Wikipedia

Ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ

Ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ, ahihia na-emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ bụ ahịhịa nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ndị ọchịchị ọzọ họpụtara dị ka osisi na-emerụ ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ubi ubi, ebe obibi ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụ ụlọ. Ewebatala ahịhịa kachasị njọ n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi site n'amaghị ama, njikwa na-ezighị ezi, ma ọ bụ ihe mberede. Ụfọdụ ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ bụ obodo. A na-abụkarị osisi na-eto ngwa ngwa, na-amụba ngwa ngwa na-enweghị njikwa ebumpụta ụwa ( herbivores nke ala, kemistri ala, wdg), na-egosipụta mmetụta ọjọọ site na kọntaktị ma ọ bụ iri nri. Ahịhịa ọjọọ bụ nnukwu nsogbu n'ọtụtụ akụkụ ụwa, na-emetụta oke ọrụ ubi, njikwa oke ọhịa, ihe nchekwa okike, ogige ntụrụndụ na oghere ndị ọzọ.[1]

Ogwe owuwe ihe ubi tozuru etozu, ahịhịa na-awakpo na Australia.

Ọtụtụ ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ abịala n'ógbè na mba ọhụrụ site na mbupu nke nri na mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ kpachapụrụ anya webata dị ka osisi ịchọ mma maka iji ya eme ihe.

Ụfọdụ "ahịhịa ọjọọ", dị ka ragwort, na-emepụta nnukwu nectar, bara uru maka nlanarị nke aṅụ na ndị ọzọ na-emetọ ihe, ma ọ bụ uru ndị ọzọ dị ka nri na ebe obibi ndị ọbịa. Na US, parsnip anụ ọhịa Pastinaca sativa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-enye nnukwu osisi tubular nke ụfọdụ ụdị aṅụ na-ehi ụra, nri larval maka urukurubụba swallowtail abụọ, na àgwà ndị ọzọ bara uru.[2]

Ụdị

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Algae Caulerpa Taxifolia, bụ ahịhịa mmiri na-emerụ ahụ nke a na-akpọ killer algae. Nke a bụ foto nke ọ na-awakpo ala osisi.
 
Nke a bụ ahịhịa na-egbu egbu, Striga gesnerioides, nke a na-akpọkarị Witchweed.
 
Nke a bụ ahịhịa na-egbu egbu, Drymaria arenarioides nke a na-akpọkarị Lightning weed. A na-agbagwoju ya anya mgbe ụfọdụ na daisies.

Ụfọdụ ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ na-emerụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ na-egbu egbu, anụ ụlọ na-ata nri, na anụ ọhịa. Ala mepere emepe na ebe ịta nri nwere ala ọgba aghara na ìhè anyanwụ mepere emepe na-adịkarị mfe karị. Ya mere, ichebe ụmụ anụmanụ na-ata nri pụọ na ahịhịa na-egbu egbu n'ebe ndị bụ isi nri ha dị mkpa.[3] Enwere ahihia na-emebi mmiri nke mmiri, terrestrial na parasitic.[3]

Nchịkwa

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Ntuziaka ụfọdụ iji gbochie mgbasa nke ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ bụ:

  1. Zere ịkwọ ụgbọala n'ebe ahịhịa jupụtara na ya.
  2. Zere ibugharị ma ọ bụ kụọ mkpụrụ na osisi ndị mmadụ na-enweghị ike ịmata.
  3. Maka ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ na okooko osisi ma ọ bụ nke nwere mkpụrụ n'elu osisi, a na-atụ aro 'iji nwayọ' wepụ ma tinye ya n'ime akpa a na-emechi emechi. A na-ewepụ ihe ndị dị ka composting na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ ọkụ na-ere n'ime mgbe ọ dị mma ma dị mma maka otu osisi ahụ. Ọkụ na-egbu egbu nwere ike igbu mmadụ.[4]
  4. Iji naanị mkpụrụ na-enweghị ahịhịa maka ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ ubi. [5]

