Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Big Bang
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Big Bang malitere site na mmepe nke Big Bang site na nchọpụta na echiche echiche. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a na arụ na Cosmology ugbu a na-agụnye mgbatị na mmeziwanye na ihe nlereanya Big Bang. Ọ bụ Nna Georges Lemaître guzobere echiche ahụ n'onwe ya na 1927. [1] Iwu Hubble nke mgbasawanye nke eluigwe na ala nyere nkwado ntọala maka echiche ahụ.
Nkà ihe ọmụma na njedebe oge nke oge ochie
dezieNa Nkà ihe ọmụma oge ochie, enwere ọtụtụ arụmụka banyere ma eluigwe na ala nwere njedebe ma ọ bụ njedebe n'oge gara aga (lee Temporal finitism). [2] ihe ọmụma nke Aristotle" id="mwHA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Aristotle">Aristotle kwenyere na eluigwe na ala nwere oge na adịghị agwụ agwụ, nke kpatara nsogbu maka ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma Ndị Juu na ndị Alakụba gara aga bụ ndị na enweghị ike ime ka echiche Aristotle banyere ebighi ebi na echiche Abrahamik nke okike. [3]'ihi ya, John Philoponus, Al-Kindi, Saadia Gaon, Al-Ghazali na Immanuel Kant, na ndị ọzọ mepụtara arụmụka dịgasị iche iche maka eluigwe na ala nwere oge gara aga.
Onye ọkà mmụta okpukpe Bekee bụ Robert Grosseteste nyochara ọdịdị nke ihe na mbara igwe na edemede ya nke 1225 De Luce (On Light). Ọ kọwara ọmụmụ nke eluigwe na ala na mgbawa na crystallization nke ihe iji mepụta kpakpando na mbara ala n'ime usoro okirikiri gburugburu ụwa. [4]De Luce bụ mgbalị mbụ iji kọwaa eluigwe na ụwa site na iji otu usoro iwu anụ ahụ.
N'afọ 1610, Johannes Kepler jiri igwe ojii kpuchie ihu igwe iji rụrịta ụka maka eluigwe na ala nwere njedebe. Afọ iri asaa na asaa ka e mesịrị, Isaac Newton kọwara nnukwu mmegharị n'eluigwe na ala.
Nkọwa nke eluigwe na ala nke gbasaa ma gbasaa n'ụzọ na agagharị agagharị bụ nke mbụ e gosipụtara na uri nke Erasmus Darwin bipụtara na 1791. Edgar Allan Poe gosipụtara usoro okirikiri yiri nke ahụ na edemede ya nke 1848 nke akpọrọ Eureka: A Prose Poem; o doro anya na ọ bụghị ọrụ sayensị, mana Poe, mgbe ọ na amalite site na ụkpụrụ metaphysical, gbalịrị ịkọwa eluigwe na ala site na iji ihe ọmụma anụ ahụ na nke uche nke oge a. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị leghaara ya anya ma bụrụ ndị na akatọ akwụkwọ na aghọtahie ya, a tụleghachiri mmetụta sayensị ya n'oge na adịbeghị anya.
Dị ka Poe si kwuo, ọnọdụ mbụ nke ihe bụ otu "Primordial Particle". "Divine Volition", na egosipụta onwe ya dị ka ike na asọ oyi, kewara Primordial Particle n'ime atọm. Atọm na agbasa n'otu n'otu na mbara igwe niile, ruo mgbe ike na asọ asọ kwụsịrị, na ịdọrọ mmasị na apụta dị ka mmeghachi omume: mgbe ahụ ihe na amalite ịbịakọta ọnụ na emepụta kpakpando na usoro kpakpando, ebe ike ndọda na adọta eluigwe na ala, n'ikpeazụ na ada ma na agwụcha laghachi na ọkwa Primordial Particle iji malite usoro nke ịdọ aka ná ntị ọzọ. [5] a nke Eureka na akọwa eluigwe na ala na agbanwe agbanwe nke Newtonian nke nwere ọtụtụ njirimara na ụdị relativistic, na n'ihi nke a Poe na atụ anya ụfọdụ isiokwu nke cosmology nke oge a.
