1001: Otu Ntụkwasị Obi Okike
1001: A Nature Trust, ndị na-enye onyinye nke a na-akpọ 1001 Club mgbe ụfọdụ, bụ onyinye ego nke na-enyere aka ịkwado World Wide Fund for Nature. Ọ bụ onye isi WWF n'oge ahụ, Prince Bernhard nke Netherlands, guzobere ya na 1970, site n'enyemaka nke Anton Rupert, onye ọchụnta ego South Africa.
Ntọala
dezieDịka WWF siri kwuo, n'afọ 1970, onye isi WWF International n'oge ahụ na nke mbụ, Prince Bernhard nke Netherlands, malitere atụmatụ nke bụ inye WWF ezigbo ntọala ego. WWF hibere ego US $10 nde, nke a maara dị ka "The 1001: A Nature Trust". Mgbe WWF na-achọ ibuli US $ 10 nde Anton Rupert tụrụ aro Prince Bernhard echiche nke ịchọta otu puku mmadụ iji nye onyinye nke $10,000 nke ọ bụla. Ya na Rupert Prince Bernhard zụlitere echiche nke Club 1001 na 1970 iji nyere WWF aka ikpuchi ya na-efu.
Rupert, enyi Prince Bernhard, bụ onye a na-ewere dị ka onye ọchụnta ego Afrikaner na-eduga na South Africa, onye guzobere na onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba Rembrandt, onye isi nke Rothmans International, na otu n'ime ndị kasị baa ọgaranya na South Africa.[1][2] N'akụkụ mbụ nke ọrụ ya, Rupert nwere njikọ chiri anya na Afrikaner Broederbond, òtù nzuzo nke mba Afrikaner. Na aro nke Prince Bernhard (na 1968) iji chọta alaka mba South Africa nke WWF, Rupert guzobere isi South Africa nke NWF, Southern African Nature Foundation, nke ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche ya, na-eme ka ndị ọchụnta ego South Africa sonye na ndị nlekọta ya. Rupert jere ozi dị ka onye nlekọta nke WWF International ruo afọ 22, ruo 1990, n'agbanyeghị ndokwa dị na akwụkwọ ntinye aha mbụ nke nzukọ ahụ nke gbochiri ndị otu afọ atọ abụọ. Rupert nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ime ndị WWF, nke mere na o nwere ike inye nzukọ ahụ onye isi nchịkwa nke isi ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa ya na Switzerland. N'afọ 1971, mgbe Prince Bernhard ka bụ onye isi oche nke WWF International, Rupert tụrụ aro inye Prince Bernhart onye enyemaka onwe ya, onye enyemaka ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na isi ụlọ ọrụRupert, enyi Prince Bernhard ogologo ndụ, ka a na-ewerekarị dị ka onye ọchụnta ego Africaner nke South Africa, onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba Rembrandt, onye isi Rothmans International, na otu n'ime ndị kasị baa ọgaranya na South Africa. N'akụkụ mbụ nke ọrụ ya, Rupert nwere njikọ chiri anya na Afrikaner Broederbond, ọha nzuzo nke mba Afrikaner. Na ntụnye nke Prince Bernhard (na 1968) ịchọta ngalaba mba South Africa nke WWF, Rupert hiwere isi South Africa nke WWF, South African Nature Foundation, nke ọ ghọrọ onye isi ala, na-eme ka ndị ọchụnta ego South Africa kwenye sonye n'ime ndi isi oche ya. Rupert rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta nke WWF International afọ 22, ruo 1990, n'agbanyeghị ndokwa dị na akwụkwọ ntinye akwụkwọ mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ejedebe ndị otu na afọ abụọ afọ atọ. Rupert nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ime ime WWF, na o nwere ike inye nzukọ ahụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa na Switzerland. N'ime ma ọ bụ obere oge tupu 1971, mgbe Prince Bernhard ka bụ onyeisi oche nke WWF International, Rupert tụrụ aro ịnye Prince Bernhard onye enyemaka onwe ya, kwadoro ịrụ ọrụ n'isi ụlọ ọrụ WWF International mgbe ụlọ ọrụ nne na nna ya ka na-akwụ ụgwọ ya. Rupert tụpụtara ọrụ Charles de Haes, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Rupert's Rothmans International. N'afọ 1971, e nyere de Haes ọrụ ka ya na Prince Bernhard rụọ ọrụ iji guzobe onyinye na-adịgide adịgide maka WWF International wee ruo ihe mgbaru ọsọ $ 10 nke ọrụ ahụ. De Haes rụrụ ọrụ a nke ọma na mbido 1970 wee họpụta ya onye ntụzi aka General nke WWF-International na 1975 wee bụrụ onye isi n'ozuzu ya na 1977 ma ọ bụ 1978, ọkwa ọ nọrọ ruo 1993.
