Wikipedia

Abortion and mental health

mmetụta uche nke ime ime

 

Ndị ọkachamara sayensị na ahụike ekpebiela ugboro ugboro na ite ime enweghị nnukwu ihe egwu ahụike uche karịa iburu afọ ime na-atụghị anya ya ruo ogologo oge.[1][2][3] Agbanyeghị, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ite ime na ahụike uche bụ mpaghara esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[4][5] Na 2008, American Psychological Association kwubiri mgbe nyochachara ihe akaebe dị na ite ime abawanyeghị ohere nke nsogbu ahụike uche. Na 2011, U.K. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health n'otu aka ahụ kwubiri na ite ime nke mbụ n'ime ọnwa atọ nke mbụ adịghị abawanye ohere nke nsogbu ahụike uche ma e jiri ya tụnyere iweta afọ ime n'oge.[3][6] Na 2018, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine kwubiri na ite ime adịghị eduga ịda mbà n'obi, nchekasị, ma ọ bụ nsogbu nrụgide post-traumatic.[1] U.K. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists n'otu aka ahụ chịkọtakwara ihe akaebe site n'ịchọpụta na ime ime abawanyeghị ohere nke nsogbu ahụike uche ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwanyị na-ebu afọ ime na-achọghị ruo oge.[7] Nnyocha abụọ e mere na ndị Danish na 2011 na 2012 nyochara njikọ dị n'etiti ite ime na ntinye uche nke uche ahụghị mmụba na ntinye aka mgbe imechara ime. Otu nnyocha ahụ, n'ezie, chọpụtara mmụba nke nnabata nke uche mgbe amuchara nwa mbụ.[8] Nyochaa usoro nyocha nke 2008 nke akwụkwọ ahụike gbasara ite ime na ahụike uche chọpụtara na ọmụmụ ihe dị elu na-egosikarị ole na ole ma ọ bụ enweghị ahụike uche nke isi ite ime, ebe ọmụmụ adịghị mma nwere ike ịkọ nsonaazụ ọjọọ. [1]

N'agbanyeghị ịdị arọ nke echiche sayensị na ahụike, ụfọdụ ndị na-akwado ime ime anọgidewo na-ekwu na njikọ dị n'etiti ite ime na nsogbu ahụike uche.[1] Ụfọdụ ndị na-emegide ime ime ejiriwo okwu ahụ bụ "ọrịa na-ete ime post" na-ezo aka na mmetụta uche na-adịghị mma nke ha na-ekwu na ọ bụ ite ime. Agbanyeghị, “ọrịa afọ ime mgbe afọ ime gasịrị” anaghị amata dị ka ọrịa n'ezie site n'aka obodo ahụike.[2][3] Ọrịa ime afọ ime (PAS) adịghị etinye na akwụkwọ nyocha na nyocha nke ọrịa uche DSM-IV-TR[4] ma ọ bụ na ndepụta ICD-10 nke ọnọdụ uche.[5]. Ndị ọkachamara n'ịgwọ ahụike na ndị na-akwado nhọrọ nhọrọ ekwuola na mbọ iji kwalite echiche nke "ọrịa ime afọ ime" bụ ụzọ ndị na-akwado ime ime na-eji maka ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[6][1][7] Ụfọdụ ndị omebe iwu steeti U.S. enyewo iwu ka a gwa ndị ọrịa na ite ime na-abawanye ohere ha nwere ịda mbà n'obi na igbu onwe ha, n'agbanyeghị ihe akaebe sayensị na-emegide nzọrọ dị otú ahụ..[1][2]

