Wikipedia

Ọrụ ugbo a na-achịkwa

Ọrụ ugbo na-achịkwa okporo ụzọ (CTF) bụ ngwá ọrụ nlekọta nke a na-eji ebelata mmebi nke ala nke ígwè ọrụ ugbo dị arọ ma ọ bụ ugboro ugboro na-agafe na ala. Edekọwo mmebi a na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma ma na-agụnye ịba ụba mmanụ ọkụ, ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị mma, mbelata ihe ọkụkụ na arụ ọrụ nke ala na-adịghị mma n'ihe banyere ntinye mmiri, mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na griin haus n'ihi nkwụsị nke ala.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6][7]

Ọrụ ugbo okporo ụzọ a na-achịkwa bụ usoro na-egbochi ibu igwe niile na mpaghara kacha nta nke ụzọ okporo ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide. Usoro ọrụ ugbo dị ugbu a na-enye ohere ka igwe na-agba ọsọ na-enweghị usoro n'elu ala, na-agbakọta ihe dịka 75% nke mpaghara n'ime otu oge yana mpaghara dum site na oge nke abụọ. Ala adịghị agbake ngwa ngwa, na-ewe ihe dị ka afọ ole na ole (dịka,> afọ 5, karịsịa na ala na-enweghị ihe na-eme ka ọzịza). Usoro CTF kwesịrị ekwesị n'aka nke ọzọ nwere ike ibelata nsochi naanị 15% na nke a na-adị mgbe niile n'otu ebe. CTF bụ ngwá ọrụ; ọ naghị agụnye ndenye ọgwụ maka ịkọ ugbo ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ na-ewere CTF na-eji obere ihe ma ọ bụ ọ dịghị n'ihi na ọ dịghị mkpa ka edozi ya. Ụzọ okporo ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide na-adịkarị ka ibe ya na nke a bụ ụzọ kachasị mma isi nweta CTF, mana nkọwa ahụ anaghị egbochi nsochi n'akụkụ. Enwere ike gbutuo ụzọ okporo ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ na-agaghị egbutu ya dabere n'ọtụtụ mgbanwe na mmachi mpaghara.

Ịrụ ọrụ ugbo na-achịkwa okporo ụzọ

dezie

Enwere ike inweta ọrụ ugbo na-achịkwa n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ọ bụla mana iji nweta ebe ndị a na-agbaso ruo n'ókè dịkarịa ala o kwere mee, enwere ihe atọ achọrọ:

  • Iji mee ka obosara kwekọọ ka ụzọ ndị dị n'akụkụ dị n'otu ebe maka igwe niile na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa.
  • Iji kwekọọ n'obosara ụzọ (ebe dị n'etiti etiti ụkwụ n'otu axle) nke igwe niile.
  • Iji debe igwe n'otu ebe ahụ n'afọ n'afọ.

Ijikọta obosara nke mmejuputa bụ ihe gbasara atụmatụ ịga n'ihu, ma ọ bụ ijide n'aka na ọ bụrụ na ihe ọ bụla adabaghị ugbu a, onye ga-anọchi ya ga-abụ. Ọ bụkwa eziokwu na ka ngwa ndị ahụ buru ibu, otú ahụ ka ebe a na-agbaso ga-adịkarịa ala. Ndị na-akụ ihe na-ahụkarị na ha nwere ike iji igwe sara mbara n'ihi na na-enweghị mmebi ala, ọ dị mfe ịdọrọ ha na n'ihe banyere ndị ọrụ ugbo, o yikarịrị ka ọ dịghị mkpa ịrụ ọrụ n'ebe ọ bụla dị nso na omimi.

Ịkwado obosara ụzọ siri ike karị n'ihi na ndị na-ewe ihe ubi na-ejikarị ụzọ nke 3 m ma ọ bụ karịa na ịhazi ihe ndị a ga-eme ka igwe niile buru ibu ma bụrụ ihe na-abaghị uru iji mee ihe kwa ụbọchị. Ijikọta ya na ụzọ owuwe ihe ubi na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na Australia ebe ihe onwunwe na-adịkarị anya, enwere ọtụtụ ohere na njem okporo ụzọ nwere ike ọ gaghị adị oke. N'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa, gụnyere ọtụtụ na Europe, achọtala ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Ihe ndị a nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ibelata ebe a na-agbaso, mana inweta ihe na-erughị pasent 20 ka ga-ekwe omume.

