Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Guadalajara

. [7] ^[1]The Guadalajara Cartel ( Spanish </link> ) nke a dị ka Federation ( Spanish:</link> ) bụ ụlọ ọrụ Mexico nke hibere na 1980 site n'aka Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, Rafael Caro Quintero na Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo iji buba cocaine na wiwii na United States. [1] [2] N'ime ndị mbụ n'ime ndị na-ere ọgwụ na Mexico na-arụ ọrụ na mafias cocaine Colombia, Guadalajara Cartel nwere njirimara site na njirimara cocaine. [3] N'ime afɔ ndị 1980 niile, katel ahụ na-achịkwa njikwa aha na Mexico na okporo ụzọ ndị dị n'ụdị oke Mexico-United States . [1] [2] Ọ nwere na mpaghara dị iche iche na Mexico nke egwu steeti Jalisco, Baja California, Colima, Sonora, Chihuahua na Sinaloa n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Otutu ụlọ ọgwụ ọgwụ a (ma ọ bụ ihe ike ha) dị ka Tijuana, Juárez na Sinaloa cartel mmetụta dị ka alaka ma ọ bụ "plazas" nke Guadalajara Cartel tupu ọrị

Akụkọ na ihe nketa

[2]Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, onye bụbu onye uwe ojii isi etiti, arịa ọrụ maka ndị na-ere ọgwụ ike na-ere akara nrụrụ aka nke ndị isi obodo na ndị mmekọ ya na cartel, Rafael Caro Quintero na Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo ("Don Neto"), bụ ndị na-arụbu ọrụ na òtù ndị omempụ Avilés., weghaara ụzọ aha akara mgbe e gbuchara Avilés n'ọgbụgba égbè ya na ndị uwe ojii MFJP . A ebi na ọ bụ Fonseca, onye na-echekwa ego nke òtù ahụ hiwere Avilés. Mgbe emechara " Operation Condor " (Spanish: Operación Cóndor), usoro ọgwụ Mexico nke e mere na 1970 iji ọgwụ ọgwụ ndị sitere na Mexico na United States, ọtụtụ ndị na-ere ọgwụ na steeti Sinaloa gba gbara na Guadalajara, Jalisco., ka ha gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ha. [3] Nchikota a mere ka e guzobe Guadalajara Cartel nke ga-eme oge ụfọdụ na 1980. Katel ahụ mechara jikwaa ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ọrụ ọgwụ ndị na Mexico n'ime afọ 1980 niile

Nnukwu ugbo wii wii ekiri na ahụ 1980s. A na-anọkarị n'ugbo ndị mbụ n'ebe dị ike n'ugwu bụ ebe ọ na-esi ike ịhụ na ịgba mmiri achọ igwuolulu mmiri. fim dị egwu, fim mma mma iche, na njem ụgbọ njem dị oke ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, a na-akụ wii dị iche, nke ndị America na-akọ iche iche cannabis si California na Oregon ahare ubi ọhụrụ ndị a, ndị ọrụ ubi Mexico na-akpọ ụdị ọhụrụ a dị ka " sinsemilla " mmetụta ) na-akara oge mbụ na-eto wii wii na- mmetụta. e wetara mmetụta n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dị ukwuu. Ụdị dị iche iche dị ike nke dị elu wetara ọnụ akara dị elu nke ukwuu n'ahịa North America. [1] A maara wii wii na- ike mmetụta na-hụrụ osisi site na osisi cannabis nke nwoke na-emetọ . Ya mere osisi ahụ na-etinyekwu ume n'ịkwalite cannabinoids psychoactive dị ka THC kama agụ ume ya n'imepụta mmetụta ^[2]

