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Ọnụ ọgụgụ

Ọnụ ọgụgụ
skill, basic study subject
obere ụdị nkemath literacy Dezie
ihu nkenumber, calculation Dezie
megidere nkeinnumeracy Dezie

Ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ ikike ịghọta, iche echiche, na itinye echiche ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mfe n'ọrụ. [1]Ọrụ ebere National Numeracy na-ekwu, sị: "Nọmba pụtara ịghọta etu esi eji mgbakọ na mwepụ eme ihe n'ụwa n'ezie na inwe ike itinye ya n'ọrụ iji mee mkpebi kachasị mma... Ọ bụ maka iche echiche na iche echiche dịka maka 'ime ngụkọta'". Nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ bụ isi gụnyere ịghọta ọrụ mgbakọ na mwepụta dị ka mgbakwunye, mwepu, ịba ụba, na nkewa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ dị mfe dịka 2 + 2 = 4, mgbe ahụ, a ga-ewere mmadụ dị ka onye nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ihe ọmụma ọnụ ọgụgụ. Akụkụ dị ukwuu nke mgbakọ na mwepụ gụnyekwara ọnụọgụ, ọgụgụ ọrụ, mgbakọ, nha, geometry, ohere na ọnụ ọgụgụ.   Onye gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nwere ike ijikwa ma meghachi omume na mgbakọ na mwepụ nke ndụ.[citation needed][2][3]

Ụmụaka nọ na Laos na-atọ ụtọ ka ha na-emeziwanye mgbakọ na mwepụ na "Number Bingo". Ha na-atụgharị dice atọ, na-ewu usoro site na nọmba iji mepụta nọmba ọhụrụ, wee kpuchie nọmba ahụ na bọọdụ ahụ, na-anwa inweta anọ n'usoro.
Nọmba bingo na-eme ka nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ dịkwuo mma. LPB Laos

N'ụzọ dị iche, ọnụ ọgụgụ (enweghị mgbakọ na mwepụ) nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nwere mmetụta na omume dị mma, ịgụ na ide ego, na mkpebi ọrụ. Ya mere, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ nwere ike imetụta nhọrọ akụ na ụba, nsonaazụ ego, nsonaị ahụike, na afọ ojuju ndụ. [3][4][5]Ọ pụkwara imebi echiche ihe ize ndụ na mkpebi ahụike. [6]A na-ejikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na mbelata mmetụta nke usoro, obere mmetụta nke ozi na-abụghị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ka ọnọdụ uche, na mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọkwa dị iche iche nke ihe ize ndụ ọnụ ọgụgụ. [7]Ellen Peters na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na-arụ ụka na inweta uru nke ịgụ na ide, Otú ọ dị, nwere ike ịdabere na ikike onwe onye ma ọ bụ ntụkwasị obi na nkà mmadụ.[8]

Nkọwa nke ọnụọgụ

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Ụmụ mmadụ agbanweela iji nọchite anya ọnụ ọgụgụ n'ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa site na nyocha (ọ bụghị mgbakọ na mwepụ). [9]A na-eche na ihe nnọchianya ndị a bụ ihe e bu pụta ụwa (lee ọgụgụ ọgụgụ ọgụgụ), ka a na-ekerịta ya n'ofe ọdịbendị mmadụ, ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ọtụtụ ụdị, ọ bụghịkwa nsonaazụ mmụta onwe onye ma ọ bụ nnyefe ọdịbendụ. [10][11][12]Ha bụ:

  1. Nkọwapụta nke ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ, na
  2. Nkọwa ziri ezi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ọ bụla.

