Ainnurruvar

^[1]Ainnurruvar bụ otu ndị na-egosi mgbe ochie sitere na mpaghara Karnataka nke India n'etiti ịbụ afụ nke 8 na 13. N'ime oge a, ndị otu ndị ahaziri ahaziri nwere ike na ike dị ukwuu. Ainnurruvar bụ otu n'ime ndị otu a kacha mara amara. [1] N'oge ndị Ukwu Chola, a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị ama ama n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ ndị ejija South India.

^[2]Narị ike ise nke Ayyavole bụ ndị otu ndị ọrụ si Aihole nyere njikọ USB n'etiti obodo na Tamil Nadu, Karnataka na Andhra Pradesh . A ndekọ ha aha n’ihe odide ndị na-ejedebe na mberede OA. [1] Aihole bụbu obodo ukwu nke Chalukyas nke Badami na ebe nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ arụsị na brahmans, ụfọdụ n'ime ha yiri ka ha etinyela aka na azụmahịa nke ụtụtụ ise. [1] Mana ọtụtụ ndị Ayyavolu Lords bụ ndị ọrụ, ndị na-azụ akara ogologo oge. Ihe odide ha n'etiti mbụ awụ nke 9 na nke 14 na-edekọ onyunyo ha nyere n'nchegbu wee mee ka a ike ihe omume ahuhu ma ọ bụ ngwa akara ha nyere.

^[3]Ndị otu nlekọta ise, nke a maara dị ka Ayyavole na Kannada, Ayyavolu na Telugu, Aryarupa na Sanskrit, na Ainuruvar na Tamil, na-arụ ọrụ na South India na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa achị Eshia. Ha bịara dị ike n'okpuru Cholas . [1] Ha bụ ndị ozi nke Veera-Banaju-Dharma, ya bụ, iwu nke ndị dike ma ọ bụ ndị aha mara mma. Ehi bụ akara ha nke ha hụrụ n'ọkọlọtọ ha; ma ha nwere aha ọma maka ịbụ ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na ndị na-ahụ nta ego

Mmalite

Ihe odide Tamil nke 1088 AD achọtara na Sumatra, Indonesia na-ezo aka na "Nagara Senapathi Nattu cettiar" dị ka nke otu Ainnurruvar. ^[4] Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke iri na abụọ, ndị Ainnuruvars agụnyela ndị otu azụmaahịa ndị ọzọ ga-ebili dị ka ike na-achị achị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ Manigram Nagarattam na-ekwupụta onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ otu enyemaka. ^[1]

Ihe odide dị na Piranmalai na-ezo aka na "cetti" dị ka "na-eto eto" yana dịka "ịba n'ime ụlọ ọrụ Tisai Ayirattu Ainnurruvar ma na-ebi 18 pattinams, 32 valarpurams (nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa) na 64 Kadigi valams. (narị afọ nke 13) na-ekwukwa maka Ainnurruvar, Manigrammam (Manigrammam). na-agbakọta ọnụ iji nye nnukwu ego maka ụlọ nsụhọ (Ụdịiche nke ndị aha Tamil: Evolushọn nke capitalism nke ndị aha na Coramandal Site n'aka Kanakalatha Mukund).

Mkpakọrịta dị n'etiti Cholas na Ainnurruvar eguzobewo nke ọma site na ọnụ ọgụgụ a chọtara ihe odide Ainnurruvar. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị nke ihe odide Ainnurruvar mere n'oge usoro ndị eze Chola nke dị n'etiti narị afọ nke 10 na 13th. Ihe kachasị mkpa bụ ihe odide 1088 nke Sumatra (ọchịchị nke Kulothunga I) na ihe odide 1036 AD (Rajendra I) na Sri Lanka na-eme ka mmekọrịta chiri anya n'etiti obodo Ainnurruvar na Cholas enweghị obi abụọ. Dị ka Prof.Champakalkshmi si kwuo, Ainnurruvar kwagara ebe ọ bụla Cholas meriri. ^[5]

ANhazi

ANdị otu a bụ ndị "Pancha Sata Vira Sasana" ma ọ bụ iwu narị ise jisiri ike. N'oge dị iche iche, a na-ekwupụta na isi ụlọ ọrụ ha dị na neelampur na mpaghara Erode. ^[6]

