Wikipedia

Abigail Faulkner

ụmụnwaanyị Amerịka boro ebubo amoosu

Abigail Faulkner (née Dane; Ọktoba 13, 1652 – Febụwarị 5, 1730), mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ Abigail Faulkner Sr., bụ nwanyị America eboro ebubo ịgba amoosu n’oge ọnwụnwa ndị amoosu Salem na 1692.[1][2] N'ime oke iwe sochiri, nwanne Faulkner Elizabeth (Dane) Johnson (1641–1722), ọgọ ya nwanyị Deliverance Dane, ụmụ ya nwanyị abụọ, abụọ n'ime ụmụ nwanne ya nwoke, na otu nwa nwanne, ga-ebo ebubo ịgba afa ma jide ya. [2] A mara Faulkner ikpe ma maa ya ikpe ọnwụ, mana ogbugbu ya egbuola oge n'ihi afọ ime. Tupu ọ mụọ nwa, gọvanọ gbaghaara Faulkner ma hapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.[1]

Ezinụlọ

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A mụrụ Abigail Dane na Ọktoba 13, 1652 na Andover, Massachusetts, ada Reverend Francis Dane na Elizabeth Ingalls.[1] [2] [3] Faulkner bụ nwanne Elizabeth Johnson, na ọgọ nwanne Deliverance Dane, ndị eboro ebubo amoosu na Salem n'oge 1692 hysteria.[1][3] Abigail (Dane) Ụmụ nwanyị abụọ Faulkner, Abigail Faulkner na Dorothy Faulkner, boro ebubo na ha na-eme amoosu. Ihe ndị a niile lanarịrị ọnwụnwa ahụ.

N'October 12, 1675, Abigail lụrụ Lieutenant Francis Faulkner.[2][3] Ezinụlọ Dane na Faulkner bụ ndị bi na mbụ bụ ndị nwetara ọkwa dị elu na Andover. [3] [4][5]

Francis na Abigail Faulkner nwere ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ asatọ:

  1. A mụrụ Elizabeth Faulkner na July 4, 1676, na Andover.[6] Ọ nwụrụ n'August 17, 1678, na Andover.[6]
  2. A mụrụ Elizabeth Faulkner na Disemba 7, 1678, na Andover.[6] Ọ lụrụ John Butrick.[7]
  3. A mụrụ Dorothy Faulkner na Febụwarị 15, 1680, na Andover.[6] Ọ lụrụ Samuel Nurse na Nọvemba 25, 1708. [6]
  4. A mụrụ Abigail Faulkner (Jr.) n'August 12, 1683, na Andover.[4][6] Ọ lụrụ Thomas Lamson na Eprel 6, 1708. [6][4]
  5. A mụrụ Frances Faulkner na Eprel 29, 1686, na Andover . [6] Ọ lụrụ na Mee 12, 1724, Daniel Faulkner, nwa nwanne nne ya.[6]
  6. A mụrụ Edmund Faulkner na Eprel 2, 1688, na Andover . [6] Ọ lụrụ Elizabeth Marston na February 19, 1715.[6] Ọ lụrụ nke abụọ na August 17, 1730, Dorcas Buckston. [6] [2]
  7. Ammi Ruhamah (nke pụtara n'ụzọ ihe atụ "ndị m enwetawo ebere") A mụrụ Faulkner na Machị 20, 1693, na Andover.[6] Ọ lụrụ Hannah Ingalls na June 7, 1726, nwa nwanne nne ya, Elizabeth Ingalls Dane.[6]
  8. Paul Faulkner

Nwa nwa Faulkner, Colonel Francis Faulkner, duuru otu ụlọ ọrụ na Agha Concord, ma nye ndị agha na-eche nche General John Burgoyne iwu mgbe ọ bụ onye mkpọrọ nke agha..[5]

Nkwupụta ikpe

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Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla n'ime akwụkwọ ndekọ ụlọikpe nke Andover na-egosi na Abigail Faulkner e boro Abigail Faulkner ebubo, ma ọ bụrụ na a mara ya ikpe, maka mpụ ma ọ bụ omume ọjọọ ọ bụla tupu 1692.[1] Agbanyeghị, nwanne ya nwanyị, Elizabeth Johnson Sr., bụ nwanyị na-acha uhie uhie, ebe a nwara ịkwa iko ọtụtụ afọ gara aga.[8]