Ịnọgide na-achịkwa ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ dị mkpa maka ahụike nke ebe obibi, anụ ụlọ, anụ ọhịa, na osisi ala, na nke ụmụ mmadụ n'afọ ndụ niile. Otu esi achịkwa ahịhịa na-egbu egbu dabere na gburugburu ebe obibi na ebe obibi, ụdị ahịhịhịa, nnweta nke ngwá ọrụ, ọrụ, ihe, na akụ na ụba. Iwu na-achọkarị na a ga-eji ego nchịkwa ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị mee ihe maka mkpochapụ, mgbochi mwakpo, ma ọ bụ ebe obibi na mpaghara ọrụ mweghachi nke obodo.[5]

Ọ dịla anya a na-eji ụmụ ahụhụ na fungus eme ihe dị ka ihe na-achịkwa ụfọdụ ahịhịa na-egbu egbu na n'oge na-adịbeghị anya a na'iji nematodes mee ihe.[6]

Ikpochapụ ya

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Dị ka ndị ọkachamara n'ịchịkwa ihe si kwuo, e nwere ụzọ kemịkal, ụzọ anụ ahụ, na ụzọ gburugburu ebe obibi si ekpochapụ ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ. Ndị ahụ gụnyere ịdọpụ ahịhịa niile n'ala, [8] ịgbasa ahịhịa ahịhịa ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ nnukwu ebe, [9] na iji igwe tụgharịa ala. Dị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo si kwuo, iji ewu mee ihe nwere ike igosi ụzọ dị ndụ si ekpochapụ ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ kama iji ọgwụ mgbochi ahịhịa.[10][11] Ọzọkwa, ịkụfe ụdị nke ala bụ ihe ngwọta dị ogologo oge iji kpochapụ ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ.[7]

Arụmụka na ajọ mbunobi

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Mkpa ọrụ ugbo, ọchịchọ, na nchegbu anaghị ejikọta ya na mpaghara ndị ọzọ, dị ka ihe na-enye pollinator nectar.[12] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ragwort ka akwadoro dị ka isi mmalite nectar ahịhịa ifuru na ọmụmụ UK, yana na iri kachasị na nke ọzọ. Oge mmalite oge ntoju ya na-enyekwara aka karịsịa maka iguzobe ebe ndị bumblebee na-achị.[13] Ahịhịa ndị a na-ewere dị ka ahịhịa ọjọọ na US na n'ebe ndị ọzọ, dị ka Cirsium arvense na Cirsium vulgare, egosiwokwa na ma ọ bụ nso n'elu chaatị ahụ n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ UK maka mmepụta nectar, otu n'ime obodo ya. Uke ndị a na-ejekwa ozi dị ka ahịhịa ahịhịa maka nwanyị urukurubụba esere ihe. Ya mere, enwere ike inwe esemokwu n'etiti amụma ọrụ ugbo na echiche na echiche nke ndị nchekwa nchekwa ma ọ bụ otu ndị ọzọ.   [citation needed]

Site na mba

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Australia

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N'Australia, gọọmentị steeti na nke mpaghara na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "ihe ọkụkụ na-emerụ ahụ".[8]   [<span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (June 2019)">example needed</span>]

 
Nke a bụ ahịhịa Alligator.

Ụfọdụ ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ n'Australia bụ ahịhịa Alligator, Horsetails, na Branched broomrape.[15] Gọọmentị Victoria ga-ekpochapụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị a n'efu. Amachibidoro ahịhịa ahịhịa na steeti na ókèala Australia niile.[15] Ha nwere ike ịmepụta akwa akwa nke nwere ike ime ka ọtụtụ ụzọ mgbochi nke ụzọ mmiri.[15] Horsetail na-egbu anụ ụlọ. Ha na-esikwa ike ikpochapụ, n'ihi na ha nwere ike ekewapụ ma iberibe iberibe nwere ike itolite osisi ọhụrụ.[15] Ụdị dị ka succulents. broomrapes nke alaka ya bụ ahịhịa na-egbu egbu.[15] Ha na-adọta onwe ha na mgbọrọgwụ nke osisi ndị ọzọ ma wepụ mmiri na nri.[9]

Canada

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Na Canada, a na-ekere òkè n'iwu maka nhazi nke ọrụ ugbo na gburugburu ebe obibi n'etiti gọọmentị etiti na nke mpaghara. Gọọmentị etiti site na Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) na-achịkwa osisi ndị na-awakpo n'okpuru ikike nke Iwu Nchebe Osisi, Iwu Mkpụrụ na iwu iwu. CFIA ahọpụtara ụdị osisi ụfọdụ dị ka ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ na Weed Seeds Order.[10]