Ọganihu sayensị na mmalite narị afọ nke 20
dezieN'ịhụ, n'afọ 1910, Vesto Slipher na mgbe e mesịrị, Carl Wilhelm Wirtz, kpebiri na ọtụtụ nebulae na agba gburugburu (nke a na akpọ ugbu a ụyọkọ kpakpando na agbagharị agbagharị) na alaghachi n'ụwa. Slipher jiri spectroscopy nyochaa oge ntụgharị nke mbara ala, ihe mejupụtara ikuku mbara ala, ọ bụkwa onye mbụ hụrụ ọsọ radial nke ụyọkọ kpakpando. Wirtz hụrụ usoro redshift nke nebulae, nke siri ike ịkọwa n'ihe gbasara cosmology nke eluigwe na ala jupụtara ma ọ bụ karịa otu kpakpando na nebulae. [6] amaghị ihe ndị cosmological pụtara, ma ọ bụ na nebula ndị a na eche na ha bụ n'ezie ụyọkọ kpakpando na abụghị Milky Way anyị.
Ọzọkwa n'ime afọ iri ahụ, a chọpụtara na ozizi Albert Einstein nke General Relativity ekwenyeghị na ngwọta cosmological, nyere echiche ndị bụ isi nke cosmology akọwapụtara na ntọala Big Bang. A kọwara eluigwe na ala (ya bụ, metric oge oghere) site na metric tensor nke na agbasa ma ọ bụ na ebelata (ya bụ., abụghị ihe na adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ ihe na adịghị agbanwe agbanwe). Nsonaazụ a, nke sitere na nyocha nke usoro nhazi nke usoro iheomume n'ozuzu, na mbụ mere ka Einstein n'onwe ya tụlee na nhazi ya nke usoro nhazi mpaghara nke usoro ihe omuma n'ofe nwere ike ịbụ njehie, ọ gbalịrị idozi ya site na ịgbakwunye usoro ihe omimi. Ihe a na adịgide adịgide ga eweghachi nkọwa nke oghere oge na adịghị agbanwe agbanwe maka ihe owuwu nke oghere / ịdị adị. Onye mbụ jiri nlezianya tinye General Relativity na Cosmology n'enweghị usoro Cosmological bụ Alexander Friedmann. Friedmann nwetara ngwọta na agbasawanye mbara igwe maka usoro nhazi nke General Relativity Field na 1922. Akwụkwọ Friedmann dere n'afọ 1924 gụnyere "Über die reia einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes" (N'ihe gbasara ohere nke ụwa nwere nkwonkwo na adịghị mma mgbe niile) nke Berlin Academy of Sciences bipụtara na Jenụwarị 7, 1924. [7] Usoro Friedmann na akọwa eluigwe na ala Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker.
N'afọ 1927, onye Belgian physicist Georges Lemaitre chepụtara ihe nlereanya na agbasawanye maka eluigwe na ala iji kọwaa redshifts a hụrụ nke spiral nebulae, ma gbakọọ Iwu Hubble. Ọ dabeere n'echiche ya na ọrụ Einstein na De Sitter, ma nweta usoro Friedmann maka eluigwe na ala na agbasawanye. Ọzọkwa, mgbanwe uhie n'onwe ha abụghị mgbe niile, mana ha dịgasị iche n'ụzọ ga eduga na nkwubi okwu na enwere mmekọrịta doro anya n'etiti ọnụọgụ nke mgbanwe uhie nke nebulae, na anya ha na ndị na ekiri.