Otu akụkụ nke mere ka ndị Denmark na ndị Faulkners dị iche na ndị agbata obi ha bụ akụ na ụba ha tụnyere.[1] Na 1675, ihe dị ka afọ iri na abụọ tupu ọnwụ ya, Edmund Faulkner nyere Francis Faulkner, ọkpara ya ihe ka ukwuu n'ime ala ya. Nke a mere ka Francis na-eto eto bụrụ onye a ma ama na Andover, mgbe ndị ya na ha dịkọrọ ndụ ka na-arụ ọrụ ala ndị mụrụ ha, chere na ọ ga-echere ọtụtụ afọ tupu ha enwee ike ịkpakọba ego zuru ezu iji lụọ di ma bụrụ ndị nwe ala.[2]. N'afọ 1687, Edmund Faulkner nwụrụ, ma Francis ketara nke fọdụrụ n'ime ala nna ya, ewezuga naanị obere akụkụ nke hapụrụ ụmụnne ya nwanyị na nwanne ya nwoke.[8]

N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị, Francis Faulkner dara ọrịa, na-ata ahụhụ site na nkụchi, mgbagwoju anya na ncheta, na-ahapụ ya ka ọ ghara inwe ike ijikwa ihe omume nke ya.[8] E nyere Abigail Faulkner ikike ịchịkwa ihe onwunwe di ya ruo mgbe ụmụ ha ruru ogo.[8] Dị ka onye njikwa nke ala ya, Abigail nwere ike karịa ọtụtụ ndị ikom nọ na Andover, gụnyere nwanne di ya.[9]

Ihe ọzọ nke esemokwu n'ime obodo ahụ metụtara nna Abigail Faulkner. Reverend Dane jere ozi dị ka onye ozi Andover ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ mgbe ikpe amoosu malitere na 1692. [10] Ka iwe na Salem na-aga n'ihu, Dane gosipụtara obi abụọ ya n'ihu ọha banyere ebubo ndị Ann Putnam na ndị ọzọ mere; ọdịdị ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nke usoro ahụ na-enye ya nsogbu.[10][11]

Dane bụ n'ezie iji obi ike lụso ihe otiti ahụ ọgụ nke onye ọ bụla nwere nhọrọ na okwu ahụ na-enweghị atụ, na-etinye ọ bụghị naanị ndụ ya na aha ya n'ihe ize ndụ, kamakwa ihe ga-esiri ya ike, ndụ nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ nwanyị niile nọ n'ezinụlọ ya. Na ọgụ a, ọ nọ naanị ya na mbụ, ndị dikọn nke ya gbahapụrụ ya bụ ndị weere ya dịka agadi nwoke na-ada ada, nke dị anya n'azụ oge iji nwee ekele maka usoro sayensị nke oge a.[12]

E boro Reverend Dane ebubo amoosu na 1692, mana ebughị ya ebubo.[10][13] A maara na afọ iri tupu ikpe ndị amoosu, Dane gbara ndị bi na Andover akwụkwọ maka mmụba ụgwọ ọnwa.[14] Ụlọ ikpe ahụ hụrụ ihu ọma Dane, na-enye obodo ahụ iwu ka ọ bulie ụgwọ ọnwa ya, na inye ego zuru ezu iji kwụọ onye enyemaka ụgwọ. Dane megidekwara atụmatụ nke ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya ka e kewaa Andover n'ime mpaghara abụọ.[14]

Nsogbu akụ na ụba na ọrịa di ya, na mgbakwunye na obi abụọ nna ya kwupụtara banyere ndị na-ebo ya ebubo, nwere ike ime ka Faulkner bụrụ ihe a na-enyo enyo, anyaụfụ, na iwe n'ime obodo ya.[15]

Ikpe ndị amoosu na Salem

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Ihe bịara n'isi na mbido Ọgọstụ 1692, mgbe e boro nwa nwanyị Elizabeth Johnson na onye aha ya ebubo amoosu ma jide ya. [16] Nwa nwanne Faulkner kwupụtara ngwa ngwa, na-agwa ndị nyocha ya na August 10, na ya na ekwensu nwere mkpakọrịta, izute ya na nnọkọ nke "ihe dị ka akara isii".[17]