Ndị Ainnurruvar nwere ndị agha nke ha iji duru ndị njem ha (ihe odide Sri Lanka na-egosi nke a n'ụzọ doro anya) na ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọrụ. Enwere nrụtụ aka na ngalaba aha ya bụ "Pazhi Ili Ainnurruvar" na mgbanwe Chola. Ọ bụ na ngwaọrụ ebe aha usoro a aha "Pazhi Ili" nke ihe Mutharaiyar, ihe omume nke okwu ahụ bụ "Ainnurruvar" na-achọsi ike. O doro anya na a gbaziri ndị agha ndị a iji kwado njem ndị Chola. N'eche ka echiche nke mbụ na njem njem Rajendra na South East Asia nwere ike ịbụ akwadokọrọ ihe, echiche nke na-akwadokwa site na ihe àmà dịnụ bụ na e mere egwuregwu iji ndị ohi na iji ụgbọala n'okporo ụzọ ụzọ. osimiri. nke Melakka Straits nke jere ozi dị ka ọnụ ụzọ nke Far East maka ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahha India. Ihe odide Tamil na nke China (1281 AD) nke achọtara na China na ntụaka ndị ọzọ gbasara ozi Chola n'ihe ikpe China na nke ọzọ na-agba maka nnukwu azụmahịa dị n'etiti obodo Tamil na Far East China.

Azụmahịa Dynamics

Dị ka Anthony Reid (Verandah nke Ime ihe ike - ndabere nke nsogbu Aceh), e nwere ọtụtụ ihe àmà na Tamil mercantile ọrụ na Aceh, ugwu Sumatra n'oge mmalite nke narị afọ nke abụọ. Ọ na-eche na ụfọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'etiti Tamilakham na Sumatra nwere ike ịbụ nnu na-ebu ụgbọ mmiri. ^[7] A makwaara ha ka ha na-azụ ahịa na Areca, Iron, owu owu na ikekwe ọbụna akwa. ^[8]

Ihe nketa

.Kanakalatha Mukund na-arụ ụka na oge site na 900 ruo 1300 ụzọ maka maka nke ahia n'ime ụlọ ọrụ na azụmahịa. Ọ na-ekwu na omume akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke ndị Tamil nke Marco Polo, onye njem Europe kwuru, yiri nke Natukkottai Chettiars sochiri egwuregwu taa ^[9]

Chola mechara (Sundara Chola 957-973 AD) ihe ikiri na Pillayar Patti na-ezo aka na nhazi nke "nagaram" aha ya bụ Raja Narayana Puram site n'aka obodo Ainnurruvar. Ederede Pillayarpatti na-arụtụkwa aka na Ainnurruva Perun Theru nke "En Karikkudi" (Epigraphical Reference 147-150 nke 1935-36 - Page 223 Trade and Statecraft in the Ages of Colas site Kenneth R. Hall). Dị ka ndị edemede soe kwuru na ntụaka a bụ maka obodo "Karai Kudi" nke dị ugbu a.</link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

. ^[2]Narị ike ise nke Ayyavole bụ ndị otu ndị ọrụ si Aihole nyere njikọ USB n'etiti obodo na Tamil Nadu, Karnataka na Andhra Pradesh . A ndekọ ha aha n’ihe odide ndị na-ejedebe na mberede OA. [1] Aihole bụbu obodo ukwu nke Chalukyas nke Badami na ebe nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ arụsị na brahmans, ụfọdụ n'ime ha yiri ka ha etinyela aka na azụmahịa nke ụtụtụ ise. [1] Mana ọtụtụ ndị Ayyavolu Lords bụ ndị ọrụ, ndị na-azụ akara ogologo oge. Ihe odide ha n'etiti ndị awụ nke 9 na nke 14 na-edekọ onyunyo ha nyere n' nsso wee mee ka ike ihe omume akara ma ọ bụ ngwa akara ha.

Nkọwa

Ndị a ma ama n'ụwa nile, nke e ji ọtụtụ ọma, eziokwu, ọcha ọcha, omume ọma, ikọ, nrubeisi, na ak kọ ya mma; ndị na-echebe vira-Bananju-dharma [iwu nke ndị na-ere aha dike], na-enwe 32 veloma, obodo 18, 64 yoga-pithas, na asramas na isi anɔ nke compass; amuru ibu ndi nāwaghari n'elu ọtutu mba, uwa dika akpa-ha,…. onyeisi na-agba ọsọ dị ka ụdọ, akpa betel dị ka akpa,... site n'okporo ụzọ ala na ụzọ mmiri na-abanye na mpaghara kọntinent isii, nwere enyí ndị ka elu, ụgbọ a na-azụ nke ọma , nnukwu sapphires, nkume nke ụnwa, pearl, rubies, diamonds,... cardamom, cloves, sandal, camphor, musk, saffron na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ndị ọzọ na ọgwụ, site n'ịre nke n'ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ na-agbagịji n'ubu ha, na-Mfu site na ọrụ omenala, ha na-e mgbochi edo nke eze ukwu, akụ ya nke ọla, na ihe-agha ya nke ngwa-agha; na ndị ọzọ ha na-enye onya kwa ụbọchị nye ndị pundits na munis; nche anwụ na-acha ọcha dị ka ọdịiche ha, oké osimiri dị ike dị ka ihie ha, Indra dị ka aka nke mma agha ha, Varuna dị ka ọkọlọtọ, Kubera dị ka onye na-echekwa ego, ...