Nkọwapụta nke ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ na-egosi na mmadụ nwere ike ịtụle ma ghọta ego ma ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ ahụ buru ibu (lee Usoro ọnụọgụ). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu nnwale gosipụtara ụmụaka na ndị okenye ọtụtụ ntụpọ. [11]Mgbe ha nyochachara ha n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi, ìgwè abụọ ahụ nwere ike ịkọwa ọnụ ọgụgụ ntụpọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Otú ọ dị, ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ntụpọ gosipụtara na ọ bụ ihe ịma aka karị.[11]

Nkọwa ziri ezi nke ihe dị iche iche na-egosi na ndị mmadụ ziri ezi karị na atụmatụ na ịmata ọdịiche mgbe ọnụọgụ dị obere (lee Subitizing). [11]Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'otu nnwale, onye na-eme nnwale gosipụtara nwa ọhụrụ nwere ụyọkọ crackers abụọ, otu nwere crackers abụọ nke ọzọ nwere atọ. Onye na-eme nnwale ahụ jiri iko kpuchie ụyọkọ ọ bụla. Mgbe a hapụrụ ya ka ọ họrọ iko, nwa ọhụrụ ahụ na-ahọrọ iko ahụ nwere ọtụtụ crackers n'ihi na nwa ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị.[11]

Usoro abụọ ahụ - ihe nnọchianya nke oke na ihe nnọchi anya nke ihe ọ bụla - nwere ike dị nta. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ dịghị nke na-enye ohere nnọchiteanya nke fractions ma ọ bụ nọmba na-adịghị mma. Ihe ngosi ndị dị mgbagwoju anya chọrọ agụmakwụkwọ. Otú ọ dị, ihe ịga nke ọma na mgbakọ na mwepụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ejikọta ya na ọnụ ọnụọgụ mmadụ na-amaghị.[13]

Nkọwa na nyocha

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Nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ bụ isi (ma ọ bụ nke na-enweghị isi) gụnyere nghọta nke ezigbo ọnụọgụ, oge, nha, na atụmatụ. [6]Nkà ndị bụ isi gụnyere nkà ndị bụ isi (ikike ịchọpụta na ịghọta nọmba) na nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ (ikike ịrụ ọrụ arithmetical dị mfe ma jiri ọnụ ọgụgụ tụnyere).

Nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya gụnyere nghọta nke echiche nke oke (karịsịa akụkụ, oke, pasentị, na ohere), na ịmara mgbe na otu esi arụ ọrụ ọtụtụ nzọụkwụ. [6]A na-agụnye ụdị nkà abụọ na ọkwa dị elu: nkà nyocha (ikike ịghọta ozi ọnụọgụ, dị ka achọrọ ịkọwa eserese na chaatị) na nkà ọnụ ọgụgụ (ikike itinye ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu na ọnụ ọgụgụ, dị ka ohere nwere ọnọdụ).

E mepụtara ọtụtụ ule maka ịtụle mgbakọ na mwepụ na mgbakọ na mwepụta ahụike. [6][7][14][15][16][17][18]E mepụtara ule dị iche iche iji nyochaa mgbakọ ahụike. Abụọ n'ime ule ndị a achọpụtara na ha "kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi ma dị mma" bụ GHNT-21 na GHNT-6.[19]

Mmetụta nwata

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A na-ewere afọ abụọ mbụ nke nwata dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndụ maka mmepe nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na ịgụ na ide. [20]E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na nwata, dị ka ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (SES), nne na nna, gburugburu ebe obibi (HLE), na afọ.[20]

Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya

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Ụmụaka a zụlitere n'ezinụlọ nwere SES dị elu na-etinye aka na ọrụ ịkwalite mmepe. [20]Ụmụaka ndị a nwere ike ịzụlite ikike dị mkpa iji mụta ihe na ịbawanye mkpali ịmụta ihe. [20]Karịsịa, a na-ewere ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ nne dị ka nke nwere mmetụta na ikike nwatakịrị nwere inweta na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Nke ahụ bụ, ndị nne nwere agụmakwụkwọ dị elu ga-enwekarị ụmụ ndị na-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma na mgbakọ na mwepụ.[20]