Na usoro ọrụ ugbo na-achịkwa maka ịkọ akwụkwọ nri, obosara ụzọ dịgasị iche n'etiti 1.83 m (ụkpụrụ alaeze nke 72") na usoro ahaziri ahazi nke ma eleghị anya 3.2 m ma ọ bụ karịa. Njem okporo ụzọ nwere usoro ndị a sara mbara nwere ike isi ike mana ojiji ha na Netherlands na Denmark na-abawanye na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-anabata ihe mgbochi n'ihi uru nke usoro ahụ na-eweta.

Idebe igwe n'otu ebe ahụ dị mfe site na usoro nduzi satellite dabere na mgbaàmà mgbazi RTK na njikwa onwe onye. Naanị usoro RTK nwere ike ikwe nkwa idebe ụgbọala n'otu ebe n'otu afọ n'afọ ma ọ na-enwetakwa ihe kachasị elu iji gafee n'ụzọ ziri ezi nke ihe dị ka ± 2 cm.  Usoro nduzi nwere ọtụtụ uru ndị ọzọ ma ozugbo a nabatara usoro nke ụdị a, ọganihu okike bụ ịkwaga n'ọrụ ugbo na-achịkwa.

Uru ndị dị n'ozuzu nke nduzi gụnyere mbelata nke ukwuu n'etiti usoro nke igwe, ọkachasị nke ndị ọrụ ugbo sara mbara nke nwere ike ikpuchi ihe dị ka 10%. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-akụ osisi na ndị na'egwuregwu na-eji akara anụ ahụ iji kwekọọ n'etiti otu agafe na nke ọzọ, njehie na-agbakọta ọnụ nwere ike ịbụ nnukwu na nke a na-akpụghị akpụ nke igwe ndị a mepụtara (ụgbọ okporo ígwè) maka ngwa kemịkal nwere ike ịnwe mkpuchi nke 5%. Mmetụta nke a dị ịrịba ama n'ihi na a na-eji okporo ụzọ maka ngwa kemịkal niile. 5% overlap na-emebi ihe yiri ya na ihe ndị dị oke ọnụ na site na ịṅụbiga ọgwụ ókè, na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ mebie ma nwee ike iduga na mmetọ na mmetụ.

Uru ya

dezie
  • mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ ka mma, ọkachasị n'oge ọkọchị ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo
  • ntinye dị ala maka ịmepụta ihe ọkụkụ, nke:
    • belata ojiji mmanụ ụgbọala
    • belata mkpa ike nke pụtara obere traktọ na-arụ otu ọrụ ahụ
    • melite oge nke ọrụ
  • ahụike ala ọrụ nke ala ka mma, nke:
    • na-eme ka ala nwee oghere nke pụtara na enwere ohere maka mmiri na ikuku.
    • na-eme ka mmiri na-abanye n'ime ala nke na-ebelata ikike maka mbuze ala ma na-emewanye mmiri dị na ihe ọkụkụ.
    • na-eme ka drainage dịkwuo mma nke na-ezere mmiri na ikike maka nitrous oxide na methane emissions na methane oxidation.[8]
    • na-eme ka mgbọrọgwụ ihe ọkụkụ dịkwuo mma na arụmọrụ nke ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, na-eduga na obere ihe mkpofu na ikike maka mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi.[9][10]
  • na-eme ka ohere ubi dịkwuo mma, ọkachasị mgbe mmiri dị elu. A na-achọkarị ọrụ n'ọhịa n'ọnọdụ na-erughị nke ọma ma mgbe a na-eme ya, ọ nwere ike ịkpata mmebi dị ukwuu. Ọrụ ugbo na-achịkwa okporo ụzọ na-enye ntọala siri ike maka ọrụ ndị a (okporo ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide) ma na-egbochi mmebi nke eriri dị warara.

Ọghọm ya

dezie

A chọrọ ọzụzụ ka ukwuu n'ọhịa, ma nwee ike ịbawanye oge njem mgbe ị na-ewepụ nnukwu ihe, dị ka sugar beet ma ọ bụ poteto.

Ntinye ego mbụ na teknụzụ na akụrụngwa maka CTF nwere ike ịdị elu.

Mmejuputa nke CTF chọrọ ngwá ọrụ pụrụ iche dị ka njikwa GPS, teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi na igwe ndị a kwadoro iji rụọ ọrụ na ụzọ njem.

Mgbanwe gaa na CTF nwere ike ịchọ mgbanwe na omume na ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ. Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ lekwasịrị anya na usoro na teknụzụ ọhụrụ bụ isi ihe maka mmejuputa ihe ịga nke ọma.