Ihe akaebe sayensị dị ugbu a

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Nnyocha usoro nke akwụkwọ sayensị kwubiri na ọ nweghị ọdịiche na ahụike uche ogologo oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ite ime ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'òtù nchịkwa kwesịrị ekwesị - ya bụ, ndị na-eme ime ime na-enweghị atụmatụ ruo oge. Nnyocha ndị a achọpụtaghị njikọ ọ bụla dị n'etiti ite ime na nsogbu ahụike uche.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nnyocha kọrọ njikọ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'etiti ite ime na nsogbu ahụike uche, nnyocha ndị a na-enwekarị ntụpọ ma ghara ịkọwa ihe ndị na-agbagwoju anya, ma ọ bụ, dịka nsonaazụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ewe ọtụtụ afọ ime, nsonaazụ na-ekwekọghị na ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ yiri ya.[3][4] Enwere ike ịkọwa njikọ ndị a hụrụ na ọmụmụ ụfọdụ site na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nsogbu mmetụta uche ma ọ bụ nke uche.[3][4] Ihe dị iche iche, dị ka njikọ mmetụta uche na ime ime, enweghị nkwado, na echiche na-agbaso omenala banyere ite ime nwere ike ime ka ohere nke inwe mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma dịkwuo ukwuu.

Ndị isi ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ahụike na ndị isi mgbaka achọpụtala na ite ime anaghị akpata nsogbu ahụike uche. N'afọ 2008, American Psychological Association nyochara akwụkwọ gbasara ite ime na ahụike uche wee kwubie na ihe ize ndụ nke nsogbu ahụike uche na-esote otu, atọ mbụ nke ite ime nke ụmụ nwanyị toro eto abụghị ihe karịrị ime ime ime a na-achọghị. Ka ha na-ekwu na ite ime nwere ike ibelata nrụgide ma "kpata nrụgide ọzọ", ha jụrụ n'ụzọ doro anya echiche ahụ na ite ime bụ "ihe mgbu". [3]'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-enwe nsogbu ahụike uche mgbe ite ime gasịrị, APA kwubiri na nsogbu ndị a nwere ike ịmekọrịta ihe ize ndụ ndị dịbu adị. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe ndị a na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ nwekwara ike ime ka ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị nwee mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma mgbe amuchara, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọrịa uche a hụrụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ite ime n'oge gara aga nwere ike ịbụ ihe ndị ọzọ karịa ite ime n"onwe ya.[3] Kọmitii ahụ kwuru na enweghị nkwekọrịta dị ukwuu n'etiti nsonaazụ ndị nyocha kọrọ banyere mmetụta nke ọtụtụ ite ime. Tụkwasị na nke a, otu ihe ndị ahụ na-eme ka nwanyị nwee ọtụtụ afọ ime na-achọghị nwekwara ike ime ka ọ nwee nsogbu ahụike uche. Ya mere, ha jụrụ ime nkwubi okwu siri ike na ọmụmụ banyere ọtụtụ ite ime. [3] [5][6]

N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2011, U.K. Royal College of Psychiatrists mere Nnyocha usoro iji mee ka ajụjụ ahụ ma ite ime nwere mmetụta na-emerụ ahụike uche ụmụ nwanyị doo anya. Nnyocha ahụ, nke National Collaboring Centre for Mental Health duziri ma bụrụ nke Ngalaba Ahụike nke UK kwadoro, kwubiri na ọ bụ ezie na ime ime a na-achọghị nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ nke nsogbu ahụike uche, ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ime a na'achọghị ihu nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ yiri nke nsogbu ahụ ike isi ma ha họọrọ ime ime ime ahụ ruo oge ma ọ bụ ime ime ime ime. [7]

Nnyocha ogologo oge nke afọ 2020 n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị US chọpụtara na ihe dị ka pasent 99 nke ụmụ nwanyị chere na ha mere mkpebi ziri ezi afọ ise mgbe ha wepụsịrị afọ ime. Mmetụta enyemaka bụ isi na ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole na-enwe mwute ma ọ bụ obi amamikpe. Nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ isi ihe na-ebu amụma mmetụta ọjọọ na ịkwa ụta ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị. Ndị nchọpụta kwukwara, sị: "Nsonaazụ ndị a na-agbakwunye na ihe akaebe sayensị na mmetụta uche banyere ite ime nwere njikọ na ọnọdụ onwe onye na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọ bụghịkwa ngwaahịa nke usoro ite ime n'onwe ya. "[8]

Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ mgbe ha tisịrị afọ ime, mana ọ bụghị n'ụzọ dị iche na ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ ite ime ma ghara inwe otu ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na ya. [3] [4][9] Ụmụ nwanyị na-ewepụ afọ ime nwere ike ịnata nkwado site n'aka ndị na-ewepụta afọ ime, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ịkpọ oku mba dị ka Exhale.[10][11][12]

Ọrịa na-eme mgbe a tụfuru afọ ime

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Echiche ahụ bụ na ite ime nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke uche bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ime ime ime na-akwalite n'ọtụtụ ebe na okwu ahụ bụ "ọrịa mgbe ite ime gasịrị" ejirila ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ihe site n'aka ndị na-emegide ite ime iji tinye mmeghachi omume mmetụta uche ọ bụla na-adịghị njọ nke ite ime. [10] [13][9][14]

Ọrịa na-esote afọ ime emebeghị ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ uche dị iche iche, American Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Medical Association, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ma ọ bụ American Public Health Association anaghị anabata ya.[15][16][9][17][18][19] Guttmacher Institute na-akọ na ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2018, n'ime 22 US na-ekwu na-agụnye ozi gbasara mmeghachi omume uche nwere ike ime na ite ime, steeti asatọ na-ekwusi ike mmeghachihachi omume mmetụta uche na-adịghị mma.[20]

Akụkọ iwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị

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N'okpuru Iwu Isikwopụ afọ 1967, e nyere afọ ime na United Kingdom iwu naanị mgbe ndị dọkịta abụọ kwetara na ibu ime ahụ ga-emebi ahụike ma ọ bụ nke uche nwanyị. Ntụle nke ahụike uche sokwa rụọ ọrụ na mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States nke 1973 Roe v. Wade nke kpebiri na gọọmentị steeti nwere ike ọ gaghị amachibido ime ime ime n'oge mgbe "ọ dị mkpa iji chekwaa ndụ ma ọ bụ ahụike [nwaanyị]". " Iwu a mere ka o doo anya site na mkpebi ikpe nke 1973 Doe v. Bolton, nke na-akọwapụta "na enwere ike ikpe ahụike na-adabere na ihe niile - anụ ahụ, mmetụta uche, uche, ezinụlọ, na afọ nwanyị - metụtara ọdịmma nke onye ọrịa. " Ọ bụ site na ndokwa a ka ụmụ nwanyị nọ na US nwere ike ịhọrọ ite ime mgbe nyocha na-ekpughe nsogbu nke nwa e bu n'afọ.[21][22][23][24][25]

N'afọ 1987, Onye isi ala US Ronald Reagan nyere onye dọkịta US General C. Everett Koop, onye na-ekwusa ozi ọma na onye na-emegide ite ime, [26] ka ọ wepụta akụkọ banyere mmetụta ahụike nke ite ime. Akụkọ na-ekwu na echiche maka nyocha ahụ bụ nke ndị ndụmọdụ Reagan Dinesh D'Souza na Gary Bauer chepụtara dị ka gambit ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, bụ ndị kwenyere na akụkọ dị otú ahụ ga-eme ka ndị na-emegide ite ime dị ọhụrụ site n'ịmepụta ihe akaebe nke ihe ize ndụ nke ite ime.[27] Koop alaghị azụ ịnakwere ọrụ ahụ, na-ekwere na Reagan na-echegbu onwe ya maka ime ka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya dị jụụ karịa imeziwanye ahụike ụmụ nwanyị.[26]

