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Ọrụ carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ

  Global Carbon Project (GCP) bụ òtù na-achọ ịkọwapụta gas na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụwa niile na ihe kpatara ya.[2] E guzobere ya na 2001, ọrụ ya gụnyere mmefu ego zuru ụwa ọnụ maka gas atọ na-ekpo ọkụ - carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), na nitrous oxide (N2O) - na mgbalị ndị ọzọ na obodo ukwu, mpaghara, nchịkọta, na ikuku na-adịghị mma.

GCP's Global Carbon Budget 2021 gosipụtara nyocha (Friedlingstein et al. 2021) na-egosi onyinye zuru oke na mmefu ego carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ kemgbe 1850 iji gosipụta etu isi iyi carbon na ihe ndị na-abanye n'ime mmiri si ghara ịdị mma, na-akpata ihe dịka 50% ịrị elu na ikuku carbon dioxide.[1]

Isi ihe nke otu ahụ bụ ịghọta usoro carbon n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Ọrụ ahụ akpọkọtawo ndị ọkachamara na-emepụta ikuku, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ụwa, na ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba iji dozie nsogbu nke mmụba nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ. N'afọ 2020, ọrụ ahụ wepụtara Global Methane Budget ọhụrụ ya na Global Nitrous Oxide Budget mbụ, gas abụọ sitere n'aka mmadụ kachasị maka okpomọkụ mgbe carbon dioxide gasịrị.[3][4][5]

Global Carbon Project na ọtụtụ ìgwè na-arụkọ ọrụ iji chịkọta, nyochaa, ma bipụta data gbasara gas na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụzọ doro anya na nke doro anya, na-eme ka data dị na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya na site na mbipụta ya. E guzobere ya dị ka mmekọrịta n'etiti International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, World Climate Programme, International Human Dimensions Programme na Diversitas, n'okpuru nchebe nke Earth System Science Partnership. Ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmekọrịta a mechara bụrụ akụkụ nke Future Earth na 2014.

Onye isi oche nke Global Carbon Project ugbu a bụ Rob Jackson nke Mahadum Stanford. Ndị isi oche gara aga gụnyere Naki Nakicenovic nke International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Corinne Le Quéré nke Mahadum East Anglia, na Philippe Ciais nke Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (LSCE). Onye isi nchịkwa ya bụ Josep Canadell nke Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) nke Australia. GCP nwere ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa ndị ọzọ na Tsukuba, Japan, na Seoul, Korea, na kọmitii na-eduzi sayensị mba ụwa nke nwere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị iri na abụọ si na kọntinent ise.

Maka mmefu ego zuru ụwa ọnụ kachasị ọhụrụ nke e wepụtara na Disemba 2018, GCP na-eme atụmatụ na ikuku CO2 na 2018 iji jiri 2.7% (nke dị 1.8% ruo 3.7%) rịa elu ruo ijeri tọn 37.1 (Gt) CO2, dịka iwu na ike ahịa ezughi oke ugbu a iji merie uto na ojiji nke ike.[6][7] A na-etinye CO2 ikuku ka ọ mụbaa site na 2.3 ppm [range 2.0 ruo 2.6 ppm] iji ruo 407 ppm na nkezi na 2018, 45% karịa ọkwa tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Mmụba nke ojiji zuru ụwa ọnụ nke gas na mmanụ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ịrị elu nke CO2 ikuku taa. O yikarịrị ka ojiji coal zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-abawanye na 2018 mana ọ ka nọ n'okpuru ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu ya na 2013. N'ime afọ iri gara aga, gas sitere na ikuku, ikuku, na ike anyanwụ na mba ụfọdụ ewepụla coal.

