Wikipedia

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị

  • Nkwekọrịta 1979 maka mkpochapụ ụdị ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị (CEDAW), nke ghọtara ime ihe ike dịka akụkụ nke ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị na ndụmọdụ 12 na 19.[1]
  • Nzukọ Ụwa nke 1993 maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, nke kwetara na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị bụ mmebi ikike mmadụ, nke nyekwara aka na nkwupụta UN na-esonụ.[1][1]
  • Nkwupụta UN nke 1993 maka iwepụ ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị bụ ngwá ọrụ mba ụwa mbụ na-akọwa ma na-ekwu maka ime ihe ike na ụmụ nwanyị. Akwụkwọ a na-ezo aka kpọmkwem na akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịgide adịgide nke enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị n'ịghọta ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị.[1] (Gụnye paragraf nke abụọ ugbu a ebe a). A na-ele nkwupụta a, yana Nzukọ Ụwa nke otu afọ ahụ anya dị ka "oge mgbanwe" ebe a malitere ịtụle ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị site na mba ụwa ka ọ dịkwuo njọ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, mba ndị ọzọ gbakọrọ aka gburugburu nsogbu a.[2][3] Akwụkwọ mbụ dị mkpa nke na-eme ka mmata nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị dị ka mmebi ikike mmadụ: nkwupụta United Nations na mwepụ nke ime ihe ọjọọ megide ụmụ nwanyị na Vienna, 1993 . [4][5][6] Ọ bụ n'ihi mgbalị jikọrọ aka nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ iji gbanwee nzukọ Vienna site na nzukọ zuru oke na nke kachasị na nzukọ gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Dị ka ọ dị na mbụ, òtù ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ dị ka Amnesty International na Human Rights Watch elekwasịghị anya n'okwu VAW ma ghara ile ndina n'ike na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ anya dị ka mmebi nke ihe ndị ruere mmadụ n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha nwekwara atụmatụ maka ihe ndị Ruuru ụmụ nwanyị.[7]
  • Nzukọ mba ụwa nke afọ 1994 maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mmepe, na-ejikọta ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ahụike ọmụmụ na ikike, yana inye gọọmentị ndụmọdụ maka otu esi egbochi ma meghachi omume na ime ihe ike maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ.[1][1]
  • Nzukọ nke anọ nke ụwa na 1995 na ụmụ nwanyị na Beijing N'oge Nzukọ nke ụmụ nwanyị nke anọ, e mesiri VAW ike ma kpọọ ya aha dị ka nchegbu dị oke egwu.[8] Ọzọkwa, mmetụta nke mgbasa ahụ bụ na nrụgide a gosipụtara mkpa ọ dị maka mmepe nke "ụkpụrụ mba ụwa ọhụrụ" nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na gọọmentị na-ejikarị atụmatụ iwu nke na-enye ihe ndị ọzọ iji dozie omume ime ihe ike. [4][6][9] N'ikpeazụ, nrụgide sitere n'aka ndị inyom zuru ụwa ọnụ na-akwalite itinye n'ụzọ zuru ezu nke okwu VAW n'ime Kọmitii na-ahụ maka iwepụ ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị (CEDAW) ebe "ihe odide mbụ nke CEDAW na 1979 ekwughị ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. "[10][7] : 556 : 556 
  • N'afọ 1996, Nzukọ Ahụike Ụwa (WHA) kwupụtara ime ihe ike dị ka isi nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze, ma tinye ya na ụdị ndị a ghọtara bụ ime ihe ike nke onye mmekọ na ime ihe ike mmekọahụ, ụdị ime ihe ike abụọ a na-emekarị dị ka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. Nke a sochiri akụkọ World Health Organization (WHO) na 2002 (lee n'okpuru). [11] UN mepụtara Trust Fund iji kwado ihe omume iji kpochapụ ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị.[12]