Mmalite na ihe omume

Narị ise ahụ bụ ndị na-eme njem nke ghọrọ obodo n'ihi ọrụ ha. ^[10] N'ịtụnyere ndị guild ndị ọzọ, a na-ele ha anya dị ka ndị kacha mara mma. Ya na otu ndị ahịa ọzọ a na-akpọ Manigramam, a chọtara otu narị narị ise n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ebe azụmahịa. Ha nyere ụlọ nsọ, nye ndị Brahman nri, ma nye aka n'ịkwado ọrụ ịgba mmiri. Ihe odide ha na-emetụta akụkụ ala ndịda dum, na-achọpụta netwọk nke ndị ahịa na mpaghara na mba ụwa. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ahịa ndị a ka a na-akpọ " nanadesi " (ma ọ bụ "nke ọtụtụ mba), ebe a na-akpọ ụfọdụ " swadesi " (ma ọ bụ "nke obodo ha"). Ndị ahịa ndị a bụ otu n'ime ụzọ ndị a na-ebuga omenala India na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia. ^[11]

Veera-Balanjas

^[12]A na-akpọ ndị isi nke Ayyavolu Vira-Balanjas. [1] Okwu Vira-Balanja na Kannada na Vira-Valanjiyar na Tamil, Vira-Balija/ Balija Chetty/ setty na Telugu, ha niile egwuregwu "ndị soja nwere obi ike". [2] Ndị akara a na-eme onwe ha dị ka ndị ozi nke Vira Balanja Dharma ( Vira Balanja Dharma Pratipalanulu ) ma na-edekarị ihe odide nke Andhra ochie. [3] Enwere ọtụtụ epigraph dị na Veera-Balanjas. Otu ihe atụ bụ akwụkwọ nke 1531 OA sitere na obodo Anilama nke Cuddapah, nke na-ezo aka n'inye ego ụfọdụ (Magama) na-azụ akara, dị ka owu, yarn, ihe, wdg, nke Veera-Balanja mere. ndị otu ndị ozi nke Ayyavolu, maka àjà oriọna nke Chineke Sangamesvara nke obodo ahụ.

Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dabere na , dị ka Nakaras (otu òtù) nke bụ otu ndị Nagara Komati na-efe Nakaresvara na ndị Kavarai Valanjiyar na-efe Kavaresvara nke bụ otu ndị omenkà sitere na aha Tamil Sangaru Vaaniyan (Sangaruppaani) onye onye ahuhu. onye na-egbutu shei conch [1] Ndị Mummuridanda bụ ndị dike mbụ na ndị ọrụ na-esote. Ihe odide nke 1177 AD sitere na Kurugodu, Bellary kwuru hoo haa na ndị Mummuridandas bụ mpụ nke 'narị ise' bụ ndị ma ama na Aryapura, ya bụ, Aihole ma ọ bụ Ayyavole ( srimad aryya nama pura mukhyabhutar enip ainurvarind adavid anyvay ) . [2] Ndị ọrụ ọrụ dị ka Vira-Balanja-Samaya toro n'okpuru ukwu dị iche iche n'agbanyeghị agha na mbuso agha. ^[13]

Na Tamil isi mmalite

Ihe odide Chera nke gbajiri agbawa na 1000 OA n'oge ọchịchị Bhaskara Ravi, nke a hụrụ na nkume atọ gbajiri agbaji n'otu ụlọ alakụba dị na Pandalayini-Kollam (nke dị nso na Kozhikode), na-ezo aka na Valanjiyar na ndị ahịa ndị ọzọ achọtara na nzukọ ndị otu ahia Ayyavole-500. ^[14] A na-akpọ Ayyavole-500 ahụ Ainuruvar na Tamil.

Na Visakhapatnam, a chọtara ihe odide atọ, abụọ na Telugu na otu na Tamil. Ha nọ na Ainuttava-perumballi (500 perumballi) na Visakhapatnam ma dee ya na 1090 OA n'okpuru ọchịchị Ganga eze Anantavarmadeva. ^[15] Ederede Telugu ọzọ dekọtara onyinye yiri nke ahụ nye otu Ainuttava-Perumballi site n'aka Onye isi ala Mahamandaleshvara Kulotungga Prithvisvara. Ihe odide ndị ahụ na-egosi na ndị otu Ayyavole-500 kwadoro ndị Anjuvannam na ọbụna mesoo ha dị ka ndị otu òtù ahụ. ^[16]