N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị agbata obi boro Faulkner ebubo amoosu bụ ndị kwuru na ọ "na-ata ahụhụ" ụmụ ha.[18] N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, e jidere ya ma kpọga ya Salem, ebe Jonathan Corwin, John Hathorne na Captain John Higginson gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ.[4][3][15]

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ebo ya ebubo bụ ụmụ agbọghọ si Salem, n'etiti ha Ann Putnam Jr. na Mary Warren.[4] Otu onye na-anọghị na nke a, bụ William Barker Sr., onye nọ n'agbata afọ iri na ụma, onye kwuru n'okpuru nyocha na ekwensu tara ya ahụhụ ruo afọ atọ.[19] O kwupụtara na ya bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ekwensu, nakwa na Setan kwere nkwa "ịkwụ ụgwọ ya niile" ma kwe ka ọ bie ndụ okomoko.[19] O kwuru na George Burroughs bụ "onye ndú", mana o kwuru na Faulkner na nwanne ya nwanyị, Elizabeth Johnson Sr., bụ "ndị na-akpali nnukwu ihe arụ a".[19]

Mgbe Faulkner banyere n'ime ụlọ ahụ, ndị na-ebo ya ebubo ga-ada n'ala n'oké iwe.[20] O ji akwa n'aka ya ka a na-enyocha ya, mgbe ọ bụla ọ ga-ejide ma ọ bụ gbagọọ ákwà ahụ, ndị na-ebo ya ebubo ga-enwe "ihe ọjọọ". [4] [21] Mgbe ndị majie chọrọ ịmara ihe mere o ji merụọ ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ, na-arịọ ya ka ọ lelee nsogbu ha, Faulkner gwara ndị majie na ọ "na-"na-akwa ụta ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ" tara ahụhụ", mana na ọ meghị ha, "ọ bụ ekwensu [onye] na-eme ya n'ụdị m. " Ndị majie zaghachiri site n'ịjụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ onye aka ya dị ọcha, ihe mere Faulknar ji ghara ịkwa ákwá maka ahụhụ ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ. [4]] Ọ jụrụ ikwupụta, na-ekwusi ike na "Chineke agaghị eme ka ọ kwupụta na ọ na-enweghị ikpe".[4]

N'otu oge n'oge ule ahụ, Mary Warren dara na "ntọala", ma "dọrọ ya n'okpuru tebụl," o doro anya na ọ pụghị ịpụta n'okpuru ya, mana mgbe ọ natara "mmetụta nke Faulkner a gwara ya" a tọhapụrụ ya.[4]

N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, e jidekwara nwa nwanne Faulkner dị afọ iri na otu na nwa nwanne ya dị afọ iri anọ, Abigail na Stephen Johnson, maka ebubo amoosu.[19][22]

Faulkner was reexamined the next day in prison, still insisting she had never consorted with the devil, nor signed his book, but did admit to feeling animosity toward her family's accusers. She suggested that the devil had taken advantage of this, in essence framing her for the crime of witchcraft.[23] She had been "angry at what folks said" when her niece was "taken up" for witchcraft. Neighbors had crowded round the Johnson home, laughing, taunting Faulkner, telling her that soon her sister would also be arrested for witchcraft:[16]

na ya [Faulkner] jiri anya ọjọọ lee anya n'ebe unu nọ na-ekwenye na ha kwesịrị ịta ahụhụ n'ihi na ha bụ ihe kpatara iwepụ ndị ikwu ya, ọ chọkwara ka ha ghara ịrịa ọrịa, na mmụọ ya na-akpali akpali, o tinyere aka ya ọnụ. Ọ maara na ekwensu nwere ike iji uru, mana ọ bụ ekwensu, ọ bụghị ya, na-emetụta ha.[4]

N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, nwanne ya nwanyị na nwa nwanne ya nwoke kwupụtara na ha bụ ndị amoosu.[19] Ha gbara akaebe na ha gara nzukọ ebe ekwensu mere ha baptizim, onye kwere ha nkwa "obi ụtọ na ọṅụ", nakwa na site n'iwu ekwensu, ha tara Martha Sprague na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ahụhụ na Andover.[19][24] Ha jụrụ itinye onye ọ bụla ọzọ n'ọrụ ha.[25]