Koop mechara nyochaa ihe karịrị ọmụmụ 250 metụtara mmetụta uche nke ite ime. Na Jenụwarị 1989, Koop dere n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Reagan na "ọmụmụ sayensị anaghị enye data doro anya banyere mmetụta ahụike nke ite ime na ụmụ nwanyị. " [28] Koop kwetara na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ajụjụ ahụ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, na-ede, sị: "N'uche ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ndụmọdụ [Reagan], ọ bụ nkwubi okwu na mmetụta ahụike na-adịghị mma nke ite ime n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị dị oke na ihe akaebe ga-amanye mgbanwe nke Roe vs. Wade". [29] N'ihu akụkọ sayensị dị ugbu a ga-akwadebe oke. Koop gbakwunyere na "enweghị obi abụọ banyere eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere mmetụta uche siri ike mgbe ha tisikwara afọ ime, mana akụkọ anaghị eme ezigbo ihe sayensị. " Na akaebe ya na ndị omeiwu, Koop kwuru na ọ bụ ezie na nzaghachi uche maka ite ime nwere ike ịbụ "ihe karịrị" n'otu n'otu, ihe ize ndụ uche nke ite ime bụ "obere site n'echiche ahụike ọha na eze". [29] [10][27][30][31]

N'ikpeazụ, otu kọmitii ndị omeiwu boro Koop ebubo na ọ jụrụ ibipụta nsonaazụ nke nyocha ya n'ihi na ọ chọghị ihe akaebe na ite ime dị ize ndụ, nakwa na Koop gbanyere nchọpụta ya n'akwụkwọ ozi ya nye Reagan site n'ikwu na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ enweghị nkwubi okwu. ONY omeiwu D cx-link" data-linkid="150" href="./Theodore_S._Weiss" id="mwzA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Theodore S. Weiss">Theodore S. Weiss (D-NY), onye lekọtara nyocha ahụ, kwuru na mgbe Koop na-achọtaghị ihe akaebe na ite ime dị ize ndụ, ọ "kpebiri ịghara inye akụkọ, kama idegara onye isi ala akwụkwọ ozi nke ga-abụ ihe na-edoghị anya iji zere ịkwado ọnọdụ na ite ime bụ ihe dị mma maka ụmụ nwanyị" [31]

Ka e mesịrị na 1989, na-azaghachi arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị banyere ajụjụ ahụ, American Psychological Association (APA) mere nyocha nke akwụkwọ sayensị. Nnyocha ha, nke e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Science, kwubiri na "ibu nke ihe akaebe sitere na ọmụmụ Sayensị na-egosi na ite ime iwu nke ime a na-achọghị n'ime ọnwa atọ mbụ anaghị eweta ihe ize ndụ uche maka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị. "Ndị ọrụ APA kwubiri na ""oké mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma mgbe ite ime dị obere ma enwere ike ịghọta ya nke ọma na usoro nke ịnagide nrụgide ndụ dị mma" [30][32]

N'afọ 1994, U.K.'s House of Lord's Commission of Inquiry into the Operation and Consequences of The Abortion Act bipụtara akụkọ (nke a na-akpọkarị Rawlinson Report) nke kwubiri na enweghị ihe akaebe sayensị na ite ime nyere uru ọ bụla maka ahụike uche mana kama ọ nwere ike itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe ize ndụ maka ọrịa uche karịa ma ọ bụrụ na nwanyị ga-ebute oge [33] .[34][35] Kọmitii ahụ tụrụ aro na ndị na-enye ite ime "kwesịrị ịmalite n'onwe ha na nlekota ogologo oge nke ndị ahịa ahụ a na-ewere na ha kachasị nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke nsogbu mmetụta uche. " Na nkwupụta mgbasa ozi, kọmitii Rawlinson kwuru na Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCP) enyewo akaebe edere na-ekwu na "enweghị ihe ngosi nke isi maka ite ime," na-ebilite na 91% nke ite ime na-eme n'ihi ọrịa uche nke Rawlinson's enweghị ihe akaebe na-adịghị mma.[35][35]