N'ime ihe ka ukwuu n'ime 1970s na akwụkwọ 1980s, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime cocaine ndị a na-ebuba na United States bụ ndị na-eje ozi ọgwụ Colombia na-azụta site na Florida na Agha Caribbean . [10] Ozi, site n'ịbawanye usoro mmanye iwu na mpaghara ndị a n'etiti 1980, ndị eze ọgwụ Colombia ọrụ ọrụ na Mexico. [11] Juan Matta-Ballesteros bụ njikọ bụ isi nke Guadalajara Cartel na cartels cocaine Colombia. Matta ewebatala onye bu ụzọ Felix Gallardo, Alberto Sicilia-Falcon na Santiago Ocampo nke Cali Cartel, otu n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ Colombia. [1] Guadalajara Cartel jisiri ike na- Madade cocaine na US na mbupu ọtụtụ tɔn kwa ọnwa. Kama echere ego maka ọrụ ha, ndị na-ebubata ego na Guadalajara Cartel wepụrụ 50% cocaine nke ha na-ebu na Colombia. [1] Nke a baara ha uru nke ukwuu, na ụfọdụ na-eche na akara akara, nke Felix Gallardo, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo na Rafael Quintero na-arụkwa ọrụ na- $ 5 mmetụta kwa afọ. [1] Dị ka ụfọdụ ndị edemede si kwuo, dị ka Peter Dale Scott, akwụkwọ ahụ nwere akara n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi na ọ na-enweta nke ụlọ ọrụ DFS Mexico, n'okpuru onye isi ya Miguel Nazar Haro . [2] Ọtụtụ ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ aka na mpụ ahaziri hazi azụ site na agụ aka na igbu ọchụ na njirimara ọgwụ n'aha ndị </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Ndị Guadalajara Cartel nwere nnukwu nnukwu ahụ na 1985 mgbe ejidere onye nchoputa otu ahụ Rafael Caro Quintero, ma ike mara ya ikpe, maka mmekpa ahụ na igbu ọchụ nke onye enweghị anya DEA America bụ Enrique Camarena . [1] [2] Camarena bụ onye ọrụ nke ndị cartel chere na ọ na-enye DEA ozi nke butere nke ise wii 2,500 acre nke a mara ka Rancho Búfalo (Bekee: "Buffalo Ranch") na steeti Chihuahua n 'oge Nọvemba 1984. A kọkwara na ndị gbara ihe ntoonu wii 10,000 - na-efu ihe nde $160. Nke a boro ebubo Caro Quintero na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọkwa nke Guadalajara Cartel dị ịbọ ọbọ DEA na Camarena. [3] Na nkwụghachi ụgwọ, a tọọrọ Camarena na onye ụgbọ ala ya Alfredo Zavala Avelar na Guadalajara na February 7, 1985, n'ehihie nke ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ DFS, kpọgara n' ranar nke Quintero nke dị na 881 Lope de Vega na colonia Jardines del Bosque, na-egosi nke obodo ahụ, [4] tara ezinụlọ, ma gbuo ya. ^[3]

A gbara Camarena ọnụ ma taa ya ohere iji nwe ozi gbasara ihe o nwere ikike ọrụ mmanye iwu na-eduzi ndị agha; yana ozi ọ blla DEA nwere ike inwe na ndị agha Mexico na-etinye aka na-eji aha ọgwụ ike. N'ime oge nke 30 gbakwunyere oge ịta dị, agbajiri osisi isi Camarena, agba, imi, ọkpụkpụ cheek, ikuku ikuku, na ọgiriga; ndị tọọrọ kpọbatara, ọ nye onye ọrụ ahụ ọgwụ iji mee ka ọ mara ya n'oge oge niile. [1] Ndị agha ha ji ihe onyonyo ụfọdụ ndị ọnụ ọgụgụ Camarena. [2] O doro anya na ihe otiti ikpeazụ ahụ mere mgbe ndị ahụ a na-emekpa ahụ́ ji ibe mgbịrịgba ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ yiri ya kụrie isi ya. [3] Ihe dị ka otu ọnwa ka e ịhụ, a kpọgara ozu Camarena na Zavala na steeti Michoacán gbara agbata obi ma tụba ya n'ime olulu dị n'ụdị okporo ụzọ ka a na-eme na 5 Ma ọchịchị 1985. [4] [ 5] Caro Quintero wee hapụ Mexico na Machị 9, 1985, ya na ndị otu ya na enyi ya Sara Cristina Cosío Gaona. [6] Onye bụbu onye isi ndị uwe ojii na-ahụ maka ikpe na Mexico Armando Pavón Reyes, mgbe ọ natachara ihe iri ngo $300,000, kwuru na o kwere ka Caro Quintero gbapụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu dị na Guadalajara, n'ogboelu nkeonwe , iji gba na Costa Rica. A chụrụ ndị ọhụrụ uwe ojii n'akwa obere oge ka e mechara, ma bo ya ebubo iri ngarị na akwụkwọ aka na igbu ọchụ nke Camarena ^[4]