Na Septemba 8, nwunye nwanne Faulkner, Deliverance Dane, kwupụtara na ya na amoosu na-enyocha ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ ga-emecha kwughachi na-ekwusi ike na ya 'mejọrọ eziokwu' site n'ikwupụta.[1][2] E boro nwa nwanyị Faulkner dị afọ itoolu Abigail ebubo ịgba afa wee jide ya na Septemba 16.[3] N'echi ya, e jidere Dorothy nwa ya nwanyị dị afọ iri na abụọ n'otu ebubo ahụ.[3] Ụmụ agbọghọ Faulkner kwupụtara n'oge na-adịghị anya ka ejidere ha, ma mee ka ha maa nne ha ikpe dịka onye amoosu. [26] [27]

Otu ụbọchị mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Ann Putnam Jr. gbara akaebe na Faulkner "na-ata ahụhụ" na August 9, 1692, nakwa na ọ hụrụ Faulkners ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ ya na-emekpa ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ ndị ọzọ ahụhụ.[4]

Okwu Faulkner kwuru, sị:

Ndị ọka ikpe ahụ chọtara Abigail Faulkner, nwunye Francis Faulknet nke Andover, ikpe maka ime mpụ nke amoosu, mere gị n'ahụ Martha Sprague, nakwa n'ahụ Sarah Phelps. A mara Abigail Faulkner ikpe ọnwụ.[4]

Faulkner dị ime mgbe a kpere ya ikpe, n'ihi nke a, e yigharịrị igbu ya.[16][28]

Ihe si na ya pụta na mwepụ

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Na Disemba 1692, ọnwa anọ ka e jidere ya, Faulkner rịọrọ Gọvanọ Phips ka ọ rịọ mgbaghara.[29] Ọ kọwara na di ya bụ onye nwere nkwarụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ ya akwụsịghị, njide ya mere ka ọ nwetaghachi, na-ahapụ ụmụ ya na-enweghị onye nlekọta na "obere ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ha ga-eri". [29] Gọvanọ Phips nabatara arịrịọ ya; a gbaghara ya ma tọhapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. [4]

Ọ bụ ezie na a tọhapụrụ ya, aha ya ewepụtabeghị.[4] N'afọ 1703, Faulkner rịọrọ ụlọ ikpe ka e wepụ ya n'ụzọ iwu.[16]    A tọhapụrụ ụmụ nwanyị Faulkner n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'October 1692, ha na nwanne nne ha Stephen na Abigail Johnson, na £500 nke Nathaniel Dane na John Osgood kwụrụ.[1] Achọpụtara nwa nwanne ya nwoke, Elizabeth Johnson Jr., ikpe amoosu, wee maa ya ikpe ọnwụ na Jenụwarị 1693.[2][3] William Stoughton bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ikike ọnwụ ya.[3] Elizabeth, dị ka nwanne nna ya, jisiri ike gbanarị osisi n'ihi ntinye aka nke Gọvanọ Phips.[3] A tọhapụrụ nwanne Faulkner, Elizabeth Johnson Sr., wee hapụ ya na Jenụwarị 1693, mana onye nwetara ya agbanwebeghị.[2][4] A tọhapụrụ ọgọ nwanyị Faulkner, Deliverance Dane na December 1692, mgbe a kagburu ikpe ahụ e boro ya.[30]

Abigail Dane Faulkner nwụrụ na Andover, Massachusetts, na Febụwarị 5, 1730.[2][6] Di ya, Francis Faulkner, nwụrụ na Andover afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị na Septemba 19, 1732. [6]

Otu n'ime ụmụ Faulkner bụ onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri Salon.com bụ Andrew O'Hehir . [31]