Maka ihe atụ nke nkwukọrịta mbụ sitere na GCP, na ngwụcha afọ 2006 ndị nchọpụta sitere na ọrụ ahụ kpebiri na ikuku carbon dioxide amụbaala nke ukwuu ruo 3.2% kwa afọ site na 2000. N'oge ahụ, onye isi oche nke otu ahụ Dr. Mike Raupach kwuru na "Nke a bụ ihe ịrịba ama na-echegbu onwe ya. Ọ na-egosi na mgbalị ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya iji belata ikuku na-enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla na uto ikuku na-adị mkpa ngwa ngwa. Nnyocha nke afọ 2010 nke Project bipụtara na Nature Geoscience kpughere na oké osimiri ụwa na-amịkọrọ ijeri ton 2.3 nke carbon dioxide.[8] N'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2011, nyocha e wepụtara site na ọrụ ahụ kwuru na carbon dioxide sitere na ọkụ ọkụ sitere na nnukwu ego e dekọrọ na 2010 ruo pasent 5.9 site na uto na 1990s nke dị nso na pasent 1 kwa afọ. Ọkụ coal na-anọchite anya ihe karịrị ọkara nke uto na ikuku, akụkọ ahụ chọpụtara.[9] Ha na-ebu amụma na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ ga-eme dịka ọnọdụ kachasị njọ nke IPCC si dị, dịka CO2 dị na ikuku ruru 500ppm na narị afọ nke 21.

Mmefu ego carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ

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N'ịbụ nke GCP guzobere na 2005 Global Carbon Budget bụ mbipụta kwa afọ nke isi mmalite na mmiri carbon na ọkwa zuru ụwa ọnụ. N'afọ 2013, mbipụta kwa afọ nke Global Carbon Budget ghọrọ mbipụta data dị ndụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Earth System Science Data. Kwa afọ, a na-enyocha ma na-emelite data yana mgbanwe ọ bụla na nyocha, nsonaazụ na nkọwa kachasị ọhụrụ nke omume nke okirikiri carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ.t

Ọ bụ ọtụtụ òtù na ìgwè ndị na-eme nchọpụta gburugburu ụwa na-emepụta nha mbụ na data eji emezu mmefu ego carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ.

Mgbalị GCP gosipụtara bụ nke njikọ, ebe a na-achịkọta nsonaazụ sitere n'otu n'otu, nyochaa ma nyochaa maka ịdị n'otu. GCP na-eme ka ịnweta data mbụ dị mfe site na nghọta na a ga-ezo aka na data ndị bụ isi na ọrụ n'ọdịnihu (Lee Tebụl). Nkọwa miri emi nke akụkụ ọ bụla na-enye site na mbipụta mbụ metụtara data ndị ahụ.

Akụkọ mmefu ego nke 2021 Global Carbon na-egosi na egosila usoro iji tụọ ọdịiche dị na ikuku sitere na mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe site na ngwongwo gas na-ekpo ọkụ nke mba, na-akwado nyocha nke ọganihu ihu igwe nke mba.[10]

Akụkụ ya Ihe Ndị e dere n'Ebe Isi
Mmanụ ala na ciment na-agbasa n'ụwa niile, site na ụdị mmanụ, na site na mba Boden et al. (2013; CDIAC)
Mmanụ ala na-adabere na ojiji na mmepụta nke simenti site na mba Peters et al. (2011) emelitere dị ka akọwapụtara na Le Quéré et al. (2013)[11][12]
Mgbanwe nke ikuku na-emepụta ala Houghton na Hackler (na nyocha)
Ọnụ ọgụgụ uto CO2 nke ikuku Dlugokencky na Tans (2013; NOAA/ESRL)[13]
Mmiri CO2 na-agbada n'oké osimiri na ala Le Quéré et al. (2013) lee ntụaka na akwụkwọ maka ụdị ọ bụla.[12]

Atụmatụ Carbon Ụwa

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GCP guzobere na 2013 Global Carbon Atlas bụ ngwá ọrụ maka ịhụ data metụtara okirikiri carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ.

