Wikipedia

Ọpụpụ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ

Pesticide drift na-ezo aka na mgbasa na-enweghị isi nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na mmetụta ọjọọ nke itinye ọgwụ ahụhụ, gụnyere mmetọ na-abụghị nke ebumnuche n'ihi mmetọ spray yana nsị sitere na osisi ma ọ bụ ala. Nke a nwere ike ibute mmebi na ahụike mmadụ, mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi, na mmebi ihe onwunwe. Ụfọdụ ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ike ịpụ karịa ndị ọzọ nke nwere ike ịpụta na ọ na-emerụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Ụfọdụ ọgwụ nje na-enwekarị ike ịkpafu karịa ndị ọzọ nke nwere ike ịpụta na ọ na-emerụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, fumigants bụ ọgwụ pesticide gas na-aga n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ikuku ma na-efegharị ma ọ bụrụ na ejighị ya. Ụfọdụ ọgwụ nje na-adị ka ígwé ojii mgbe ha na-akpagharị ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ike bụrụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na ndị na-esighị ike.[1]

Mmiri nwere ike ịbụ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na-akpata mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi
Ọpụpụ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ

Ụdị na ụdị

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Site n'itinye (n'ime mpaghara) ịgbasa nnukwu ọgwụ na-egbu egbu dị iche iche, a ga-ebelata mkpagharị ikuku, na agbaala mbọ dị ukwuu iji kọwapụta ma chịkwaa mgbapụ mmiri na-esi na ya pụta hydraulic nozzles.[2] N'aka nke ọzọ, ikuku na-agagharị bụkwa usoro dị irè maka ịkwaga droplets nke nha kwesịrị ekwesị na ebumnuche ha n'ebe sara mbara na oke ala (ULV).[3]

Himel (1974) mere ọdịiche dị n'etiti exo-drift (ibufe nke spray site na ebe a na-achọ) na endo-drift, ebe ihe na-arụ ọrụ (AI) na droplets na-adaba n'ebe a na-ezube, mana ọ naghị eru ebe a na'ihe ndị dị ndụ. Endo-drift dị oke mkpa ma nwee ike ịkpata mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi ka ukwuu (dịka ebe ọgwụ ahụhụ na-emetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala).[4]

Mkpughe nke ndị na-ekiri ihe na-akọwa ihe omume mgbe ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-akpachapụghị anya na ọgwụ mgbochi ikuku. Ndị na-ekiri ihe na-agụnye ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè dị iche na mpaghara ọgwụ ahụhụ, ndị mmadụ bi n'ọ́ ndị gbara mpaghara ọgwụ ahụhụ gburugburu, ma ọ bụ ndị mmadụ na-agafe n'ọhịa ka a na-agwọ ha ọgwụ ahụhụ.[5]

 
Iji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe

Mmiri ọgwụ ahịhịa na-agbaze

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Herbicide volatitilisation na-ezo aka na evaporation ma ọ bụ sublimation nke herbicide volatile. Mmetụta nke kemịkal gas na-efu n'ebe a chọrọ itinye ya ma nwee ike ịga n'ihu ma metụta osisi ndị ọzọ a na-ebughị na-emetụta na-akpata mmebi ihe ọkụkụ. Herbicides dịgasị iche na ha na-emetụta volatilization. Mgbakwunye ngwa ngwa nke herbicide n'ime ala nwere ike belata ma ọ bụ gbochie volatilization. Ifufe, okpomọkụ, na iru mmiri na-emetụtakwa ọnụego volatilization, na iru ala na-ebelata ya. 2,4-D na dicamba bụ kemịkal a na-ejikarị eme ihe nke a maara na ọ na-emetụta volatilization.[6][7] A na-aghọtawanye oke mmerụ ahụ nke ihe ọkụkụ nke dicamba drift kpatara. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, American Soybean Association na mahadum dị iche iche na-enye ala na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ọsọ ahụ iji chọta ụzọ iji chekwaa ojiji nke dicamba mgbe ọ na-akwụsị mmerụ ahụ.Ngwa nke herbicides emesịa na oge iji chebe ahịhịa na-eguzogide ọgwụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-abawanye ohere nke mgbanwe n'ihi na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu na ntinye n'ime ala agaghị ekwe omume.[8].[6]