Mpaghara ọ bụla na-emepụta ndepụta nke ya nke ahịhịa a machibidoro iwu. Na Alberta, dịka ọmụmaatụ, a mara ọkwa Iwu Nchịkwa Ahịhịa ọhụrụ na 2010 na aha ahịhịhịa abụọ: "ihe a machibidoro iwu" (46 ụdị) nke a machibidokara iwu na Alberta, na "ihe na-emerụ ahụ" (29 ụdị) nke enwere ike igbochi ya na mkpebi nke ndị ọchịchị mpaghara.[11]

New Zealand

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New Zealand enweela usoro Iwu nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu metụtara ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ: Iwu Ahịhịa Na-emerụ Ahụ 1908, Iwu Ahịhi Na-emerụrụ ahụ 1950, na Iwu Ahịl Na-emerighị Ahụ 1978.[12][13] Iwu Biosecurity Act 1993 wepụrụ nke ikpeazụ, nke jiri okwu ndị dị ka "ihe otiti", "ihe dị ndụ" na "ụdị", kama "ihe na-emerụ ahụ". N'ihi ya, a naghịzi eji okwu ahụ bụ "ihe ọkụkụ na-emerụ ahụ" eme ihe na akwụkwọ gọọmentị na New Zealand.[14] Dabere na Iwu a, ịchịkwa ọtụtụ ahịhịa nwere nsogbu, nke a na-akpọ ugbu a 'osisi na-egbu egbu', bụ ọrụ nke Kansụl Ógbè, ma ọ bụ ndị ọchịchị otu, na kansụl ole na ole.

 
Nke a bụ Broad-Leaved Dock.

Ụfọdụ ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ na New Zealand bụ Broad-Leaved Dock, English Ivy, na Oxalis.[15] Osisi ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe mara mma, mana ha na-egbu osisi ndị a mụrụ ma sie ike ikpochapụ.[15]

United Kingdom

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  The Weeds Act 1959 (7 &amp; 8 Eliz. 2. c. 54) na-ekpuchi Great Britain, Ọ na-emetụta ndị ọrụ ugbo na ntọala ime obodo ndị ọzọ karịa nkewa ma ọ bụ ndị na-akụ ubi.[16] E depụtara ahịhịa ahịhịhịa ise "na-emerụ ahụ". Okwu ahụ bụ "ihe na-emerụ ahụ" pụtara n'ọnọdụ a na-emerụrụ ọrụ ugbo ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe kpatara mmerụ ahụ.[17] Ụdị niile edepụtara ma e wezụga ragwort bụ ndị a na-eri eri ma pụta n'akwụkwọ Richard Mabey bụ Food for Free . Ha niile bụ osisi ala. Ndị a bụ:

  • Ogwu ube (Cirsium vulgare)
  • Ịgagharị, ma ọ bụ ubi, ahịhịa (Cirsium arvense)
  • Ụgbọ mmiri curled (Rumex crispus)
  • Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere akwụkwọ sara mbara (Rumex obtusifolius)
  • Ihe a na-ahụkarị (Jacobaea vulgaris)

Ngalaba na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, nri na ime obodo (DEFRA) na-enye nduzi maka iwepụ ahịhịa ndị a n'ala na-arịa ọrịa. Ọtụtụ n'ime nke a na-elekwasị anya n'iji ọgwụ herbicides.

Iwu ahụ anaghị etinye ọrụ iwu ọ bụla na-akpaghị aka na ndị nwe ala iji chịkwaa ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ mee ka ịzụlite ha n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, mana enwere ike inye ha iwu ịchịkwa ha. Ọtụtụ ahịhịa a na-ahụkarị n'ala ugbo abụghị "ihe na-emerụ ahụ" n'ime ihe Iwu ahịhịhịa pụtara na ọtụtụ ụdị osisi ndị dị otú ahụ nwere nchekwa na uru gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị UK dị iche iche nwere ọrụ ịnwa inweta nguzozi ezi uche dị na ya n'etiti ọdịmma dị iche iche. Ndị a gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, nchekwa ime obodo na ọha na eze.

