Wikipedia

Abuse scandal in the Sisters of Mercy

Ebubo eboro ụmụaka n'ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị Sisters of Mercy nwere, jikwaa ma bụrụkwa ndị ọrụ nke ukwuu, bụ nke dị na Ireland, bụ akụkụ nke ebubo mmetọ ụmụaka e boro ndị ụkọchukwu Katọlik na ndị otu ụlọ akwụkwọ okpukpe Katọlik n'ọtụtụ mba n'oge ikpeazụ. narị afọ nke 20. Omume arụrụ arụ a na-ebo ebubo na a na-eme n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị Sisters of Mercy na-achị bụ site na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na mmegbu nke mmetụta uche, na gụnyere ụfọdụ ebubo mmetọ nke ndị nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

dezie

Na Ireland, ụmụnna nwanyị nke Ebere rụrụ ọrụ, site n’oge ntọala ha n’afọ 1831, dịka usoro ebe obibi ndị nọn nwere onwe, onye nke ọ bụla n’ime ha nọ n’okpuru ikike na ikike nke bishọp obodo ha. N'ime afọ iri abụọ site n'etiti 1960s gawa, usoro nke njikọta sitere n'aka ụmụnna nwanyị malitere ebe a na-achịkọta ndị nọn niile na dayọsis ọ bụla dị na Ireland n'okpuru otu nhazi ọchịchị. Ka ọ na-erule 1994, ọkwa nke abụọ nke njikọta zuru oke nke mere ka ndị nọn niile dị na diọcese 26 nke Ireland (yana ọgbakọ nke Sisters of Mercy dị na South Africa, ndị nwere njikọ Irish siri ike) jikọtara ọnụ dị ka otu otu.[1]. Ha nyere ọrụ nlekọta ụmụaka na ụlọ akwụkwọ site na ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, gụnyere opekata mpe ụlọ akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ 26 dị na Ireland ebe e hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.[1]

N’afọ 1996, ezigbo ada ada, e gosiri ihe nkiri na-ekiri ebubo mmetọ n’ụlọ akwụkwọ St. Vincent’s Industrial School, Goldenbridge, Ireland, nke ndị Sisters of Mercy na-elekọta, na TV RTÉ. Ihe nkiri ahụ lekwasịrị anya n’ebubo onye nọn n’ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ boro onye bụbu onye bibu ya. Ọ bụ ezie na e welitere nchegbu siri ike banyere izi ezi nke otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke akaebe ahụ, na ebubo ndị nọn ahụ metụtara jụkwara ebubo ahụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ mere ka e nwee akụkọ ọzọ gbasara mmetọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.[1][2] Usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ, States nke Ụjọ, nke e gosipụtara na 1999. Ụjọ Ụjọ lere anya na ebubo nke mmegbu na usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ Irish, na-akpali nzaghachi ọha na eze siri ike, nke a mere ka e guzobe Commission na-ajụ ajụjụ banyere mmetọ ụmụaka nke nyochara. na-emegbu ebubo megide ọtụtụ òtù Roman Katọlik na Ireland, gụnyere Sisters of Mercy. [2]

Nnyocha na ebubo

dezie

Nora Wall, 1999

dezie

A mara Nora Wall, onye otu Sisters of Mercy, ikpe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi maka ndina n'ike na 1999.Paul Pablo McCabe, nwoke na-enweghị ebe obibi na-arịa schizophrenia, e boro ebubo na o dinara nwatakịrị ugboro abụọ n'ụlọ otu Wall na-elekọta. N'ihe gbasara otu n'ime ebubo ndina n'ike abụọ ahụ, ndị na-agbachitere ya nwere ike igosi na McCabe enweghị ike ịnọ ebe ahụ n'ụbọchị ahụ - nke bụ ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke iri na abụọ nke onye na-ebo ya ebubo Regina Walsh. Ndị ọka ikpe tọhapụrụ ya na ebubo ahụ ma maa ya ikpe (na Nora Wall) na ebubo ndina n'ike nke abụọ nke na-ekwughị kpọmkwem ụbọchị.[3]