Ụzọ e si belata mbufe

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Iji belata nsị ọgwụ ahụhụ, ọ ga-adị mkpa inyocha ngwá ọrụ ha.[9] Tupu itinye akwụkwọ, lelee iji hụ ma ndị na-etinye akwụkwọ, ọkpọkọ, braces, springs, clamps, ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ gbagọrọ agbagọ, mebiri emebi, ma ọ bụrụ na egbochi.[10] Ọ bụrụ na nke ọ bụla n'ime ngwá ọrụ ahụ mebiri emebi enwere ohere dị elu maka ikuku iji bulie mmiri si na ebe a chọrọ itinye akwụkwọ. Mgbe ị na-eji ihe na-agbanye n'ala, jide n'aka na ị ga-etinye elu nke na-adịghị elu karịa ihe ọkụkụ a chọrọ.[10] Nozzles ndị dị elu karịa ihe a na-achọ ga-eduga n'ikuku ikuku n'okpuru nozzle ma buru mmiri nke ọgwụ ahụhụ gaa ebe ndị ọzọ a na-atụghị anya ya.[10] Kpachara anya maka ihu igwe mgbe oge eruola itinye ọgwụ na-egbu egbu, ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ dị n'èzí na-ekpo ọkụ, ọ bụrụ na mmiri dị n'ikuku dị ukwuu, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ikuku na-eku, enwere ohere dị elu maka ịfefe pesticides..  

Nchegbu ọha na eze

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Ọ bụ ezie na enwere nchegbu ọha na eze na nyocha banyere mmetọ spray, mmetọ isi iyi (dịka ọgwụ ahụhụ na-abanye n'ime mmiri na-esote nsị ma ọ bụ sachaa) nwekwara ike ịkpata nnukwu mmerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi.[11] Nchegbu ọha na eze maka nsị ọgwụ ahụhụ anaghị ezute nzaghachi zuru oke. Ndị na-akwado ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na California, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-atụle ịkwaga n'ókè nke okwu ahụ gbasara ọgwụ ahụhụ site na ịkọwa ya dị ka mmetọ ikuku iji nweta nlebara anya site na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi steeti.[4]

Ndị ọrụ ugbo na obodo gbara nnukwu ugbo nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke ịbịakwute ọgwụ nje. Ndagwurugwu San Joaquin dị na California ahụla ọtụtụ ọrịa na-ebute site na ikpughe na ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu site na mkpagharị pesticide. Ndị otu dị ka United Farm Workers Union alụwo ọgụ iji mejuputa iwu ga-ebelata ma mee ka ndị ọrụ ugbo zaa ajụjụ maka mkpagharị ọgwụ ahụhụ. Ngalaba California nke Pesticide Regulation na-eme atụmatụ na n'etiti 37 na 68% nke ọrịa pesticide n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na United States na-abịa n'ihi nsonaazụ nke pesticide drift.

Ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ ndị a na-efesa n'ubi nwekwara ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ n'ụdị ndụ ndị na-abụghị nke mmadụ bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka aṅụ na ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ.

Site n'afọ 1998 ruo afọ 2006, Environmental Health Perspectives chọpụtara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ puku atọ ikpe nke pesticide drift; ihe fọrọ nke ka ọ bụrụ ọkara bụ ndị ọrụ na ubi ndị a na-agwọ ọgwụ ahụhụ na pasenti iri na anọ nke ikpe bụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ iri na ise .[12]

Nchegbu ahụike

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Mgbe ọgwụ ahụhụ na-agagharị, enwere ike iku ume ma ọ bụ daa na akpụkpọ ahụ na anya. Mgbaàmà gụnyere anya na imi na-akpasu iwe, imi na-agba agba, ụkwara, ma ọ bụ rash. Agbanyeghị, ọgwụ ahụhụ dị iche iche nwere ike imetụta usoro ahụ dị iche iche, na-akpata mgbaàmà dị iche iche.[13] Mfefe ọgwụ pesticide nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ siri ike na ahụike mmadụ dabere n'ụdị na ụdị ọgwụ nje na-abanye n'ime ahụ. Ụfọdụ ọgwụ na-egbu egbu na-eme ka ọ dị ntakịrị ihe na-emerụ ahụ site na obere nsị. Ndị ọzọ nwere ike na-egbu egbu ma na-akpata mmetụta dị njọ site na obere ikpughe. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, a na-echekwa ọgwụ ndị a nke ọma. Ụfọdụ ọgwụ nje, na mkpughe dị elu nke ukwuu, nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta ahụike ogologo oge, gụnyere nsogbu neurodevelopmental n'ime ụmụaka, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa na nsogbu ọmụmụ, ọrịa kansa, ọrịa akpa ume, na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ.[13]

