na ole n'ime ndụ a, Tatiana Schaufuss, enyi ochie nke nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na n'ebe a chụgara ya na Siberia, letara ya. Ha abụọ, na 1939 hiwere Tolstoy Foundation . [4]
N'afọ 1934, o dere akwụkwọ banyere ndụ ya nke akpọrọ "M rụrụ ọrụ maka Soviet" ma Yale University Press bipụtara ya. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-akọwa ihe isi ike ọ chere ihu ibi na Russia n'oge na mgbe mgbanwe ahụ gasịrị.
Tolstaya ghọrọ nwa amaala US na 1941, na-ahapụ iji utu aha countess. [8]
N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1948, Tolstaya zutere Onye omeiwu United States dị afọ iri na asatọ bụ Mike Gravel, onye bu n'obi inye onwe ya maka Ndị agha Israel n'ọgụ iji chebe steeti Israel, a na-ekwu na ọ gwara ya ka ọ "ga n'ụlọ ma gụchaa ụlọ akwụkwọ", nke o mezuru.[9][10]
Na 1974, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu, Tolstaya natara ekele ụbọchị ọmụmụ site n'aka Onye isi ala United States Richard Nixon, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, na ndị ọzọ, New York Times gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ.[1] Ebe a chụpụrụ nna ya na Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Rọshịa maka ozizi ya, o kwuru, sị:
Ihe odide
dezie- ↑ Alexandra Lvovna Tolstaya Biography. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved on 28 March 2013.
- ↑ Alexandra Tolstaya Biography. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved on 28 March 2013.
- ↑ The Tolstoys. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved on 28 March 2013.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Israel Shenker, “Alexandra Tolstoy, at 90, Is Honored for Lifetime of Helping Others” in The New York Times dated July 2, 1974
- ↑ Tolstaya (June 2007). お伽の国‐日本―海を渡ったトルストイの娘. ISBN 9784903619057.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Annan. "Tolstoy's Daughter", London Review of Books, 1982-04-01. Retrieved on 2021-06-15. (in en)
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Davis. "What Today's Youth Can Learn From the Great Russian Writer Leo Tolstoy", Japan Forward, March 14, 2018. Retrieved on June 15, 2018.
- ↑ Deseret News, 2 July 1974 p. 2A.
- ↑ Mike Gravel on Foreign Policy. OnTheIssues (2019-12-15). Archived from the original on 2019-04-29. Retrieved on 2021-04-12.
- ↑ Gravel (2008). A Political Odyssey: The Rise of American Militarism and One Man's Fight to Stop It. New York: Seven Stories Press, 128. ISBN 978-1583228265.