Dị ka WWF si kwuo, "ebe ọ bụ na e guzobere The 1001, WWF International enweela ike iji uru sitere na ego ntụkwasị obi iji nyere aka gboo ụgwọ nchịkwa ya".[3] Ntọala nke onyinye na-adịgide adịgide maka WWF International bu n'uche ikwe ka isi ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa nke WWF bụrụ nke nwere onwe ya na ego site na ngalaba mba ya. Ego ndị e nwetara site na 1001 Club ga-eme ka isi ụlọ ọrụ WWF nke mba ụwa mesie ndị nwere ike inye onyinye obi ike na a gaghị eji ego ha mee ihe maka mmefu nchịkwa nke isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na onyinye ahụ emesiri ha obi ike. Dị ka otu n'ime nsonaazụ ya, ndokwa a mere ka WWF International nwere onwe ya n'ụzọ ego site na ngalaba WWF nke mba ụwa.[2]
Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya
dezieNdị otu 1001 Club bụ ihe nzuzo.[2] WWF jụrụ inye ozi gbasara ndị otu klọb ahụ.[4] N'usoro isiokwu dị na magazin Britain Private Eye, e bipụtara nkọwa nke ụfọdụ n'ime ndị otu ahụ na 1980 na 1981. Otu ndepụta nke ndị otu 1001 Club maka 1987 nke ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Stephen Ellis kwadoro ọtụtụ n'ime ebubo ndị e bipụtara.[2] Aha ndị otu "ndị na-apụ n'anya kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ gụnyere Baron von Thyssen, onye isi Fiat Gianni Agnelli, na Henry Ford, yana ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịka Mobutu Sese Seko nke Zaire, onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Olympic International Juan Samaranch, na onye isi biya Alfred Heineken".[5]
Onye nta akụkọ Britain bụ Kevin Dowling - onye mere ihe ngosi banyere ịchụ nta ọdụ́ nke nwere nkwado nke WWF mana onye mechara soro nzukọ ahụ nwee esemokwu n'ihi Operation Lock - chọpụtara ndepụta abụọ, otu maka 1978 na otu maka 1987 nke na-atụ aro na ụfọdụ cross-fertilisation n'etiti netwọk dị iche iche nke Prince Bernhard tinyere aka mere ma nye aka ịchọta ndị kwesịrị ekwesị maka 1001 Club.[4]
Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị otu 1001 Club sitere na ngalaba ụlọ akụ, ngalaba azụmaahịa ndị ọzọ, ndị ọrụ nzuzo, na ndị agha, ma ọ bụ ndị isi ala. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị otu 1001 Club bụ akụkụ nke ngalaba azụmaahịa South Africa, nke bụ isiokwu nke mmachibido iwu mba ụwa n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ya mere, njikọ ụfọdụ dị n'etiti akụkụ nke netwọk ndị isi ụwa na nchekwa anụ ọhịa site na onye isi oche nke Prince Bernhard nke WWF International yana njikọ doro anya nke WWF Internacional na South Africa n'ọhịa nke ọrụ ebere gburugburu ebe obibi.[1]
Prince Bernhard n'onwe ya bụ onye otu 1001 nke 1001 Club.[1]
Nkatọ
dezieN'akwụkwọ ya At the Hand of Man: Peril and Hope for Africa's Wildlife Raymond Bonner katọrọ WWF maka ebubo usoro neocolonialist. Na ntụle ya nke akwụkwọ ya, Ann O'Hanlon nke ọnwa Washington, onye kpọrọ ebubo Bonner "nkwupụta zuru oke nke WWF", dere, sị: "Ndepụta nzuzo nke ndị otu na-agụnye pasenti na-enweghị isi nke ndị South Africa, ha niile nwere obi ụtọ n'oge. Ndị ọzọ nyere aka gụnyere ndị ọchụnta ego nwere njikọ echere, gụnyere mpụ ahaziri ahazi, mmepe mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa rụrụ arụ. Ọbụna akụkọ dị n'ime ụlọ akpọrọ WWF's approach egocentric and neocolonialist. elu.)"