Ọ ga-adị ka mgbe Ayyavole-500 guild ghọrọ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-agafe agafe nke ndịda India, ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa na obodo dị adị jikọtara ya na ya. Manigramam na nanadesi guilds sonyeere Ayyavole-500. N'ihi njem ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche nke Chola na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na nkwado nke Cholas nyere ndị otu Ayyavole, Ayyavole guild pụtara dị ka ikike ụgbọ mmiri wee na-aga n'ihu n'alaeze Srivijaya (obodo ukwu nke thalassocratic dabere n'àgwàetiti ahụ. nke Sumatra, Indonesia). Edere nke a nke ọma n'ihe odide Ayyavole guild nke afọ 1088 AD a chọtara na Barus nke West Sumatra, Indonesia. Ndị ahịa South India nọkwa na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Burma na ala dị larịị Thai. ^[17]

Hụkwa

Trade Guilds nke South India
Anjuvannam
Manigramam
Narị ise ndị nwe Ayyavolu
Valanjiyar
India ka ukwuu
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmetụta India na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia

Ihe ndetu

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kenneth R. Hall (1 June 2003). Trade and Statecraft in the Ages of Colas. Abhinav Publications, 142, 150. ISBN 978-81-7017-120-1. Retrieved on 26 February 2012.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 A History of India, by Burton Stein and David Arnold, p.120
↑ Peranakan Indians of Singapore and Melaka: Indian Babas and Nonyas--Chitty Melaka, by Samuel Dhoraisingam, p.3
↑ "The medieval Tamil-language inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China". First Ismaili Electronic Library and Database, accessed 25 November 2011.
↑ Radha Champakalakshmi (1996). Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195638707. Retrieved on 26 February 2012.
↑ University of Allahabad. Dept. of Modern Indian History (2007). Journal of Indian history, 15, 17. Retrieved on 26 February 2012.
↑ Anthony Reid (2006). Verandah of violence: the background to the Aceh problem. NUS Press, 26, 28. ISBN 978-9971-69-331-2. Retrieved on 26 February 2012.
↑ Meera Abraham (1988). South Asian studies. Manohar Publications, 82, 107. ISBN 978-81-85054-48-3. Retrieved on 26 February 2012.
↑ Kanakalatha Mukund (1 January 1999). The trading world of the Tamil merchant: evolution of merchant capitalism in the Coromandel. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-1661-8. Retrieved on 26 February 2012.
↑ A History of India, by Burton Stein, p. 126
↑ A History of India, by Burton Stein and David Arnold, p.121
↑ (1984) in Ravula Soma Reddy: Hindu and Muslim Religious Institutions, Andhra Desa, 1300-1600. New Era.
↑ (1975) in Kambhampati Satyanarayana: A Study of the History and Culture of the Andhras: From stone age to feudalism. People's Publishing House.
↑ Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.163
↑ Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.164
↑ Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.165
↑ Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.10-12

Ntụaka

Nilakanta Sastri, KA (1955). Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South India, OUP, New Delhi (Ebigharịrị 2002) .

[Hall2003-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kenneth R. Hall (1 June 2003). Trade and Statecraft in the Ages of Colas. Abhinav Publications, 142, 150. ISBN 978-81-7017-120-1. Retrieved on 26 February 2012.

[HI120-2] 2.0 ^2.1 A History of India, by Burton Stein and David Arnold, p.120

[Melaka_p.3-3] Peranakan Indians of Singapore and Melaka: Indian Babas and Nonyas--Chitty Melaka, by Samuel Dhoraisingam, p.3

[4] "The medieval Tamil-language inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China". First Ismaili Electronic Library and Database, accessed 25 November 2011.

[Champakalakshmi1996-5] Radha Champakalakshmi (1996). Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195638707. Retrieved on 26 February 2012.

[HistoryHistory2007-6] University of Allahabad. Dept. of Modern Indian History (2007). Journal of Indian history, 15, 17. Retrieved on 26 February 2012.

[Reid2006-7] Anthony Reid (2006). Verandah of violence: the background to the Aceh problem. NUS Press, 26, 28. ISBN 978-9971-69-331-2. Retrieved on 26 February 2012.

[AbrahamSüdasien-Institut1988-8] Meera Abraham (1988). South Asian studies. Manohar Publications, 82, 107. ISBN 978-81-85054-48-3. Retrieved on 26 February 2012.

[Mukund1999-9] Kanakalatha Mukund (1 January 1999). The trading world of the Tamil merchant: evolution of merchant capitalism in the Coromandel. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-1661-8. Retrieved on 26 February 2012.

[10] A History of India, by Burton Stein, p. 126

[11] A History of India, by Burton Stein and David Arnold, p.121

[12] (1984) in Ravula Soma Reddy: Hindu and Muslim Religious Institutions, Andhra Desa, 1300-1600. New Era.

[13] (1975) in Kambhampati Satyanarayana: A Study of the History and Culture of the Andhras: From stone age to feudalism. People's Publishing House.

[14] Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.163

[15] Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.164

[16] Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.165

[17] Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.10-12

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