N'afọ 2006, Kọmitii Sayensị na Nkà na Ụzụ nke UK mere nyocha ọzọ gbasara mmepe sayensị wee tinye arịrịọ maka RCP ka ha kwalite nkwupụta 1994 ha gbasara ite ime n'ihi ọmụmụ ihe ọhụrụ na nso nso a.[1][2] Na 2008, RCP emelitere nkwupụta ọkwa ha iji kwado na a ga-enyocha ụmụ nwanyị maka ihe ndị dị ize ndụ nwere ike jikọta na mmepe nke nsogbu ahụike uche na-esote ma bụrụ ndị a ga-adụ ọdụ maka ihe ize ndụ ahụike uche nwere ike ime na-ete ime.[2][3] [4] Nkwupụta ọnọdụ RCP edegharịrị gụnyere nkwanye maka nyocha usoro nhazi nke ite ime na ahụike uche yana nleba anya pụrụ iche nke "ma enwere ihe akaebe maka ihe mgbaàmà uche maka ite ime."[2] Otu akwụkwọ na-eto eto nke na-egosi njikọ metụtara echiche a gbanwere agbanwe. n'etiti ite ime na nsogbu ahụike uche, gụnyere ọmụmụ ogologo afọ 30 nke ihe dị ka ụmụ nwanyị 500 amụrụ na Christchurch New Zealand, [2] [3] [4] na nyocha Cornwall banyere ime ime metụtara igbu onwe onye ama ama onye Britain, Emma. Beck.[3][5] Ntụnye a rụpụtara na nyocha 2011 nke National Collaborating Center for Mental Health mere. [7]

Hụkwa

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  • Nsogbu nchekasị post-traumatic metụtara ọmụmụ
  • Ịda mbà n'obi mgbe amuchara nwa
  • Ọrịa uche mgbe amuchara nwa
  • Nsogbu isi mgbaka nke ịmụ nwa