N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Juun afọ 1999, otu izu mgbe e dinara ya n'ike, Regina Walsh gbara onye nta akụkọ Barry O'Keefe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ The Star ajụjụ ọnụ na-azọrọ na "nwoke ojii nọ na Leicester Square" dinara ya na London. Nke a bụ akụkọ nye ndị otu na-agbachitere Wall. Ọzọkwa, The Star bipụtara aha Walsh na "onye akaebe" ya Patricia Phelan na nke mbụ ya. Otu onye ọchụnta ego Kilkenny gụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ wee mata Phelan dị ka nwanyị ahụ boro onwe ya ebubo ndina n'ike ụgha, ndị na-agbachitere ya nwetakwara ihe akaebe a. Nke a mere ka ikpe nke ndị a na-ebo ebubo abụọ daa ngwa ngwa ma hapụ ha n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. N'ikpeazụ na 1 Disemba 2005 Ụlọikpe mkpegharị ikpe na Ireland kwadoro na Wall bụ onye ikpe na-ezighị ezi.[4] McCabe nwụrụ na Disemba 2002.

Mmetụta nke ndụ okpukpe

dezie

N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2006, Sisters of Mercy bipụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ The Influence of Religious Values and / or Religious Life of the Sisters of Miscy on the Management of Industrial Schools na-akọwa ụzọ omenala na omume okpukpe ha nwere ike isi metụta nlekọta ụmụaka na ụlọ ọrụ ha. Ha na-akọ na:

  • usoro ihe omume okpukpe siri ike nwere ike ịbụ na ụmụaka ahụla dị ka "ihe siri ike ma na-achọsi ike" ma hapụ ụmụaka n'aka ndị ọrụ nkịtị mgbe niile.
  • uru na ịgbachi nkịtị nwere ike ịnwe nkwurịta okwu na ụmụaka na ndị ọrụ
  • uru dị elu na omume ọrụ na echiche nke ntụrụndụ dị ka ihe okomoko nwere ike iduga n'ịnapụ ụmụaka ntụrụndaka dị mkpa
  • ebumnuche nke imeso ụmụaka niile n'otu ụzọ ahụ dugara n'ibelata mmetụta anụ ahụ maka ụmụaka
  • nkwa nkwa nrubeisi mere ka a ghọta nsogbu dị ka ihe ị ga-anabata ma buru kama ịkọ akụkọ ma dozie.[5]

Akụkọ Ryan, 2009

dezie

  N'afọ 1999, gọọmentị Ireland guzobere kọmitii na-abụghị nke iwu iji nyochaa mmetọ ụmụaka, nke onye ọka ikpe ụlọ ikpe dị elu na-eduzi, na-ekwu maka ya. Dabere na aro dị iche iche nke Commission n'onwe ya mere, e guzobere ya ọzọ na May 2000. Otu n'ime ebumnuche ya bụ inye ohere maka ndị mmetọ n'oge ha bụ nwata n'ụlọ ọrụ iji kọọ mmetọ ahụ, mana ọ nwekwara ọrụ nyocha dị ukwuu. Oge ọrụ nke kọmitii ahụ malitere site na 1946 ruo 1999, mana e mechara gbasaa ya iji kpuchie afọ ndị sitere na 1914 ruo 2000. Na Septemba 2003, a họpụtara onye ọka iwu dị elu, Maazị Sean Ryan S.C., ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke kọmitii ahụ n'ọnọdụ oche mbụ ya, Ms Justice Laffoy, onye kwụsịrị na Jenụwarị 2004. [6] Ebe ọ bụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechiri ọrụ ya, o zigara gọọmentị akụkọ nke a tọhapụrụ na 20 Mee 2009 ma bụrụ nke a maara dị ka Akụkọ Ryan. Akụkọ ahụ kwetara na:   mana o kwubiri na ụdị mmetọ ndị ọzọ mere. E gosipụtara nchegbu banyere mmetọ dị otú ahụ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọkachasị: St Vincent's Industrial School, Goldenbridge; St Michael's Industrial school, Cappoquin, County Waterford; St Joseph's Industrial Institute, Clifden; Our Lady of Succour Industrial School, Newtownforbes; na St Joseph'S Industrial School, Dundalk - ha niile mechiri n'etiti 1969 na 1999. Ihe omume mmetọ nke Ryan Commission chọpụtara mere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a dịgasị iche iche n'ụdị, ogologo oge na oke. Ọ malitere site n'iji ntaramahụhụ anụ ahụ eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè ruo n'ileghara ụdị dị iche iche anya, mana ụlọ ọrụ Ryan kwukwara, "ụfọdụ ihe omume siri ike nke mmetọ mmekọahụ nke ndị ọrụ nkịtị mere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ụfọdụ". [1] [7]