Ọdịnihu

dezie

Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ugbo a na-achịkwa okporo ụzọ ka na-amalite n'ihe gbasara nkuchi (n'otu n'ime ihe kpatara ya bụ na teknụzụ na-enyere aka nke nduzi satellite ka dịtụ ọhụrụ), enwere ngwọta injinia ka mma nke ga-ebelata ebe ndị a na-agbaso na-erughị 10%. Nke a abụghị echiche na-adịbeghị anya, ebe Alexander Halkett malitere ya na 1850s [11] na David Dowler na 1970s, [12] mana echiche nke ụgbọ ala sara mbara na-aghọwanye ihe na-adọrọ mmasị n'ihi uru ndị ọzọ ọ na-eweta.[13]

A na-akọwa echiche ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ọrụ ugbo okporo ụzọ na-achịkwa peeji dị obosara nke Europe [14] ma nweta mpaghara dị ala site na iji otu n'ime otu ụzọ ụkwụ ahụ na-agafe agafe. Usoro ahụ na-ebelata ịdabere na teknụzụ satellite n'ihi na a na-etinye ụzọ ụkwụ na-eduzi maka ịgafe ọzọ na-akpaghị aka. Site na ngwá ọrụ ndị dị n'ime ụzọ ụkwụ ya, ọrụ obosara akụkụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ ịkọ ugbo ma ọ bụ owuwe ihe ubi mgbọrọgwụ, bụ ihe zuru oke, ebe usoro traktọ dị ugbu a ha abụghị.

Ebem si dee

dezie

.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

Njikọ mpụga

dezie
  1. ↑ Soane (1982). "Compaction by agricultural vehicles: a review. III. Incidence and control of compaction in crop production". Soil & Tillage Research 2 (2): 3–36. DOI:10.1016/0167-1987(82)90030-7. 
  2. ↑ Canarache (1984). "Effect of induced soil compaction by wheel traffic on soil physical properties and yield of maize in Romania". Soil & Tillage Research (4): 199–213. DOI:10.1016/0167-1987(84)90048-5. 
  3. ↑ Tullberg, J.N. (2000). "Wheel traffic effects on tillage draught". Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 75 (4): 375–382. DOI:10.1006/jaer.1999.0516. 
  4. ↑ Tullberg (2001). "Tillage and traffic effects on runoff". Australian Journal of Soil Research 39 (2): 249–257. DOI:10.1071/SR00019. 
  5. ↑ Jones (2003). "Vulnerability of subsoils in Europe to compaction: a preliminary analysis". Soil & Tillage Research 73 (1–2): 131–143. DOI:10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00106-5. 
  6. ↑ Hamza (2005). "Soil compaction in cropping systems. A review of the nature, causes and possible solutions". Soil & Tillage Research 82 (2): 121–145. DOI:10.1016/j.still.2004.08.009. 
  7. ↑ Håkansson (2005). "Machinery-induced compaction of arable soils. Incidence – consequences – countermeasures". Reports from the Division of Soil Management (109). ISSN 0348-0976. 
  8. ↑ Ball (1999). "Soil and residue management effects on cropping conditions and nitrous oxide fluxes under controlled traffic in Scotland. 2. Nitrous oxide, soil N status and weather". Soil and Tillage Research 52 (3–4): 191–201. DOI:10.1016/s0167-1987(99)00081-1. 
  9. ↑ Wolkowski (1990). "Relationship between wheel-traffic-induced soil compaction, nutrient availability and crop growth: a review". Journal of Production Agriculture 3 (4): 460–469. DOI:10.2134/jpa1990.0460. 
  10. ↑ Wolkowski (1991). "Corn growth response to K fertilization on three compacted soils". Soil & Tillage Research 21 (3–4): 287–298. DOI:10.1016/0167-1987(91)90026-T. 
  11. ↑ Halkett (1858). "On guideway agriculture: being a system enabling all the operations of the farm to be performed by steam power". Journal of the Society of Arts (7): 41–53. 
  12. ↑ Chamen (1994). "Design, operation and performance of a gantry system: experience in arable cropping". Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 59 (59): 45–60. DOI:10.1006/jaer.1994.1063. 
  13. ↑ Chamen (1992). "Assessment of a wide span vehicle (gantry), and soil and crop responses to its use in a zero traffic regime". Soil & Tillage Research (24): 359–380. DOI:10.1016/0167-1987(92)90119-V. 
  14. ↑ CTF Europe's wide span page. Archived from the original on 2010-05-26. Retrieved on 2010-03-19.
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ọrụ_ugbo_a_na-achịkwa&oldid=178688