  • N'afọ 1999, UN nabatara Protocol Nhọrọ na Nkwekọrịta maka iwepụ ụdị ịkpa ókè niile megide ụmụ nwanyị ma họpụta 25 Nọvemba dị ka Ụbọchị Mba Nile maka iwepụ ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. [2][2]
  • N'afọ 2002, dịka ihe na-esote nkwupụta WHA na 1996 nke ime ihe ike dị ka isi okwu ahụike ọha na eze, WHO bipụtara akụkọ ụwa mbụ gbasara ime ihe ike na ahụike, nke lekwasịrị anya n'ọtụtụ ụdị ime ihe ike yana mmetụta ha na ahụike ọha, gụnyere ụdị ime ihe ọjọọ na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị karịsịa. Akụkọ ahụ kwuru kpọmkwem banyere ịrị elu dị egwu n'ime òtù ndị obodo na ọrụ ndị a na-eme iji meghachi omume na ime ihe ike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị megide ụmụ nwanyị site na 1970s ruo 1990s.[11][11]
  • N'afọ 2004, WHO bipụtara "Nnyocha mba dị iche iche banyere ahụike ụmụ nwanyị na Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwanyị", nyocha nke ahụike ụmụ agbọghọ na ime ihe nkiri n'ụlọ site na nyocha nke ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 24,000 na mba 10 sitere na mpaghara niile nke ụwa, nke nyochara mmụba na oke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị ime ihe ike site n'aka ndị mmekọ, ma jikọta nke a na nsonaazụ ahụike nye ụmụ nwanyị yana idepụta atụmatụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eji emeso ime ihe ike nke ụmụ nwanyị.[3][3]
  • 2006 UN Secretary General's "In-depth study on all types of violence against women", akwụkwọ mba ụwa mbụ zuru oke na okwu a.[13]
  • Nkwekọrịta Kansụl Europe nke 2011 maka igbochi na ịlụso ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ ọgụ, nke bụ ngwá ọrụ nke abụọ na-emetụta iwu na ime ihe ọjọọ megide ụmụ nwanyị.[1][1]
  • N'afọ 2013, United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) nakweere, site na nkwekọrịta, nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta maka iwepụ na igbochi ụdị ime ihe ike niile megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ (n'oge gara aga, enweghị nkwekọrịta). [1][1]
  • N'afọ 2013, Nzukọ Ezumezu nke UN weputara mkpebi mbụ ya na-akpọ maka nchebe nke ndị na-agbachitere ikike ụmụ nwanyị.[14] Mkpebi ahụ na-agba steeti ume ka ha tinye iwu na ụkpụrụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị maka ichebe Ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ ụmụ nwanyị na iji hụ na ndị na- ịgbachitere onwe ha na-etinye aka na imepụta na mmejuputa usoro ndị a, ma na-akpọ steeti ka ha chebe ndị na'ịgbachitere ikike ụmụ nwanyị pụọ na mmegwara maka imekọ ihe ọnụ na UN na iji hụ n'enweghị ihe mgbochi ha na nkwurịta okwu na ndị ruuru mmadụ nke mba ụwa.[15]

Usoro iheomume nke usoro nchebe na Amerịka

dezie
  • 1967: Otu n'ime ebe mgbaba ime ihe ike n'ụlọ mbụ meghere na Maine.
  • 1972: Ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka ndina n'ike mbụ nke mba ahụ meghere na Washington, D.C.
  • 1978: E guzobere njikọ mba abụọ, National Coalition Against Sexual Assault na National Coaliation Against Domestic Violence, iji mee ka a mara ụdị ime ihe ike abụọ a megide ụmụ nwanyị.
  • 1984: U.S. Attorney General guzobere Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Family Violence, iji dozie ụzọ usoro ikpe ziri ezi nke mpụ na mmeghachi omume obodo na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ.
