Agroecosystem

Agroecosystems bụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwado usoro mmepụta nri na ugbo na ubi. Dị ka aha ahụ na-egosi, n'isi nke agroecosystem bụ ọrụ ugbo nke mmadụ. N'ihi ya, ha bụ isi ihe ọmụmụ na Agroecology, na Regenerative Agriculture site na iji usoro gburugburu ebe obibi.

Faịlụ:Julieagroecosystem.jpg

Agroecosystem na Croton-on-Hudson, New York na Westchester County. Tomato, basil, ose na eggplants.

Dị ka usoro okike ndị ọzọ, agroecosystems na-emepụta usoro mechiri emechi nke ụmụ anụmanụ, osisi, microbes, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na gburugburu ha na-adabere na ibe ha ma na-emekọrịta ihe mgbe niile. A na-akọwa ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka mpaghara na ọrụ dị n'otu nke ọrụ ugbo.^[1]

Enwere ike ịhụ agroecosystem dị ka ọ bụghị naanị na ebe ọrụ ugbo dị nso (dịka ugbo). Nke ahụ bụ, ọ na-agụnye mpaghara nke ọrụ a na-emetụta, na-abụkarị site na mgbanwe na mgbagwoju anya nke nchịkọta ụdị na ike na-aga, yana nguzozi nri. Agroecosystems, ọkachasị ndị a na-achịkwa nke ọma, na-akọwa dị ka ndị nwere ụdị dị mfe, ike na ihe na-edozi ahụ karịa usoro okike. N'otu aka ahụ, a na-ejikọkarị agroecosystems na ntinye nri dị elu, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-apụ n'ugbo ahụ na-eduga na eutrophication nke usoro okike ndị jikọtara na-etinyeghị aka n'ọrụ ugbo.^[2]

Ojiji

Ụfọdụ nnukwu òtù na-eto ọrụ ugbo n'ime agroecosystems dị ka ụzọ na-aga n'ihu maka ọrụ ugbo. Ụzọ ọrụ ugbo dị ugbu a emeela ka mmiri gbasaa, oke mbuze na mbelata ala. Dị ka akụkọ sitere na International Water Management Institute na United Nations Environment Programme si kwuo, mmiri zuru ezu iji gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ugbo site na iji omume dị ugbu a; ya mere, otu esi eji mmiri, ala, na ihe onwunwe gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe iji bulie ihe ọkụkụ. Akụkọ ahụ tụrụ aro ịnye uru na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-amata mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na nke ndụ, yana ịhazi ikike nke ndị ọrụ na ọdịmma dị iche iche, yana idozi ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke na-akpata mgbe ụfọdụ mgbe a na-anakwere usoro dị otú ahụ, dị ka ịnyeghachi mmiri site na ndị ogbenye gaa na ndị ọgaranya, iwepụ ala iji mee ka ala ugbo na-arụpụta ihe, ma ọ bụ ichekwa usoro mmiri nke na-egbochi ikike ịkụ azụ.^[3]

Otu n'ime mgbalị siri ike nke ọzụzụ dị ka agroecology bụ ịkwalite ụdị njikwa nke na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti agroecosystems na "eke" gburugburu ebe obibi, ma site n'ibelata mmetụta nke ọrụ ugbo (ịbawanye mgbagwoju anya nke usoro ugbo na nke trophic nke usoro ugbo yana ibelata ya. ntinye ihe na-edozi ahụ / ọpụpụ) yana site n'ịbawanye mmata na mmetụta "ndabere" na-agbatị usoro agroecosystem gafere oke nke ugbo (dịka ọmụmaatụ Corn Belt agroecosystem gụnyere mpaghara hypoxic na Ọwara Mexico). N'okwu nke mbụ, polyculture ma ọ bụ ihe nchekwa maka ebe obibi anụ ọhịa nwere ike iweghachi ụfọdụ mgbagwoju anya na usoro ihe ọkụkụ, ebe ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ibelata ntinye nri. Mgbalị nke ụdị nke abụọ na-emekarị na oke mmiri. Otu ihe atụ bụ National Association of Conservation Districts' Lake Mendota Watershed Project, nke na-achọ ibelata mmiri na-asọpụta n'ala ndị ọrụ ugbo na-abanye n'ime ọdọ ahụ na ebumnuche nke ibelata ifuru osisi algal.^[4]

Hụkwa

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

Loucks (November 1977). "Emergence of Research on Agro-Ecosystems". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 8: 173–192. DOI:10.1146/annurev.es.08.110177.001133.
Seabrook, Wendy, 2022, Otu esi ahọrọ omume Regenerative - ọrụ ahụ. Ịmụta Ihe Site n'Oké Ọdịdị

Ebem si dee

↑ Agro-ecosystem Health Project. 1996. Agroecosystem health. University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
↑ Agroecosystem Management for Improved Human Health: Applying principles of integrated pest management to people. D. G. Peden. Published in New Directions in Animal Production Systems. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Animal Science, July 5–8, 1998, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Edited by R. Blair, R. Rajamahendran, L.S. Stephens, M.Y. Yang. Agroecosystem Management for Improved Human Health: Applying principles of integrated pest management to people: International Development Research Centre. Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved on 2008-12-09.
↑ Molden, D., Opinion: The Water Deficit, The Scientist, 23 August 2011
↑ TMDL Case Study: Wisconsin TMDL Case Study: Wisconsin - National Association of Conservation Districts. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved on 2008-12-09.

[Ref_-1] Agro-ecosystem Health Project. 1996. Agroecosystem health. University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.

[Ref_c-2] Agroecosystem Management for Improved Human Health: Applying principles of integrated pest management to people. D. G. Peden. Published in New Directions in Animal Production Systems. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Animal Science, July 5–8, 1998, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Edited by R. Blair, R. Rajamahendran, L.S. Stephens, M.Y. Yang. Agroecosystem Management for Improved Human Health: Applying principles of integrated pest management to people: International Development Research Centre. Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved on 2008-12-09.

[3] Molden, D., Opinion: The Water Deficit, The Scientist, 23 August 2011

[Ref_d-4] TMDL Case Study: Wisconsin TMDL Case Study: Wisconsin - National Association of Conservation Districts. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved on 2008-12-09.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]