^[5]Ogbugbu nke akụkụ anya Camarena kpasuru US iwe ma tinye na Mexico ejide ndị isi egwuregwu egwuregwu ihe ahụ merenụ, butere nta ndị mmanye iwu anɔ nke wedata ọtụtụ ndị isi nke Guadalajara Cartel. [1] US na-ekiri ndị Soviet siri ike na-ama Mexico n'oge egwuregwu ahụ, na-aga ruo imechi ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri mmiri US-Mexica ọtụtụ ụbọchị. [2] Mgbe ejidechara Rafael Caro Quintero na Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo na 1985 maka igbu ọchụ nke Camarena, Félix Gallardo nwere ikike dị ala na 1987 ọ kwagara ya na ngwa ya gaa Guadalajara obodo. Félix "Nna Nna" Gallardo wee ike kewaa ahia ọ na-achịkwa ka ọ ga-adịkwu mma na ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga-adaba na otu ndị mmanye iwu. [3] N'otu ụzọ, ọ nọ na- Medi azụmahịa Mexico ka ọ na-ezi ya azụ n'okpuru ala, ka ndị isi na-ama ụgwọ nke ọma ma ọ bụ ndị DEA ama akara. Félix Gallardo kpọ ekiri narcos ọgwụ kacha elu nke mba ahụ n'iche dị n'obodo a na-eme njem nke Acapulco ebe ọ na-achọpụta plazas (turfs) ma ọ bụ egwu. Enyere ndị isi ọgwụ dị iche iche mpaghara ebe ha ike ibuga ọgwụ na US na ndị na-ebuga ụtụ isi nke ihe ibu eji ngwa na-egosi ha. Ụzọ Tijuana ga-agakwuru ụmụ nwanne ya, njikọ Arellano Félix . Ụzọ Ciudad Juárez ga-aga na mpaghara Carrillo Fuentes, nke nwa nwanne Fonseca Carrillo, Amado Carrillo Fuentes na-eduzi. Miguel Caro Quintero ga-agba ọsọ na Sonora corridor . Njikwa nke Matamoros, Tamaulipas corridor - wee bụrụ na Gulf Cartel - ga-ahapụ ya n'ihe nsogbu na Juan García Ábrego . Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán Loera na Ismael Zambada García ga-eweghara ọrụ n'afọ oké osimiri Pacific, na-aghọ Sinaloa Cartel . Guzmán na Zambada kpọghachitere onye agha Héctor Luis Palma Salazar n'ogige ahụ. Félix Gallardo ka na-eme abincin ilekọta onye mba, o nwere ike ndị ya mere ọ ka bụ onye ejekwa elu, ma ọ eduzi achịkwa niile nke azụmahịa ahụ; e jidere ya na isi 8, 1989 [7] ^[6]