Dị ka Stephen Ellis si kwuo, onye chọrọ igosi mmetụta nke ọnụ ụlọ ndị ọcha South Africa na ego nke WWF International, ndị a maara nke ọma na 1001 Club bụ ndị "ndị na-eguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke na-apụghị ịta ụta, ọ bụ ezie na ndị òtù 1001 Club gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị na-adịghị mma. Ndị mmadụ dịka Onye isi ala Mobutu Sese Seko nke Zaire na Agha Hasan Abedi, onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Bank of Credit and Commerce International, kpatara nnukwu wayo n'akụkọ ego ụwa. Ma Mobutu na Abedi bụ ndị otu 1001 Club mara maka afọ 1987 opekata mpe. Ellis na Gerrie ter Haar (2004) kọwara WWF's 1001 Club dị ka "otu ebe ndị eze Europe na-eji ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-emekọ ihe n'ubu kamakwa yana ụfọdụ ndị na-enyo enyo sitere na ụwa nke nnukwu nrụrụ aka na ọgụgụ isi nzuzo". Dị ka ha si kwuo, òtù WWF nke na-abụghị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nyere ohere ịnweta njikọ ndị a ma ama n'ụdị, nke ahụ pụtara na "otu nke netwọk ụwa na ọha mmadụ" nyeere ndị isi Africa aka "ijikọta ndị ọkachamara zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ikike ha na-ahụ na ọ dị mma" dị ka onye isi ala gbara akaebe. Ndị otu Mobutu 1001 Club. N'okwu a Ellis na ter Haar na-ewere dị ka isi ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ nke ọha nzuzo na "ndị otu na-enye ohere maka ịme ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-adịghị ahụ anya site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na maka ịmepụta njikọ nke ịdị n'otu nke gafere ihe nkịtị" ma kwuo na "nzuzo na-ejikọta ndị mmadụ ọnụ. ".
Ellis kwusiri ike, na "njirimara nke 1,001 ndị otu 1001 Club na-egosipụta nke ọma gburugburu Bernhard n'onwe ya". Dị ka Ellis si kwuo, ha kpughekwara "mmetụta nke ndị isi South Africa". Ndepụta ndị otu dị na 1987 gụnyere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị South Africa 60 gụnyere ndị a ma ama nke Afrikaner Broederbond, bụ ndị nọ n'elu ụlọ ọrụ ndị dabere na nkwado nke Broederbond, dị ka Johannes Hurter (onye isi oche Volkskas), Etienne Rousseau (onye isi oche). nke Federale Mining and Industrial Group), na Pepler Scholtz (onye bụbu onye isi nchịkwa nke otu ego Sanlam). Klọb 1001 bụ ndị ama ama na ndị isi azụmaahịa South Africa n'oge apartheid, na-enye ha ohere ịkparịta ụka n'ịzụ ahịa na mba ụwa ka ha na-agafe mmachi mba ụwa. Dịkarịa ala, ndị otu South Africa 1001 Club etinyela aka na mkparị Muldergate na South Africa, ebe ekpughere na gọọmentị Pretoria ejirila ego ọrụ nzuzo zụta njikwa akwụkwọ akụkọ. Otu n'ime ha, Louis Luyt, bụ onye keere òkè pụtara ìhè na asịrị ahụ, bụbu onye ọlụlụ Anton Rupert.
Echiche nke nkwekọrịta
dezie1001 Club emeela ka e nwee "echiche nkwekọrịta" dị iche iche n'akwụkwọ na nzukọ ịntanetị, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi enweghị ndepụta ndị otu na ozi gbasara nzukọ 1001 Club. Ramutsindela et al. (2011) na-ekwusi ike na nke a, na "otu n'ime nnukwu ihe ize ndụ n'ide banyere ụdị netwọk na atụmatụ ndị isi bụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ibo ndị dere ya ebubo ịmepụta, isonye ma ọ bụ nye aka na echiche nkwekọrịta".[1]
Ihe odide
dezie- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Ramutsindela (2011). "The South—North Connections", Sponsoring Nature: Environmental Philanthropy for Conservation, 1st, London and New York: Earthscan, 47, 49. ISBN 9781844079049. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "RamutsindelaEtAL2011" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Stephen Ellis (1994). "Of elephants and men: politics and nature conservation in South Africa". Journal of Southern African Studies 20 (1): 53–69. DOI:10.1080/03057079408708386. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Ellis1994" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ WWF in the 70's. WWF International. Archived from the original on 2014-11-27. Retrieved on 2014-11-17.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Marja Spierenburg, Harry Wels (2010). "Conservative Philanthropists, Royalty and Business Elites in Nature Conservation in Southern Africa". Antipode 42 (3): 647–670. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00767.x. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "SpierenburgEtWels2010" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Vidal (2014-10-04). WWF International accused of 'selling its soul' to corporations. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2014-10-12. Retrieved on 2014-11-08.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
dezie- Raymond Bonner (1993). At the Hand of Man: Peril and Hope for Africa's Wildlife. Knopf, 66–75. ISBN 0-679-40008-7. Vintage Books ed., .