Akụkọ Ryan nke afọ 2009 kọwara akụkọ gọọmentị sitere na 1930s na 40s na-egosi na ụmụaka nọ n'okpuru nlekọta nke Sisters of Mercy na-erighị nri na-edozi ahụ mgbe niile, na iwu ahụ na-emegide mgbanwe mgbe ụfọdụ n'oge a. Otú ọ dị, akụkọ Ryan kọwakwara Sisters of Mercy dị ka ndị na-eduga mgbanwe n'ihi akụkọ Kennedy (1970), nke dugara na usoro ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ mmepụta ihe ka ụlọ otu dochie anya na 1970s na 1980s.[5] Ụmụnne nwanyị nke ebere matara ebubo nke ọnọdụ mmegbu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mmepụta ihe na ngwụcha afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990, nke oge ọtụtụ ndị otu ahụ ahụtụbeghị ụlọ akwụkwọ mmepụta.[5]: 247-248 Na 1996 Dear Daughter, ihe nkiri, kọwara St. Vincent's Industrial School, Goldenbridge, ụlọ ọrụ nke Sisters of Mercy na-arụ ọrụ, dị ka ihe na-emetọ mmetụta uche. Iwu ahụ mere nyocha n'oge mmepụta nke ihe nkiri ahụ, wee chọpụta na ebubo nke ọnọdụ ọjọọ na ihe nkiri ahụ bụ ihe a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi, na ịbụ ihe a ga-ahụkarị n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mmepụta ihe ha na-arụ ọrụ.[5]: 248-249 Iwu ahụ kwetara na ụlọ akwụkwọ mmepụta ihe "na-esiri ike ma na-adịghị echebara mkpa ụmụaka echiche, na ọ ezughi oke ma ghara igbo mkpa ha bụ isi" wee zaghachi site na ịhazi enyemaka na ndị ndụmọdụ maka ndị gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.[5]:: 249  Iwu ahụ kwuru na ọnọdụ ndị na-adịghị mma bụ n'ihi oke ibu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ndị ọrụ na-ezughị ezu, ọzụzụ na-ezighị ezi maka ndị ọrụ, na ego na-ezughi oke.[5]: 249-252 Iwu ahụ kwetara na a na-eji ntaramahụhụ anụ ahụ eme ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mmepụta ihe, nke bụ ihe a na-emekarị na Ireland n'oge ahụ, ebe ọ na-agọnahụ na mmetọ anụ ahụ mere n'oge ọ bụla n'ụlọ ọrụ ha na-arụ ọrụ.[5]: 253–256 