N'afọ 1929, Edwin Hubble nyere ntọala zuru oke maka echiche Lemaitre. Nnyocha nnwale Hubble chọpụtara na, ma e jiri ya tụnyere Ụwa na ihe ndị ọzọ a hụrụ, ụyọkọ kpakpando na alaghachi azụ n'akụkụ ọ bụla na ọsọ (nke a gbakọrọ site na mgbanwe uhie ha hụrụ) kpọmkwem na adabere na anya ha site na Ụwa na ibe ha. N'afọ 1929, Hubble na Milton Humason wepụtara iwu Redshift Distance Law nke ụyọkọ kpakpando, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Iwu Hubble, nke, ozugbo a kọwara Redshift dị ka ihe atụ nke ọsọ nke ịda mbà, kwekọrọ na ngwọta nke Einstein's General Relativity Equations maka otu, isotropic na agbasawanye eluigwe na ala. Iwu ahụ na ekwu na ka anya dị n'etiti ụyọkọ kpakpando abụọ ọ bụla, otú ahụ ka ọsọ nkewa ha dị ukwuu. N'afọ 1929, Edwin Hubble chọpụtara na ihe ka ukwuu n'eluigwe na ala na agbasawanye ma na apụ n'ihe niile ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na ihe niile na apụ na ihe niile ọzọ, mgbe ahụ, a ga eche na ihe niile dị nso. Mkpebi ezi uche dị na ya bụ na n'oge ụfọdụ, ihe niile malitere site n'otu ebe na milimita ole na ole tupu ọ gbawaa n'èzí. Ọ na ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu nke na ọ bụ naanị ike na enweghị isi maka ọtụtụ narị puku afọ tupu okwu ahụ amalite. Ihe ọ bụla mere ga ewepụta ike a na apụghị ịgbagha agbagha, ebe ọ bụ na eluigwe na ala ka na agbasa ọtụtụ ijeri afọ ka e mesịrị. Echiche o chepụtara iji kọwaa ihe ọ chọtara a na akpọ Big Bang theory. [citation needed]
N'Atọm 1931, Lemaître chepụtara na "hypothèse de l'atome primitif" (hypothesis of the primeval atom) na eluigwe na ala malitere site na "mgbawa" nke "primval atom" - nke e mechara kpọọ Big Bang. Lemaître bu ụzọ were ụzarị mbara igwe ka ọ bụrụ ihe fọdụrụ n'ihe omume ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na amaara ugbu a na ha sitere n'ime ụyọkọ kpakpando mpaghara. Lemaitre [8] echere ruo obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya iji mụta banyere nchọpụta nke radieshon microwave nke mbara igwe, radieshon fọdụrụnụ nke oge dị oke ọkụ na mbara igwe mbụ.
Big Bang theory vs. Steady State theory
dezieIwu Hubble tụrụ aro na eluigwe na ala na agbasawanye, na emegide ụkpụrụ cosmological nke eluigwe na ala, mgbe a na ele ya anya n'ebe dị anya, enweghị ntụziaka ma ọ bụ ebe kachasị mma. Echiche Hubble nyere ohere maka echiche abụọ na emegide onwe ha. Otu bụ Lemaître's Big Bang, nke George Gamow kwadoro ma mepụta. Ihe nlereanya nke ọzọ bụ Fred Hoyle's Steady State theory, nke a ga emepụta ihe ọhụrụ ka ụyọkọ kpakpando na apụ n'etiti onwe ha. N'ime ihe nlereanya a, eluigwe na ala bụ ihe dịka otu n'oge ọ bụla. Ọ bụ n'ezie Hoyle chepụtara aha nke echiche Lemaître, na ezo aka na ya dị ka "echiche 'nnukwu mgbawa' a n'oge mgbasa ozi redio na 28 Machị 1949, na mmemme nke atọ nke BBC. [9] na akọ na Hoyle, onye kwadoro ihe nlereanya ọzọ "ọnọdụ kwụsiri ike", bu n'uche ka nke a bụrụ ihe mkparị, mana Hoyle gọnahụrụ nke a n'ụzọ doro anya ma kwuo na ọ bụ naanị onyinyo dị ịrịba ama iji mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị abụọ ahụ pụta ìhè.Hoyle kwughachiri okwu ahụ na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ na mbido 1950, dị ka akụkụ nke usoro nkuzi ise akpọrọ The Nature of The Universe . [10] bipụtara ederede nke nkuzi ọ bụla na The Listener otu izu mgbe mgbasa ozi ahụ gasịrị, oge mbụ okwu ahụ bụ "big bang" pụtara na mbipụta. [11] ihe akaebe na akwado ihe nlereanya Big Bang, na nkwekọrịta ahụ gbasara, Hoyle n'onwe ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na ala azụ, kwetara na ya site n'ịmepụta ihe nlereanya ọhụrụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ mechara kpọọ "Steady Bang".