Ekwenyere na Amado Carrillo Fuentes bụbu ụzọ nke Guadalajara Cartel, ma e ụmụaka ya Ojinaga, Chihuahua ka ọ na-ahụ maka ụgbọ mmiri cocaine nke nwanne nna ya, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, na-arụ ọrụ site na Pablo Acosta Villarreal, " El Zorro de Ojinaga" ( The Ojinaga Fox ). Amado bụ onye ukwu ogologo oge, ma ọ bụ onye mmekọ nke Acosta. N'ime etiti na mbubreyo 1980s Amado so Pablo Acosta, Marco DeHaro na Becky Garcia na ọtụtụ ọrụ ịre ahịja ha, kpọchiri "nzọpụta" nke gwongworo wii mebiri emebi na nso Lomas de Arena . Site na akara ya na ndị uwe ojii isi etiti na steeti Mexico na ndị agha Mexico, Acosta nwere ike hụ na nchekwa maka tɔn ise nke cocaine na- man site na turboprop kwa ụnwa site na Colombia gaa Ojinaga, mgbe ụfọdụ na-agbada n 'ọdụ ụgbọ elu obodo, mgbe ụfọdụ na. ọdụ ụgbọ elu unyi na ebe a na-azụ anụ si Ojinaga. [1] Na omenala, Acosta na-ebukarị wii wii na heroin mana na njedebe nke ndụ ya lekwasịrị anya na cocaine. Ozugbo e gburu Pablo Acosta na 1987 mgbe ndị FBI na ndị uwe ojii Federal Mexico na-ebuso agha na mpaghara Rio Grande nke Santa Elena (Chihuahua), na Amado Carrillo n'onwe ya gburu onye ọzọ nọchiri Carillo Rafael Aguilar Guajardo na 1993 na Cancún ., Amado Carrillo Fuentes wee weghara njikwa zuru oke nke Juárez Cartel

Hụkwa

Agha Ọgwụ Ọgwụ Mexico
Narcos: Mexico

Ntụaka

↑ Poppa (2009). Amado Carrillo Fuentes. Archived from the original on 2009-10-11. Retrieved on 2009-08-18.
↑ Seeded vs. Seedless. Cannabis Business Times (1 September 2019). Retrieved on 29 April 2023.
↑ Tobar. "Drug Lord Convicted in Camarena's 1985 Murder : Narcotics: He draws a prison term of 40 years. A Mexican judge sentences his "enforcer" and 23 others in the U.S. drug agent's killing", Los Angeles Times, December 13, 1989. Retrieved on August 9, 2013.
↑ Manning. "Former police commander convicted of bribery", The Associated Press, August 13, 1986. Retrieved on August 9, 2013.
↑ Rohter. "In Mexico, Drug Roots Run Deep", The New York Times, April 16, 1989. Retrieved on 2010-09-21.
↑ Beith (2010). The Last Narco. New York, New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1952-0.

Arụnyere ọrụ

Bowden, Charles (2002). Down by the River: Drugs, Money, Murder, and Family. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0684853434. “Down by the River: Drugs, Money, Murder, and Family.”
Campbell, Howard (2010). Drug War Zone: Frontline Dispatches from the Streets of El Paso and Juárez. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292782792.
Edmonds-Poli (2009). Contemporary Mexican Politics. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0742540491.
Lyman, Michael D. (2003). Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control, 6, Elsevier. ISBN 1437744516.

Njikọ mpụga

Ọnọdụ Methamphetamine na United States: Mmepụta na ịzụ ahịa ahịa . Ngalaba na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi nke United States nchịkwa mmanye ọgwụ ọjọọ.
Ndị CIA kwadoro nkwado ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na Mexico

[Poppa_2009-1] Poppa (2009). Amado Carrillo Fuentes. Archived from the original on 2009-10-11. Retrieved on 2009-08-18.

[Seedless-2] Seeded vs. Seedless. Cannabis Business Times (1 September 2019). Retrieved on 29 April 2023.

[3] Tobar. "Drug Lord Convicted in Camarena's 1985 Murder : Narcotics: He draws a prison term of 40 years. A Mexican judge sentences his "enforcer" and 23 others in the U.S. drug agent's killing", Los Angeles Times, December 13, 1989. Retrieved on August 9, 2013.

[4] Manning. "Former police commander convicted of bribery", The Associated Press, August 13, 1986. Retrieved on August 9, 2013.

[NYTimes-5] Rohter. "In Mexico, Drug Roots Run Deep", The New York Times, April 16, 1989. Retrieved on 2010-09-21.

[Beith_2010_https://archive.org/details/lastnarcoinsideh00beit/page/47_47-6] Beith (2010). The Last Narco. New York, New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1952-0.

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