Ebubo mmetọ ndị ọzọ

dezie

Ihe ngosi Australia nke 1998 kọwara ebubo mmetọ sitere n'aka ụmụ mgbei nke Sisters of Mercy na 1950s na 1960s. [8] Ebubo ndị e boro n'oge gara aga banyere mmetọ mmekọahụ na Meteor Park Orphanage na Neerkol dị nso na Rockhampton mere ka ebubo ebubo megide mmadụ abụọ, mkpesa banyere ogige ụmụ mgbei ahụ mere ka Sisters of Mercy na Chọọchị kwurịta maka nkwekọrịta na "ihe karịrị ndị bi na ya 60".[9] Na South Australia, ihe yiri nke ahụ iji dozie sitere na mkpesa banyere nlekọta na Goodwood orphanage, nke Sisters of Mercy na-achịkwa.[10]

Neerkol

dezie

N'afọ 1993, ọtụtụ ndị bibu na St Joseph's Orphanage na Neerkol, kilomita 19 n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Rockhampton, gara Chọọchị Katọlik na Ndị Uwe Ojii Queensland iji kọọ ebubo nke mmetọ mmekọahụ na nke anụ ahụ ha nwere n'oge ha nọ n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei dị ka ụmụaka. Nke a bụ mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ nke onye bibu na St Joseph's Orphanage dere nke kọwara mmetọ mmekọahụ ọ tachiri obi n'ogige ụmụ mgbei ahụ.

N'afọ 1996, Minista Gọọmentị Steeti maka Ezinụlọ Kevin Lingard gwara ndị omeiwu na a natara oku isii na ekwentị mkpanaaka mba pụrụ iche nke otu nkwado a na-akpọ Broken Rites guzobere. Ndị kpọrọ oku bụ ndị bibu na ebubo na ha onwe ha enwetala mmetọ site n'aka ndị ụkọchukwu na ndị nọn nọ n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei.[11]

N'afọ 1997, e boro Nna Reginald Basil Durham ebubo mpụ mmekọahụ iri anọ megide mmadụ ise bibu na St Joseph's Orphanage na onye bụbu onye otu parish ya. E mechara wepụ mmadụ iri atọ na anọ a na-ebo ebubo mana Durham kwetara na ikpe mara ya na isii. N'afọ 1999, a mara Durham ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa iri na asatọ na oge a na-enweghị nnwere onwe nke ọnwa anọ. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọ rịọrọ arịrịọ maka ntaramahụhụ ya, ndị ọka iwu ya kwuru n'ụzọ gara nke ọma na n'ihi afọ ndụ ya na adịghị ike ya, e weere ya dị ka onye na-erughị eru maka ikpe ọzọ, ya mere, a maghị Durham ikpe ọzọ tupu ọnwụ ya na 2002.

N'afọ 2003, Gọọmentị Queensland zigara otu n'ime ndị Durham metụtara akwụkwọ nzuzo na mberede, onye iwe were na ọ bụghị naanị Durham nwere onwe ya kama na a gwara ya na ọ nweghị ihe ndekọ nke Nna Reginald Durham nọ n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei mgbe o metọrọ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, ya mere ọ jụrụ inyeghachi Gọọmentụ Queensland akwụkwọ ahụ.[12]

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, e mere Case Study 26 nke Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse na Rockhampton, nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro ikpe ọha na eze e mere iji nyochaa ihe akaebe nke mmetọ ụmụaka na otu ụlọ ọrụ si meghachi omume na ebubo nke mmetụ ahụ.[13] E mere mkparịta ụka ọha na eze a iji nyochaa ahụmịhe nke ọtụtụ ndị biri na St Joseph's Orphanage na Neerkol dị ka ụmụaka, na iji nyochaa nzaghachi maka ebubo ndị ahụ bibu site na ndị dị mkpa dị ka Sisters of Mercy, Chọọchị Katọlik na Gọọmentị Queensland.