Global Carbon Atlas bụ ikpo okwu iji nyochaa ma hụ data kachasị ọhụrụ na carbon fluxes sitere na ọrụ mmadụ na usoro okike. Mmetụta mmadụ na okirikiri carbon bụ ihe kachasị mkpa na-akpata mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Ngwa weebụ a na-enye ohere ịgbasa ozi kachasị ọhụrụ gbasara okirikiri carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ nye ndị na-ege ntị, site na ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na ndị nkịtị na ndị na-eme iwu na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. O nwere ihe atọ: 1) Outreach, 2) Emissions na 3) Research. Akụkụ mgbasa ozi a na-elekwasị anya na ọha na eze na ndị na-arụ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ. Akụkụ nke ikuku bụ ngwá ọrụ ngosi maka akụkụ nke okirikiri carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ nke metụtara ikuku ikuku ma na-elekwasị anya na ndị na-eme iwu. Akụkụ nyocha ahụ bụ maka ndị nchọpụta ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa data na ngwá ọrụ ngosi maka data sayensị eji nyochaa mmefu ego carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ.[14]

A na-emelite ihe niile dị na Global Carbon Atlas kwa afọ, na nso nso a na Disemba 2018, dabere na data e bipụtara na Global Carbon Budget.[15][16]

Hụkwa

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  • AIMES (Nnyocha, Njikọ na Nkọwa nke Usoro Ụwa)
  • Ndepụta nke mba site na ikuku carbon dioxide

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Global Carbon Budget 2021. Global Carbon Project (4 November 2021). Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. “The cumulative contributions to the global carbon budget from 1850. The carbon imbalance represents the gap in our current understanding of sources & sinks. ... Source: Friedlingstein et al 2021; Global Carbon Project 2021”
  2. ↑ About GCP. Retrieved on 5 February 2011.
  3. ↑ Saunois (2020). "The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017". Earth System Science Data 12 (3): 1561–1623. DOI:10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020. 
  4. ↑ Jackson (2020). "Increasing anthropogenic methane emissions arise equally from agricultural and fossil fuel sources". Environmental Research Letters 15 (7). DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ed2. 
  5. ↑ Tian (2020). "A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks". Nature 586 (7828): 248–256. DOI:10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0. PMID 33028999.  Alt URL
  6. ↑ Le Quéré (2018). "Global Carbon Budget 2018". Earth System Science Data 10 (4). DOI:10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018. 
  7. ↑ Jackson (2018). "Global Energy Growth is Outpacing Decarbonization". Environmental Research Letters 13 (12). DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/aaf303. 
  8. ↑ Dahr Jamail. "World's oceans in peril", Al Jazeera, 22 November 2011. Retrieved on 5 December 2011.
  9. ↑ Carbon Emissions Show Biggest Jump Ever Recorded Justin Gillis. Published on 4 December 2011. Retrieved on 5 December 2011.
  10. ↑ Friedlingstein, Pierre, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O'Sullivan, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee CE Bakker, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré et al. "Global carbon budget 2021." Earth System Science Data 14, no. 4 (2022): 1917-2005.
  11. ↑ Growth in emission transfers via international trade from. Peters et al. Published on 11 May 2011. Retrieved on 18 November 2013.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Global Carbon Budget 2013. Le Quéré et al. Published on 19 November 2013. Retrieved on 19 November 2013.
  13. ↑ Annual Mean Global Carbon Dioxide Growth Rates. Dlugokencky and Tans. Published in December 2012. Retrieved on 18 November 2013.
  14. ↑ Le Quéré (2016-11-14). "Global Carbon Budget 2016" (in English). Earth System Science Data 8 (2): 605–649. DOI:10.5194/essd-8-605-2016. ISSN 1866-3508. 
  15. ↑ Le Quéré (2018-12-05). "Global Carbon Budget 2018" (in English). Earth System Science Data 10 (4): 2141–2194. DOI:10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018. ISSN 1866-3508. 
  16. ↑ Friedlingstein (2020-12-11). "Global Carbon Budget 2020" (in English). Earth System Science Data 12 (4): 3269–3340. DOI:10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020. ISSN 1866-3508. 

Njikọ mpụga

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