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 (2008) "Abortion and long-term mental health outcomes: a systematic review of the evidence". Contraception 78 (6): 436–50. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.07.005. PMID 19014789.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "charles-2008" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Lazzarini Z (November 2008). "South Dakota's Abortion Script – Threatening the Physician-Patient Relationship". N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (21): 2189–2191. DOI:10.1056/NEJMp0806742. PMID 19020321. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Major (2008). Report of the APA Task Force on Mental Health and Abortion. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 4–5, 11–12.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "APA2008" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Horvath (14 September 2017). "Unintended Pregnancy, Induced Abortion, and Mental Health.". Current Psychiatry Reports 19 (11): 77. DOI:10.1007/s11920-017-0832-4. PMID 28905259.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Horvath2017" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Carey. "Abortion Does Not Cause Mental Illness, Panel Says", The New York Times, 2008-08-12. Retrieved on 2008-08-12.
  6. ↑ Major (2009). "Abortion and mental health: Evaluating the evidence". American Psychologist 64 (9): 863–890. DOI:10.1037/a0017497. PMID 19968372. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Induced Abortion and Mental Health: A systematic review of the evidence (PDF). National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (December 2011). Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "nccmh" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ (March 2020) "Emotions and decision rightness over five years following an abortion: An examination of decision difficulty and abortion stigma". Social Science & Medicine 248. DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112704. PMID 31941577. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Kelly (February 2014). "The spread of 'Post Abortion Syndrome' as social diagnosis". Social Science & Medicine 102: 18–25. DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.030. PMID 24565137.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kelly2014" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Bazelon. "Is There a Post-Abortion Syndrome?", The New York Times Magazine, 21 January 2007. Retrieved on 11 January 2008. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Bazelon" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Walter. "Post-Abortion Counseling Group Finds Itself on the Firing Line", The New York Times, Jan 14, 2011. Retrieved on August 26, 2017.
  12. ↑ "Aspen Baker of Exhale, a "Pro-Voice" Group", NOW on PBS, July 20, 2007. Retrieved on August 26, 2017.
  13. ↑ Mooney. "Research and Destroy: How the religious right promotes its own 'experts' to combat mainstream science", Washington Monthly, October 2004.
  14. ↑ Kranish. "Science in support of a cause: the new research", The Boston Globe, 2005-07-31. Retrieved on 2007-11-27.
  15. ↑ Stotland NL (2003). "Abortion and psychiatric practice". J Psychiatr Pract 9 (2): 139–49. DOI:10.1097/00131746-200303000-00005. PMID 15985924.  "Currently, there are active attempts to convince the public and women considering abortion that abortion frequently has negative psychiatric consequences. This assertion is not borne out by the literature: the vast majority of women tolerate abortion without psychiatric sequelae."
  16. ↑ Stotland NL (October 1992). "The myth of the abortion trauma syndrome". JAMA 268 (15): 2078–9. DOI:10.1001/jama.268.15.2078. PMID 1404747. 
  17. ↑ Casey (August 2010). "Abortion among young women and subsequent life outcomes.". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 24 (4): 491–502. DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2010.02.007. PMID 20303829. 
  18. ↑ (2005) "Controlling birth: science, politics, and public policy". J Soc Issues 61 (1): 181–91. DOI:10.1111/j.0022-4537.2005.00400.x. PMID 17073030. 
  19. ↑ Dadlez (7 July 2009). "Post-Abortion Syndrome: Creating an Affliction". Bioethics 24 (9): 445–452. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2009.01739.x. PMID 19594725. 
  20. ↑ Counseling and Waiting Periods for Abortion. Guttmacher Institute (2016-03-14). Retrieved on August 21, 2018.
  21. ↑ Frontline / Abortion Wars / Roe v Wade and Beyond. www.pbs.org. Retrieved on 5 October 2015.
  22. ↑ The Right to Choose at 25: Looking Back and Ahead. www.aclu.org. Retrieved on 5 October 2015.
  23. ↑ Dailard (June 1999). "Issues and Implications, Abortion Restrictions and the Drive for Mental Health Parity: A Conflict in Values?". The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy 2 (3). Retrieved on 2 October 2015. 
  24. ↑ Palley (2014). The Politics of Women's Health Care in the US. New York and London: Palgrave Pivot, 74. ISBN 9781137008633. Retrieved on 5 October 2015. 
  25. ↑ "Abortion after the First Trimester in the United States", Planned Parenthood Federation of America, February 2014. Retrieved on 5 October 2015.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 The C. Everett Koop Papers: Reproduction and Family Health. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on June 24, 2011. Retrieved on June 18, 2011.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Mooney. "Bucking the Gipper", Washington Monthly, October 2004. Retrieved on 2008-02-18.Mooney, Chris (October 2004). "Bucking the Gipper". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2008-02-18. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "washingtonmonthly" defined multiple times with different content
  28. ↑ Tolchin. "Koop's Stand on Abortion's Effect Surprises Friends and Foes Alike", The New York Times, 1989-01-11. Retrieved on 2008-02-18.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Leary. "Koop Says Abortion Report Couldn't Survive Challenge", The New York Times, 1989-03-17. Retrieved on 2008-02-18.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 (1990) "Psychological responses after abortion". Science 248 (4951): 41–4. DOI:10.1126/science.2181664. PMID 2181664.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "APA89" defined multiple times with different content
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Joyce. "Reagan's officials 'suppressed' research on abortion", New Scientist, 1989-12-16. Retrieved on 2008-02-18. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "newscientist" defined multiple times with different content
  32. ↑ "Study Finds Little Lasting Distress From Abortion", The New York Times, 1990-04-06. Retrieved on 2008-11-18.
  33. ↑ House of Commons Science and Technology Committee (2007). Scientific Developments Relating to the Abortion Act 1967. Volume 2. London: HSMO. 
  34. ↑ Great Britain Commission of Inquiry into the Operation and Consequences of The Abortion Act (1994). The Physical and Psycho-Social Effects of Abortion on Women. London: HSMO. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 (2001) How claims spread : cross-national diffusion of social problems, Best, Joel., New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 59–61. ISBN 978-0202306537. OCLC 45023173. 
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