Akụkụ nke 14 nke Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 na-eme ka ọ bụrụ mmejọ ịkụ ma ọ bụ zụlite ụfọdụ osisi ndị mba ọzọ a kapịrị ọnụ n'ọhịa, edepụtara na usoro 9 nke iwu ahụ, gụnyere nnukwu hogweed na Japanese knotweed. Ụfọdụ ndị ọchịchị obodo nwere iwu na-achịkwa ụlọ ọrụ ndị a.   [citation needed] Enweghị iwu chọrọ maka ndị nwe ala iwepụ osisi ndị a na ihe onwunwe ha.

Northern Ireland kpuchiri site na Noxious Weeds (Northern Ireland) Order 1977 (NISI 1977/52). [18] Nke a na-egosipụta iwu Great Britain, ma na-ekpuchi otu ụdị ise ahụ, na mgbakwunye nke:

  • Oat ọhịa (Avena fatua)
  • Oat ọhịa (Avena ludoviciana)

United States

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Ndị a bụ ihe na-eme ka anya ehi.

Gọọmentị etiti na-akọwa ahịhịa na-egbu egbu n'okpuru Federal Noxious Weed Act nke 1974. Gọọmentị steeti na United States na-akọwa ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ.[19] Ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ bịara na US site na ọchịchị.[20] Ụfọdụ okooko osisi ọhịa bụ ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ a na-amaghị nke ọma. A machibidoro ole na ole n'ime ha iwu na steeti ụfọdụ.[21] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ox-eye daisy bịara Amerịka n'ime akpa mkpụrụ nke ndị na-achị ala ma ghọọ daisy a na-ahụkarị n'akụkụ ụzọ. A machibidoro ya iwu na steeti 10 maka ọrụ ugbo, ọ bụkwa nke a machibidoro iwu n'ime okooko osisi ọ bụla.[21]

Hụkwa

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Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Cal-IPC: Invasive Plant Definitions, What Makes a Plant "Invasive"?. www.cal-ipc.org. California Invasive Plant Council. Retrieved on 20 July 2017.
  2. ↑ Wild Parsnip. Illinois Wildflowers.info. Retrieved on 13 November 2017.
  3. ↑ USDA (December 10, 2010). Federal Noxious Weed List. Retrieved on April 25, 2024.
  4. ↑ Poison Ivy Identification and Control. Archived from the original on 2015-06-22. Retrieved on 2015-06-22.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Idaho State Department of Agriculture (2005). Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved on 2 November 2008. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ISDA" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ V S Rao (2 January 2000). Principles of Weed Science, Second Edition. Taylor & Francis, 319–. ISBN 978-1-57808-069-4. 
  7. ↑ Fisheries (2011-06-24). Physical control methods (en-AU). www.business.qld.gov.au. Retrieved on 2024-05-07.
  8. ↑ National weeds lists. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (14 August 2012). Retrieved on 25 August 2012.
  9. ↑ Department of Jobs (2021-03-02). State prohibited weeds - Agriculture (en-AU). Agriculture Victoria. Retrieved on 2024-05-08.
  10. ↑ Invasive Plants Policy. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (2012-02-20). Retrieved on 31 December 2013.
  11. ↑ Alberta Invasive Plant Identification Guide. Wheatland County (2013). Retrieved on 25 July 2020.
  12. ↑ Noxious Plants Act 1978 (1978 No 15). www.nzlii.org. Retrieved on 2022-02-24.
  13. ↑ McLintock. NOXIOUS WEEDS ACT OF 1950 (en). An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, 1966.. Retrieved on 2022-02-24.
  14. ↑ Biosecurity Act 1993 No 95 (as at 28 October 2021), Public Act Schedule 3 enactments repealed – New Zealand Legislation. www.legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved on 2022-02-24.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Common Noxious Weeds in New Zealand (en-US). Crewcut Lawn & Garden (2021-10-21). Retrieved on 2024-05-07.
  16. ↑ Weeds Act 1959
  17. ↑ Injurious weeds.
  18. ↑ Noxious Weeds (Northern Ireland) Order 1977
  19. ↑ Invasive and Noxious Weeds. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved on 25 August 2012.
  20. ↑ Invasive Species as a Metaphor for Colonization (en). Rewilding Magazine (2022-06-16). Retrieved on 2024-05-03.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Problem Plants: Noxious Weeds, Invasive Wildflowers, and Prohibited Plants (en). American Meadows. Retrieved on 2024-05-03.
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