Ọrụ ugbo n'ala kpọrọ nkụ

  ọrụ ugbo n'ala kpọrọ nkụ na ọrụ ugbo kpọrọ nkụ gụnyere usoro ọrụ ugbo ụfọdụ maka ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ na-enweghị mmiri. A na-ejikọta ọrụ ugbo Ala kpọrọ nkụ na ala kpọrọ nká, ebe a na-eji oge mmiri dị jụụ mara (nke na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri niile ihe ọkụkụ ga-enweta tupu owuwe ihe ubi) na-esote oge ọkọchị na-ekpo ọkụ. A na-ejikọkwa ha na ọnọdụ ala kpọrọ nkụ, ebe ndị nwere Oké ọkọchị na ndị nwere obere mmiri.

Ọrụ ugbo ala kpọrọ nkụ na mpaghara Granada nke Spain

Usoro

Ọrụ ugbo ala kpọrọ nkụ kpatara nnukwu uzuzu n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Eastern Washington na October 4, 2009. Nkwado: NASA/GSFC, MODIS Rapid Response

Ọrụ ugbo etolitela dị ka usoro usoro na usoro nlekọta nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji na-aga n'ihu na-adaba na ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị mmiri n'usoro ihe ọkụkụ. Ịkwanye mmiri dị n'ime ala na-abụkarị n'ihi snow gbazere na ice na ihu igwe nke na-enweta oke mmiri ozuzo n'oge oyi na okpomọkụ akọrọ n'oge okpomọkụ. Enwere ike iji mmiri sitere na isi mmiri dị nso na ọrụ ugbo akọrọ, ụfọdụ [onye?] kwenyere na iji ugbo akọrọ nwere ike dozie ọ bụghị naanị ihe ịma aka ụkọ nri na obere obodo kamakwa nsogbu mgbanwe ihu igwe. 

N'ógbè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, onye ọrụ ugbo kwesịrị inwe ike ịlanarị ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ oge ụfọdụ, ikekwe ọtụtụ afọ n'usoro.    Ịdị ndụ dị ka onye ọrụ ugbo ala kpọrọ nkụ chọrọ iji nlezianya na-azụ mmiri dị maka ihe ọkụkụ na njikwa siri ike nke mmefu iji belata mfu n'afọ ndị dara ogbenye. Ọrụ ugbo ala kpọrọ nkụ na-agụnye nyocha mgbe niile nke oke mmiri dị ma ọ bụ na-enweghị maka usoro ihe ọkụkụ ọ bụla na atụmatụ ọ bụla. Ndị ọrụ ugbo ala kpọrọ nkụ maara na iji nwee ọganihu ego ha ga-abụ ndị na-eme ihe ike n'oge afọ ndị dị mma iji gbochie afọ ndị kpọrọ nkụ.

Ọrụ ugbo nke ala kpọrọ nkụ na-adabere na mmiri ozuzo eke, nke nwere ike ime ka ala ghara ịdaba n'oké ifufe nke uzuzu, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri usoro ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na oké ifufe na-ada n'oge adịghị ike. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na oge ezumike ga-etinyerịrị na ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ pụtara na enweghị ike ịchebe ubi mgbe niile site na ihe ọkụkụ, nke nwere ike inye nchebe pụọ na mbuze.

Ụfọdụ n'ime echiche nke ịkọ ugbo ala kpọrọ nkụ malitere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 kwuru na ha bụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mana n'ezie bụ pseudoscientific na ha akwadoghị ule siri ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, e boro ebubo na ịkọ ugbo ga-ekpuchi mmiri, mana echiche "ụzuzu uzuzu" dị otú ahụ na-adabere n'ihe ndị mmadụ chere na ọ ga-eme, ma ọ bụ nke a gwara ya, karịa ihe nyocha na-akwado n'ezie. N'ezie, egosila na ịkọ ihe na-eme ka mmiri na-efunahụ ya na ikuku.[1] Akwụkwọ bụ́ Bad Land: An American Romance na-enyocha mmetụta nke a nwere n'ahụ́ ndị a gbara ume ka ha biri n'ebe obibi na-adịghị obere mmiri ozuzo; ọtụtụ obere ụlọ dara mgbe ha rụsịrị ọrụ n'ụzọ siri ike iji jidesie ike.