Iwu

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N'afọ 2001, United States Environmental Protection Agency bipụtara nduzi nye "ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, na ndị na-edebanye aha nke ngwaahịa pesticide" (EPA 2001) nke kwuru ihe EPA siri megide mkpagharị pesticide yana tụrụ aro omume ịde aha ngwaahịa.[14]

Iji gbalịa belata nsị ọgwụ ahụhụ, EPA bụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ atụmatụ. EPA nwere nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ iji chọpụta mmetụta nwere ike ime na ndị ọrụ ugbo bi nso ma ọ bụ n'ubi ebe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ, ndị ọrụ ugwo, isi iyi mmiri, na gburugburu ebe obibi.[15] USDA na EPA na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji nyochaa ọmụmụ ọhụrụ na otu esi emeziwanye ụdị sayensị iji tụọ ikpughe, ihe ize ndụ, na ntụgharị nke ọgwụ ahụhụ.[15] EPA na-arụkwa ọrụ na ndị na-emepụta ọgwụ ahụhụ iji hụ na akara dị mfe ịgụ, nwee usoro ngwa ziri ezi na DRT maka ọgwụ ahụhụ ahụ.[16][17]

Nnyocha dị ugbu a

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A maghị ọtụtụ ihe n'oge gara aga gbasara nsị ọgwụ ahụhụ, gụnyere mmetụta ahụike kpọmkwem na ụmụ mmadụ, ụzọ dị irè iji gbochie nsị ọgwụ (ma e wezụga itinye ọrụ na onye ọrụ ugbo), na ma ọ bụrụ na ọha na eze kwesịrị ichegbu onwe ya maka ahụike ha n'ozuzu na-emetụta nsị ọgwụ nje.Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya apụtawo nke mere ka a ghọta ọtụtụ isiokwu dị iche iche gbasara mkpagharị pesticides nke mere ka ọ dịkwuo mfe nghọta, ya mere ọ dị mfe ịchịkwa.

Otu nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya atụnyere cytotoxicity na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ndị bi n'ime ime obodo na nke otu na-achịkwa ma chọpụta na ndị mmadụ n'ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ihe ize ndụ maka ịba ụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ihi pesticides.sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo n'ọ́tụ̀ ahụ.[18]

N'agbanyeghị nchọpụta a na-atụ egwu, nyocha ndị ọzọ agafeela ịchọta ụzọ dị irè iji belata mmetụta nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na-enweghị ịdabere na nkwenye nke ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịlụ ọgụ ịga n'etiti ibelata nsị ọgwụ ahụhụ na ịbụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụpụta ihe, nke dugara na nyocha ndị ọzọ gbasara ngwọta ndị ọzọ maka nsị ọgwụ nje.[19] N'ihi nke a, a na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ịmepụta ọgwụ nje ndị na-agaghị emerụ ụdị ndị ọzọ (ndị na-abụghị nke ezubere iche), ga-ebelata ebe dị anya nke pesticides nwere ike ime njem, ma na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ kemịkalụ a na-ewe n'ikuku tupu ọ daa n'ubi a chọrọ.[20]

Na mgbakwunye na nlekota ihe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-agbanye, nyocha ndị ọzọ agafeela n'ọnọdụ ihu igwe kachasị mma ịwụsa. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta ghọtara na ndị ọrụ ugbo enweghị ike ịkwụsị ịwụsa ihe ọkụkụ ruo ogologo oge, ya mere nyocha agafeela n'ịchọpụta nke bụ njikọta kachasị mma nke ọnọdụ ihu igwe kachasị njọ iji nyere aka melite oge ịwụsa ma na-echekwa ahụike nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị nso.[21] Ndị na-eme nchọpụta n'otu ụzọ amalitela ime nke a site na iji mmemme kọmputa iji mepụta arụmọrụ nke spray na iru nke spray drift. A na-emepe mmemme ahụ na-enwe olileanya na otu ụbọchị ga-adị maka ndị ọrụ ugbo iji nyere aka mee ka mmetụta dị mma nke ịgbasa ihe ọkụkụ ha dịkwuo elu, ka ha na-ebelata mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ dị nso.[22]

Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ

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Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified.
  2. ↑ Hewitt, A.J., Spray drift: impact of requirements to protect the environment, Crop Protection 19 (2000) p 623-627
  3. ↑ Harrison (2011). Pesticide Drift and the Pursuit of Environmental Justice. DOI:10.7551/mitpress/9780262015981.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-262-01598-1. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Harrison (June 2006). "'Accidents' and invisibilities: Scaled discourse and the naturalization of regulatory neglect in California's pesticide drift conflict". Political Geography 25 (5): 506–529. DOI:10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.02.003.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Harrison2006" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Matthews (2016). Pesticides: Health, Safety and the Environment. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-97602-9. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Pollack. "Dow Corn, Resistant to a Weed Killer, Runs Into Opposition", The New York Times, 25 April 2012.
  7. ↑ Menalled (19 April 2005). Getting the Most from Soil-Applied Herbicides. Montana State University. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved on April 25, 2012.
  8. ↑ ASA Steps up Urgency in Search for Answers on Dicamba Damage. American Soybean Association (2017-09-25). Retrieved on 2021-06-13. “This issue...”
  9. ↑ Pesticide Drift – Pesticide Environmental Stewardship (en-US). Retrieved on 2021-11-23.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Peters (July 2017). "Selecting Spray Nozzles to Reduce Particle Drift". AE1246. 
  11. ↑ Spanoghe (2004). "Limitation of point source pesticide pollution: results of bioremediation system". Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences 69 (4): 719–732. PMID 15756863. 
  12. ↑ Lee (August 2011). "Acute Pesticide Illnesses Associated with Off-Target Pesticide Drift from Agricultural Applications: 11 States, 1998–2006". Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (8): 1162–1169. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1002843. PMID 21642048. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Pesticide Drift Exposure and Your Health. Minnesota Poison Control System (March 30, 2018). Retrieved on March 2, 2023.
  14. ↑ PRN 2001-X Draft: Spray and Dust Drift Label Statements for Pesticide Products. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (4 September 2014).
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 What EPA is Doing to Reduce Pesticide Drift. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1 August 2014).
  16. ↑ About the Drift Reduction Technology Program. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
  17. ↑ Improving Labels to Reduce Pesticide Drift. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1 August 2014).
  18. ↑ Doğanlar (November 2018). "Nonoccupational Exposure of Agricultural Area Residents to Pesticides: Pesticide Accumulation and Evaluation of Genotoxicity". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 75 (4): 530–544. DOI:10.1007/s00244-018-0545-7. PMID 30003277. 
  19. ↑ Moeller (March 2019). "Superfund, Pesticide Regulation, and Spray Drift: Rethinking the Federal Pesticide Regulatory Framework to Provide Alternative Remedies for Pesticide Damage". Iowa Law Review 104 (3): 1523–1550. Templeeti:ProQuest. 
  20. ↑ Brain (August 2019). "Winds of change, developing a non-target plant bioassay employing field-based pesticide drift exposure: A case study with atrazine". Science of the Total Environment 678: 239–252. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.411. PMID 31075591. 
  21. ↑ Desmarteau (March 2020). "Impact of Wind Speed and Direction and Key Meteorological Parameters on Potential Pesticide Drift Mass Loadings from Sequential Aerial Applications". Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 16 (2): 197–210. DOI:10.1002/ieam.4221. PMID 31589364. 
  22. ↑ Hong (December 2018). "SAAS, a computer program for estimating pesticide spray efficiency and drift of air-assisted pesticide applications". Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 155: 58–68. DOI:10.1016/j.compag.2018.09.031. 

Ebe e si nweta ya

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Ihe edeturu

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  • Himel (1974). "Analytical methodology in ULV", Pesticide application by ULV methods, British Crop Protection Council Monograph No. 11, 112–119. OCLC 16299124. 
  • Matthews G.A. (2006) Pesticides: Ahụike, Nchebe na Mpaghara Blackwell, Oxford

Njikọ mpụga

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