  • 1994: Ntinye nke Iwu Ime Ihe Ike megide Ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ VAWA, iwu gụnyere na Iwu Nchịkwa Mpụ na Mmanye Iwu nke 1994, nke Senator Joseph Biden kwadoro, nke chọrọ mmeghachi omume siri ike nke obodo maka mpụ nke ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na mwakpo mmekọahụ, mee ka ntaramahụhụ gọọmentị etiti sikwuo ike maka ndị na-eme mpụ mmekọahụ ugboro ugboro ma mee ka nchebe iwu nke ndị merụrụ ahụ sie ike, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndokwa ndị ọzọ.
  • 2000: Onye isi ala Clinton bịanyere aka na iwu VAWA nke 2000, na-eme ka iwu gọọmentị etiti sikwuo ike, ma na-ekwusi ike na enyemaka nke ndị mbịarambịa, ndị agadi, ndị nwere nkwarụ, na ndị na-eme ihe ike.
  • 2006: Onye isi ala Bush bịanyere aka na iwu VAWA nke afọ 2006, na-ekwusi ike na mmemme iji dozie ime ihe ike megide ndị ntorobịa, na ịmepụta mmemme maka itinye aka na ndị ntorobịa na ndị ntụrụndụ, na Ọrụ Ọdịbendị na Asụsụ.
  • 2007: The National Teen Dating Abuse Hotline meghere.
  • 2009: Onye isi ala Obama kwupụtara Eprel dị ka ọnwa mmegide gbasara mwakpo mmekọahụ.
  • 2013: Onye isi ala Obama bịanyere aka na iwu VAWA nke 2015, nke nyere agbụrụ ndị American Indian ikike ikpe ndị na-abụghị ndị American mmebi iwu, ma chịkwaa akụkọ banyere mwakpo mmekọahụ na kọleji.[16][17]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Global norms and standards: Ending violence against women. UN Women. Retrieved on 2 December 2013.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Venis (6 April 2002). "Violence against women: a global burden". The Lancet 359 (9313). DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08251-X. PMID 11955533. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Garcia-Moreno (2005). WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women: initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 9789241593588. 
  4. ↑ Brown Thompson (2002). "Women's rights are human rights", in Khagram: Restructuring world politics: transnational social movements, networks, and norms. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 96–122. ISBN 9780816639076. 
  5. ↑ Elman (2008). Sexual equality in an integrated Europe: virtual equality, Europe in Transition: the NYU European Studies Series. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230610071. 
  6. ↑ Weldon (March 2006). "Inclusion, solidarity, and social movements: the global movement against gender violence". Perspectives on Politics 4 (1): 55–74. DOI:10.1017/S1537592706060063. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Htun (August 2012). "The civic origins of progressive policy change: combating violence against women in global perspective, 1975–2005". American Political Science Review 106 (3): 548–569. DOI:10.1017/S0003055412000226.  Pdf.
  8. ↑ UN (1995). Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. United Nations. Retrieved on 16 December 2013. 
  9. ↑ (2010) in Fábián: Domestic violence in postcommunist states: local activism, national policies, and global forces. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253222183. 
  10. ↑ CEDAW (31 December 2003). Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. United Nations. Retrieved on 19 December 2013. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Krug (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 9789241545617. 
  12. ↑ Fried (2003). "Violence against women". Health and Human Rights 6 (2): 88–111. DOI:10.2307/4065431.  Pdf.
  13. ↑ UN (2006). In-depth study on all forms of violence against women. Report of the Secretary-General.. United Nations General Assembly. A/61/122/Add. Retrieved on 2 December 2013. 
  14. ↑ NRK. "Protection of women human rights defenders", The Norway Post, 30 November 2013. Retrieved on 6 August 2014.
  15. ↑ UN adopts landmark resolution on Protecting Women Human Rights Defenders. Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID) (28 November 2013). Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved on 6 August 2014.
  16. ↑ Kohlman (9 June 2015). Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) New Reporting Requirements Effective July 1, 2015 – Are You Ready?. Inceptia Institute. 
  17. ↑ Fee (5 September 2015). Tribal Justice: Prosecuting Non-Natives for Sexual Assault on Reservations (transcript). PBS documentary. 
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