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

dezie
  • Duble, Kathleen Benner Àjà Margaret K. McElderry, 2005
  • Karlsen, Carol F. Ekwensu na Ọdịdị nke Nwaanyị: Amụ na Colonial New England, W. W. Norton, 1998 (p. 218-220)  
  • Lamson, William Judson (1917) Ụmụ William Lamson nke Ipswich, Mass., 1634-1917, Tobias A. Wright (p. 32-35)  
  • Norton, Mary Beth (2003). N'ime agwọ ekwensu: Nsogbu amoosu Salem nke 1692, Akwụkwọ ochie
  • Robinson, Enders A. (1992) Salem Witchcraft na Hawthorne's House of the Seven Gables, Heritage Books (p. 289-290)  
  • Starkey, Marion L. (1949) Ekwensu na Massachusetts: Nnyocha nke Oge A n'ime ikpe ndị amoosu Salem, Alfred A. Knopf (p. 128, 182-190, 228)  

Ihe edeturu na ntụaka

dezie
  1. ↑ Norton, Mary Beth. In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692, p. 259, 262, 397-98 New York: Vintage Books, 2003.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Finnell, Arthur Louis. The Order of Americans of Armorial Ancestry Lineage of Members,p.108, 224 Baltimore: Clearfield, 2007
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Robinson, Enders A. Salem witchcraft and Hawthorne's House of the Seven Gables, p. 289 Bowie, MD: Heritage Books, 1992
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Lamson, William Judson. Descendants of William Lamson of Ipswich, Mass., 1634-1917, pp. 32-33 New York: Tobias A. Wright, 1917
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bailey, Sarah Loring. Historical Sketches of Andover, p. 82 Boston: Houghton, 1880
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 Frances LaMarco, trans. Andover, MA Vital Records to 1850 Topsfield, MA: The Topsfield Historical Society, 1912. accessed September 16, 2009
  7. ↑ Butrick, Richard Porter. Butrick, Butterick, Buttrick in the U.S.A., 1635-1978, p.5 Washington: Butrick, 1979
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England, p. 219 New York: W. W. Norton, 1998
  9. ↑ Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England, p. 218 New York: W. W. Norton, 1998
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Massachusetts Historical Society. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, p. 13 Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1957
  11. ↑ Starkey, Marion L. The Devil in Massachusetts: A Modern Inquiry into the Salem Witch Trials, p. 182, 188 New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949.
  12. ↑ Starkey, Marion L. The Devil in Massachusetts: A Modern Inquiry into the Salem Witch Trials, p. 182 New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949.
  13. ↑ Norton, Mary Beth. In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692, p. 328 New York: Vintage Books, 2003
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Gildrie, Richard P. The Profane, the Civil, & the Godly: The Reformation of Manners in Orthodox New England, 1679-1749, p. 177 University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England, pp. 218-220 New York: W. W. Norton, 1998.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England, p. 220 New York: W. W. Norton, 1998
  17. ↑ Gragg, Larry. The Salem Witch Crisis, p. 149 Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992
  18. ↑ Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England, p. 219-220 New York: W. W. Norton, 1998
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Norton, Mary Beth. In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692, p. 259 New York: Vintage Books, 2003
  20. ↑ Lamson, William Judson. Descendants of William Lamson of Ipswich, Mass., 1634-1917, p. 33 New York: Tobias A. Wright, 1917
  21. ↑ Robinson, Enders A. The Devil Discovered: Salem Witchcraft 1692, p. 328 New York: Hippocrene Books, 1991
  22. ↑ Starkey, Marion L. The Devil in Massachusetts: A Modern Inquiry into the Salem Witch Trials, p. 228 New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949
  23. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Starkey, Marion L. p. 188
  24. ↑ Gragg, Larry. The Salem Witch Crisis, p. 148, 150 Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992
  25. ↑ Norton, Mary Beth. In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692, p. 260 New York: Vintage Books, 2003
  26. ↑ Norton, Mary Beth. In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692, p. 324 New York: Vintage Books, 2003
  27. ↑ Lamson, William Judson. Descendants of William Lamson of Ipswich, Mass., 1634-1917, pp. 32-34 New York: Tobias A. Wright, 1917
  28. ↑ Norton, Mary Beth. In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692, p. 407 New York: Vintage Books, 2003
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Gragg, Larry. The Salem Witch Crisis, p. 127 Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992
  30. ↑ Weisman, Richard. Witchcraft, Magic and Religion in 17th-Century Massachusetts., p. 210 Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1984
  31. ↑ Faulkner descendant Andrew O'Hehir, salon.com; accessed June 3, 2015.
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