Afọ 1950 ruo 1990
dezieSite n'ihe dị ka afọ 1950 ruo 1965, e kewara nkwado nke echiche ndị a n'otu n'otu, yana ntakịrị ahaghị nhata sitere na eziokwu ahụ bụ na Big Bang tiori nwere ike ịkọwa ma nguzobe na ụbara hydrogen na helium, ebe Steady State nwere ike ịkọwa otu ha si arụ ọrụ. e hiwere, ma ọ bụghị ihe mere ha ga eji nwee ụbara nke a hụrụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe àmà a chọpụtara malitere ịkwado echiche ahụ bụ́ na eluigwe na ala sitere na ọnọdụ dị ọkụ na ekpo ọkụ sitere. Achọpụtara ihe ndị dị ka quasars na ụyọkọ kpakpando redio ka a na ahụkarị n'ebe dị anya (ya mere n'oge gara aga) karịa na mbara igwe dị nso, ebe Steady State buru amụma na nkezi ihe onwunwe nke eluigwe na ala kwesịrị ịdị na agbanwe agbanwe ka oge na aga. Tụkwasị na nke a, a na ewere nchoputa nke ikuku microwave na 1964 dị ka ọnwụ nke Steady State, ọ bụ ezie na amụma a bụ naanị qualitative, ma ghara ịkọ kpọmkwem okpomọkụ nke CMB. (Isi amụma nnukwu bang ahụ bụ ụdị dị iche iche nke ahụ ojii nke CMB, nke ejighị nke ọma tụọ ya ruo mgbe COBE na 1990). Mgbe mgbanwe ụfọdụ gasịrị, a na ahụta Big Bang dị ka echiche kacha mma nke mmalite na mgbanwe nke mbara igwe. Tupu ngwụcha afọ 1960, ọtụtụ ndị na ahụ maka mbara igwe chere na enweghị oke oke na nke anụ ahụ na emegiderịta onwe ya na mmalite oge nke ihe atụ cosmological nke Friedmann nwere ike zere site n'ikwe ka eluigwe na ụwa na eme nkwekọrịta tupu ịbanye na steeti dị ọkụ, wee malite ịgbasa ọzọ. Emebere nke a ka ọ bụrụ ụwa na emegharị emegharị nke Richard Tolman. N'ime afọ iri isii, Stephen Hawking na ndị ọzọ gosipụtara na echiche a enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ, na ịdị n'otu bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke physics nke ike ndọda Einstein kọwara. Nke a mere ka ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta mbara igwe nakwere echiche bụ na eluigwe na ụwa dị ka physics nke izugbe relativity kọwara ugbu a nwere afọ nwere oke. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi enweghị tiori nke quantum ike ndọda, enweghị ụzọ isi kwuo ma singularity bụ kpọmkwem ebe mmalite maka eluigwe na ala, ma ọ bụ na usoro anụ ahụ nke na achị ọchịchị na eme ka eluigwe na ụwa bụrụ nke ọma ebighị ebi n'àgwà.
N'ime afọ 1970 na 1980, ọtụtụ ndị na ahụ maka mbara igwe nabatara Big Bang, mana ọtụtụ mgbagwoju anya fọdụrụ, gụnyere nchọpụta na abụghị nke anisotropies na CMB, na nchọpụta oge ụfọdụ na egosi ntụgharị site na ụdị ojii; ya mere, a kwadoghị echiche ahụ nke ọma.
1990 gaa n'ihu
dezieE mere ọganihu dị ukwuu na Big Bang cosmology na 1990s na mmalite narị afọ nke 21, n'ihi ọganihu buru ibu na teknụzụ telescope na njikọta ya na nnukwu data satellite, dị ka COBE, Hubble Space Telescope na WMAP.
N'afọ 1990, nyocha sitere na satellite COBE gosipụtara na spectrum nke CMB kwekọrọ na 2.725 K black-body na oke ziri ezi; ntụgharị anaghị agafe akụkụ 2 na 100000. Nke a gosipụtara na nkwupụta mbụ nke ntụgharị spectral ezighi ezi, ma gosipụta na eluigwe na ala na ekpo ọkụ ma jupụta n'oge gara aga, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị usoro ọzọ a maara nwere ike ịmepụta ahụ ojii n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Nnyocha ndị ọzọ sitere na COBE na 1992 chọpụtara obere anisotropies nke CMB na nnukwu ihe, dịka e buru n'amụma site na ụdị Big Bang nwere ihe gbara ọchịchịrị. Site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu, ụdị nke Cosmology na abụghị ọkọlọtọ na enweghị ụdị Big Bang ghọrọ ihe a na adịghị ahụkebe na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị na ahụ maka mbara igwe.