Ọrụ ugbo kpọrọ nkụ na-adabere n'iji "bank" nke mmiri ozuzo nke mmiri ozu n'oge oyi mepụtara. Ụfọdụ ọrụ ugbo kpọrọ nkụ gụnyere:

• Obosara karịa nke a na-ahụkarị, iji nye nnukwu mmiri maka osisi ọ bụla.
• Nchịkwa okporo ụzọ.
• Obere ọrụ ugbo ala.
• Nchịkwa ahịhịa siri ike, iji hụ na ahịhịhịa anaghị eri mmiri dị n'ala nke osisi ndị a kụrụ akụ chọrọ.
• Ịzụlite ala iji mepụta "mulu ájá", nke a na-eche na ọ ga-egbochi mmiri ịla n'iyi site na ọrụ capillary. Omume a na-ese okwu, a naghịkwa akwado ya n'ụwa niile.
• Nhọrọ nke ihe ọkụkụ na cultivars dabara adaba maka ọrụ ugbo kpọrọ nkụ.

Ebe ndị a na-anọ

Ubi ọka na Behbahan, Iran

Enwere ike ịkọ ugbo n'ebe mmiri ozuzo na-ezo kwa afọ n'oge mmiri ozuzo, mgbe mgbe n'oge oyi. A na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ n'oge ọkọchị na-esote, na-eji omume ndị na-eji mmiri echekwara n'ala. California, Colorado, Kansas, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Oregon, Washington, na Wyoming, na United States, bụ steeti ole na ole ebe a na-arụ ọrụ ugbo maka ihe ọkụkụ dịgasị iche iche.

A na-eji ọrụ ugbo ala kpọrọ nkụ eme ihe na Great Plains, Palouse plateau nke Eastern Washington, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ kpọrọ nkụ nke North America dịka na Southwestern United States na Mexico (lee Ọrụ ugbo na Southwestern United States na Ọrụ ugbo n'ebe Southwest prehistoric), Middle East na mpaghara ndị ọkpụkpụ ọka ndị ọzọ dị ka Steppes nke Eurasia na Argentina. Ndị Mennonite Ukraine n'okpuru mmetụta nke Johann Cornies webatara ọrụ ugbo ala kpọrọ nkụ na ndịda Russia na Ukraine, na-eme ka mpaghara ahụ bụrụ oghere achịcha nke Europe. Na Australia, a na-eme ya n'ọtụtụ steeti ma e wezụga Northern Territory.   

Ihe ọkụkụ

Ubi dị na Palouse, Washington State

Nhọrọ nke ihe ọkụkụ na-emetụta oge mmiri ozuzo na-emetụ n'ihe gbasara oge. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọka wit n'oge oyi dị mma maka mpaghara ndị mmiri ozuzo dị elu n'oge ọkọchị ebe ebe ebe ndị nwere oge mmiri ozuzo n'oge okpomọkụ nwere ike ịdị mma maka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto eto n'oge oge okpomọkụ dị ka sorghum, sunflowers ma ọ bụ ogho. Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-akọ n'oge ọkọchị nwere ike ịgụnye mkpụrụ vaịn, tomato, pumpkins, agwa, na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ n'oge okpomọkụ.

Ihe ọkụkụ ọka ala kpọrọ nkụ gụnyere ọka wit, ọka, ọka, rye, na ahịhịa ndị ọzọ na-amị mkpụrụ. Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-eto site na iji mmiri oyi echekwara n'ala, kama ịdabere na mmiri ozuzo n'oge oge uto.

Ịrụ ọrụ ugbo n'ala kpọrọ nkụ nwere ike ịga nke ọma na obere ihe dị ka 230 milimita (9 in) nke mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ; mmiri ozuzo dị elu na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ dịgasị iche iche dịkwuo ukwuu.

Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-atụle

Capturing and conservation of moisture

In regions such as Eastern Washington, the average annual precipitation available to a dryland farm may be as little as . In the Horse Heaven Hills in central Washington, wheat farming has been productive purportedly on an average annual rainfall approaching 6 inches. Consequently, moisture must be captured until the crop can utilize it. Techniques include summer fallow rotation (in which one crop is grown on two seasons' precipitation, leaving standing stubble and crop residue to trap snow), and preventing runoff by terracing fields. "Terracing" is also practiced by farmers on a smaller scale by laying out the direction of furrows to slow water runoff downhill, usually by plowing along either contours or keylines. Moisture can be conserved by eliminating weeds and leaving crop residue to shade the soil.

Effective use of available moisture

Once moisture is available for the crop to use, it must be used as effectively as possible. Seed planting depth and timing are carefully considered to place the seed at a depth at which sufficient moisture exists, or where it will exist when seasonal precipitation falls. Farmers tend to use crop varieties which are drought-tolerant and heat-stress tolerant (even lower-yielding varieties). Thus the likelihood of a successful crop is hedged if seasonal precipitation fails.

Soil conservation

The nature of dryland farming makes it particularly susceptible to erosion, especially wind erosion. Some techniques for conserving soil moisture (such as frequent tillage to kill weeds) are at odds with techniques for conserving topsoil. Since healthy topsoil is critical to sustainable agriculture, in particular within arid areas, its preservation is generally considered the most important long-term goal of a dryland farming operation. Erosion control techniques such as windbreaks, reduced tillage or no-till, spreading straw (or other mulch on particularly susceptible ground), and strip farming are used to minimize topsoil loss.

Ịkpa ahịhịa

Weedling bụ usoro nke ịtụgharị ihe karịrị ogo 90 ma kpughee mgbọrọgwụ ahịhịa n'oge ịkọ ugbo iji gbochie mbuze ala site na ifufe na ọzara. N'otu oge ahụ, ịmịkọrọ ihe na-edozi ahụ site na ahịhịa na mmiri na-enye gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị maka ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime ala.

Nchịkwa nke ọnụahịa ntinye

A na-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'ala kpọrọ nkụ n'ógbè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ maka ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị mmiri. N'ihi nke a, enwere ohere dị ukwuu nke ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ na mmepụta dị ala nke nwere ike ime n'afọ ọkọchị (n'agbanyeghị ego ma ọ bụ mgbalị a na-eme). Ndị ọrụ ugbo ala kpọrọ nkụ ga-enyocha ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike ịpụta mgbe niile n'oge uto ma dịrị njikere iji belata ihe ọkụkụ dị ka fatịlaịza na ịchịkwa ahịhịa ma ọ bụrụ na o yiri ka ọ ga-enwe ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị mma n'ihi mmiri na-adịghị ezu. N'aka nke ọzọ, n'afọ ndị mmiri juru, ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịbawanye mbọ ha na mmefu ego iji bulie ihe ọkụkụ na iji belata ihe ọkụkụ dị ala.

Ọrụ ugbo n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ

Ihe atụ nke ebe a na-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'ala kpọrọ nkụ

Dị ka mpaghara nyocha na mmepe, ọrụ ugbo ala kpọrọ nkụ, ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo ọzara, na-agụnye ọmụmụ banyere otu esi eme ka mmepụta ugbo nke ala ndị enweghị mmiri dị ọcha, oke okpomọkụ na ìhè anyanwụ, na ọtụtụ mgbe otu ma ọ bụ karịa n'ime ha: oke oyi, oge mmiri ozuzo dị mkpirikpi, ala nnu ma ọ bụ mmiri, ikuku kpọrọ nkụ siri ike, ọdịdị ala na-adịghị mma, ịta nri, obere mmepe teknụzụ, ịda ogbenye, ma ọ bụghị ọ bụ ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

Ụzọ abụọ bụ isi bụ:

• Lee ihe ndị e nyere gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka ihe mgbochi na-adịghị mma a ga-emeri.
• Lee ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị ka o kwere mee dị ka ihe onwunwe dị mma iji mee ihe.

Hụkwa

• Ọrụ ugbo n'Izrel
• Ọrụ ugbo na Southwest prehistoric
• Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ
• Mmiri dị n'ime mmiri
• Uzuzu
• Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ ugbo
• International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
• Ịgba mmiri
• Ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ
• Ọrụ ugbo na-abaghị uru
• Mahadum nke Ọrụ Ugbo Arid
• Xerophyte