Nnyocha e mere n'oge gara aga achọpụtala na e metọrọ ọtụtụ narị ụmụaka, tie ha ihe ma manye ha ịrụ ọrụ ike n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei Neerkol ma n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ikpe 2015 malitere, mmeso ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ ụmụaka ahụ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma nke a kọwara dị ka ihe ọjọọ na obi ọjọọ. Ndị a tara ahụhụ kesara nkọwa doro anya banyere mmetọ ha tara n'aka ndị ụkọchukwu na ndị nọn n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei. Otu onye e gburu gwara ndị na-ege ntị na ndị ụkọchukwu abụọ metọrọ ya n'ụzọ mmekọahụ ebe ndị nọn ga-akụ ya ihe ma tie ya ihe. Otu onye nọn ji eriri na-awụli elu tie ya ihe nke ukwuu nke na ọ gbalịrị ịga ije ọtụtụ ụbọchị mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.[14]

N'oge a na-ege ntị, onye bụbu bishọp Rockhampton bụ Brian Heenan kwetara na o mesoro ebubo mmetọ ụmụaka sitere n'aka ndị bi na St Joseph's Orphanage ezughi oke nakwa na o chebereghị ụmụaka nọ na diocese ya n'aka onye ụkọchukwu na-edina ụmụaka n'ihi na o were ya ọtụtụ afọ iji ebubo ahụ kpọrọ ihe. O kwupụtara mwute maka ide akwụkwọ ozi na 1996 nke kọwara ebubo mmetọ dị ka ihe ihere na ihe ihere nke kpasuru ndị mmetọ iwe n'oge ahụ. Mgbe a jụrụ ya ajụjụ n'oge a na-ege ya ntị, Bishọp Heenan kwetara na ọ na-echegbu onwe ya banyere ichebe aha Chọọchị Katọlik karịa ịtụle mmetụta nke ndị mmegbu.

E bipụtara ihe odide nke akwụkwọ ozi ahụ n'ịntanetị site n'aka otu ndị na-akwado ndị a na-emegbu emegbu bụ Broken Rites, ma na-agụ: [15]   A jụọkwara Bishọp Heenan ajụjụ banyere ihe mere o ji dee Nna Reginald Basil Durham ihe atụ maka ikpe ikpe ya, mgbe a na-ebo Durham ebubo mpụ mmekọahụ 40 megide mmadụ ise bibu na St Joseph's Orphanage, ọkachasị okwu ya na ntinye aka ebe ọ kọwara na Durham nwere "onyinye pụrụ iche na ndị ntorobịa".[16]

A jụọkwara Nwanna nwanyị Berneice Loch ajụjụ n'oge a na-ege ntị n'ihu ọha. Kọmitii Royal Commission nụrụ na kama ịkpọtụrụ ndị bi na mbụ iji kwurịta ebubo nke mmetọ anụ ahụ na mmekọahụ, Nwanna Nwanyị Loch choro ozi ma ọbụna dee ntọhapụ mgbasa ozi na mgbalị iji gbochie ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka asịrị na-akpali akpali. Nwanna nwanyị Loch gwara ndị na-ege ntị na ọ ka kwenyere na onye bụbu Minista Gọọmentị Steeti maka Ezinụlọ, Kevin Lingard nyere nkwupụta na-akpali akpali mgbe o welitere ebubo mmetọ na nnọkọ ndị omeiwu nke afọ 1996, na-ekpughe na a natara oku isii site n'aka ndị bi na ebubo ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ihu na-enweta banyere mmetọ site n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei. Ndị na-ege ntị nụkwara na Nwanna Nwanyị Loch mebiri akwụkwọ, nke otu n'ime ndị akaebe na Royal Commission dere na mbido afọ 1990 na-akọwapụta mmetọ mmekọahụ ọ tachiri obi n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei - echiche ọ nwere ruo 1997 n'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ mmetọ na-abịa n'ihu n'oge ahụ.

E bipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara egwu egwu ụmụaka nọ na ụlọ ụmụ mgbei Neerkol diri, gụnyere St Joseph's Home Neerkol site na mmegbu Fay Hicks (akwụkwọ 1993 nke kpaliri ndị Neerkol ndị ọzọ metụtara ịbịa n'ihu) na Nightmare na Neerkol site n'aka onye mmetọ Garnett Williams bụ onye wepụtara akwụkwọ n'afọ 2009 mgbe ọ dị afọ 73. N'otu oge ahụ, Garnett Williams nwetara $40,000 na ụgwọ nkwụghachi n'aka gọọmentị steeti yana $25,000 na ụgwọ ọrụ sitere n'aka Sisters of Mercy.[17]

Nzaghachi

dezie

Ụmụnna nwanyị Ebere nọ na Ireland rịọrọ mgbaghara maka mmeso ọ bụla ụmụaka nọ na-elekọta ha mere na May 2004. N'ime nke a, ha nakweere na ụmụaka tara ahụhụ, ma rịọ mgbaghara ahụ n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla. Na Disemba 2009, ụmụnna nwanyị mara ọkwa na ha ga-atụnye mgbakwunye nde euro 128 na ego ahụ iji kwụọ ndị ihe metụtara ụgwọ. Nke a bụ na mgbakwunye na onyinye ekwenyeburu 127.5 nde nke ndị ọchịchị Irish hiwere na Iwu Katọlik n'ozuzu ya..[18][19]

Hụkwa

dezie
  • Ihe ihere mmetọ mmekọahụ na Congregation of Christian Brothers

Ebem si dee

dezie
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Healy. "Most complaints concerned physical abuse", The Irish Times, 21 May 2009. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "MostComplaints" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Webster (2005). States of Fear, the redress board and Ireland's folly. RichardWebster.net. Archived from the original on 22 April 2006. Retrieved on 20 February 2012.
  3. ↑ Miscarriage of Justice: Paul McCabe and Nora Wall, Archived copy. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved on 2009-08-23.
  4. ↑ D.P.P.-v- Nora Wall [2005 IECCA 140 (16 December 2005)].
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 The Sisters of Mercy - CICA Investigation Committee Report Vol. II. childabusecommission.ie. Retrieved on 2021-07-21.
  6. ↑ See chapter 1 of Volume 1 of the Report
  7. ↑ For discussion of the named schools see Volume 2 of the Report at chapters 7-11 respectively
  8. ↑ McCluskey, Una (2000). "Abuse in Religious Institutions", in McCluskey, Una: Psychodynamic perspectives on abuse: the cost of fear. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85302-685-0. 
  9. ↑ Parnell. "Justice for orphanage victims", The Courier Mail, 16 July 1998, p. 1.
  10. ↑ Hunt. "Orphanage compo vow Church moves on abuse claims", The Sunday Mail, 12 November 2006, p. 21.
  11. ↑ Broken Rites supported these orphanage victims but a bishop supported the offender (en). www.brokenrites.org.au. Retrieved on 2021-07-20.
  12. ↑ 7.30 Report. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved on 1 May 2016.
  13. ↑ FSpYRfP3Ez (2017-05-16). Case studies (en). Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. Retrieved on 2021-07-20.
  14. ↑ Rockhampton priest 'raped me well over 100 times' (en-AU). www.abc.net.au (2015-04-14). Retrieved on 2021-07-20.
  15. ↑ Broken Rites supported these orphanage victims but a bishop supported the offender. www.brokenrites.org.au.
  16. ↑ Child abuse royal commission hears former Rockhampton bishop called paedophile priest 'a gift to youth' (en-AU). www.abc.net.au (2015-04-17). Retrieved on 2021-07-20.
  17. ↑ Taylor. "Abuse scuttled hopes: Neerkol inmate", The Courier Mail, 2009-10-28. Retrieved on 2021-07-21.
  18. ↑ Pogatchnik. "Irish nuns offer €128 million for permitting child abuse", 3 News, 4 December 2009. Retrieved on 3 January 2011.
  19. ↑ "Sisters of Mercy to compensate child abuse victims", The Guardian, 3 December 2009.
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abuse_scandal_in_the_Sisters_of_Mercy&oldid=190292