N'afọ 1998, nyocha nke supernovae dị anya gosipụtara na mgbasawanye nke eluigwe na ala na aga n'ihu, nke a kwadoro site na nchọpụta ndị ọzọ gụnyere nchọpụta CMB nke dị n'ala na nyocha nnukwu ụyọkọ kpakpando red-shift. Na 1999-2000, nchọpụta CMB nke Boomerang na Maxima balloon gosipụtara na geometry nke eluigwe na ala dị nso na mbara ala, mgbe ahụ na 2001 nyocha 2dFGRS nke ụyọkọ kpakpando red-shift mere atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ ihe dị gburugburu 25-30 pasent nke njupụta dị oke egwu.
Site na 2001 ruo 2010, ụgbọ mbara igwe NASA WMAP wepụtara foto zuru ezu nke eluigwe na ala site na radiation microwave. Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe oyiyi ahụ iji gosipụta na eluigwe na ala dị ijeri afọ 13.7 (n'ime otu pasent njehie) nakwa na Ihe nlereanya Lambda-CDM na echiche inflationary ziri ezi. Enweghị echiche cosmological ọzọ nwere ike ịkọwa ụdị ihe dịgasị iche iche a hụrụ, site na oke nke ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe mbụ na nhazi nke microwave cosmic, ihe a hụrụ ọtụtụ ụyọkọ kpakpando na arụ ọrụ na mbara igwe mmalite na oke ụyọkọ ụyọkọ.
N'afọ 2013 na 2015, ụgbọ mbara igwe Planck nke ESA wepụtara ọbụna ihe oyiyi zuru ezu nke ndabere microwave cosmic, na egosi nkwekọrịta na ụdị Lambda-CDM ka ọ dị elu.
Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a na arụ ugbu a na cosmology gụnyere ịghọta otú ụyọkọ kpakpando si emepụta n'ihe gbasara Big Bang, ịghọta ihe mere n'oge mbụ mgbe Big Bang gasịrị, na ime ka ihe ndị a hụrụ na echiche bụ isi. Ndị Cosmologists na aga n'ihu na agbakọ ọtụtụ n'ime parameters nke Big Bang ruo na ọkwa ọhụrụ nke ziri ezi, ma na eme nchọpụta zuru ezu nke a na atụ anya inye ihe mgbaàmà maka ọdịdị nke ihe gbara ọchịchịrị na ihe gbara ọchịchukwu, yana ịnwale ozizi nke General Relativity na ihe dị na mbara igwe.
Hụkwa
dezie- Echiche nke ihe niile
- Usoro oge nke echiche nke eluigwe na ala
Ihe odide
dezie- ↑ Big bang theory is introduced – 1927. A Science Odyssey. WGBH. Retrieved on 2023-09-13.
- ↑ Seymour Feldman (1967). "Gersonides' Proofs for the Creation of the Universe". Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 35: 113–137. DOI:10.2307/3622478.
- ↑ Craig (June 1979). "Whitrow and Popper on the Impossibility of an Infinite Past". The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 30 (2): 165–170 [165–6]. DOI:10.1093/bjps/30.2.165.
- ↑ McLeish (2014). "History: A medieval multiverse". Nature 507 (7491): 161–163. DOI:10.1038/507161a. PMID 24627918.
- ↑ Cappi (1994). "Edgar Allan Poe's Physical Cosmology". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 35: 177–192.
- ↑ Big Bang: The Accidental Proof | Science Illustrated (en-US). Retrieved on 2020-07-04.
- ↑ Friedman (1922). "Über die Krümmung des Raumes". Zeitschrift für Physik 10 (1): 377–386. DOI:10.1007/BF01332580. (English translation in: Gen. Rel. Grav. 31 (1999), 1991–2000.) and Friedman (1924). "Über die Möglichkeit einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes". Zeitschrift für Physik 21 (1): 326–332. DOI:10.1007/BF01328280. (English translation in: Gen. Rel. Grav. 31 (1999), 2001–2008.)
- ↑ Georges Lemaître, Father of the Big Bang. American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013.
- ↑ Mitton (2005). Fred Hoyle: A Life in Science. Aurum Press.
- ↑ The book in question can [no longer] be downloaded here:
- ↑ Rees, M., Just Six Minutes, Orion Books, London (2003), p. 76
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
dezie- Kragh (1999). Cosmology and Controversy: The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00546-1.