Ọtụtụ nnyocha, kwa, egosila na ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ nke nne nwere njikọ siri ike na nkezi afọ nke ịlụ di. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ doro anya, ụmụ nwanyị ndị batara n'alụmdi na nwunye ahụ mgbe e mesịrị, na-enwekarị ikike dị ukwuu, ohere maka nkà dị elu na ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ (ya bụ, mgbakọ na mwepụ). N'ihi ya, o yikarịrị ka ha ga-eso ụmụaka kerịta ahụmahụ a.[21]

Ịzụlite Ndị Nne na Nna

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A na-adụ ndị nne na nna ọdụ ka ha na nwa ha rụkọọ ọrụ n'ihe omume mmụta dị mfe, dị ka ịgụ akwụkwọ, ise ihe, ise ihe na iji nọmba egwu. N'ihe edeturu nke ọma, a na-atụ aro ka ndị nne na nna jiri asụsụ dị mgbagwoju anya mee ihe, na-emeghachi omume n'ebe nwatakịrị nọ, na ịmepụta mmekọrịta dị mma.  [20]Mgbe ị na-atụle omume nne na nna bara uru, a na-emepụta nzaghachi n'ihi na ndị nne na nna nwere obi ụtọ dị njikere iso nwa ha na-emekọrịta ihe, nke na-akwalite uto ka mma n'ime nwatakịrị ahụ.[20]

Ebe a na-amụta ihe n'ụlọ

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Tinyere ịzụlite nne na nna na SES, ebe mmụta siri ike n'ụlọ na-eme ka ohere nke nwatakịrị na-akwadebe maka ịghọta agụmakwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụ dị mgbagwoju anya. [22]Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na ọtụtụ ihe mmụta n'ime ụlọ na-emetụta nwatakịrị, dị ka ihe mgbagwoju anya, akwụkwọ na-acha, mazes, ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nwere ihe omimi, mgbe ahụ ha ga-adịkwu njikere ịnagide ihe omume ụlọ akwụkwọ.[22]

Ihe edeturu

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  1. ↑ Brooks (2010). "Are individual differences in numeracy unique from general mental ability? A closer look at a common measure of numeracy.". Individual Differences Research 8: 257–265. 
  2. ↑ Statistics Canada. Building on our Competencies: Canadian Results of the International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey. Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Peters (2020). Innumeracy in the wild: Misunderstanding and misusing numbers. Oxford University Press.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "PetersBook" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Gerardi (2013). "Numerical ability predicts mortgage default". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (28): 11267–11271. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1220568110. PMID 23798401. 
  5. ↑ Banks (2010). "Cognitive Function, Numeracy and Retirement Saving Trajectories*". The Economic Journal 120 (548): F381–F410. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02395.x. PMID 22228911. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Reyna (2009). "How numeracy influences risk comprehension and medical decision making". Psychological Bulletin 135 (6): 943–973. DOI:10.1037/a0017327. PMID 19883143. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Weller (2013). "Development and Testing of an Abbreviated Numeracy Scale: A Rasch Analysis Approach". Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 26 (2): 198–212. DOI:10.1002/bdm.1751. PMID 32313367. 
  8. ↑ Peters (2019). "Despite high objective numeracy, lower numeric confidence relates to worse financial and medical outcomes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (39): 19386–19391. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1903126116. PMID 31501338. 
  9. ↑ Feigenson (July 2004). "Core systems of number". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (7): 307–314. DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.002. PMID 15242690. 
  10. ↑ Izard (2009). "Newborn infants perceive abstract numbers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (25): 10382–10385. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0812142106. PMID 19520833. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Dehaene (2008). "Log or Linear? Distinct Intuitions of the Number Scale in Western and Amazonian Indigene Cultures". Science 320 (5880): 1217–1220. DOI:10.1126/science.1156540. PMID 18511690.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid18511690" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ Nieder (2005). "Counting on neurons: The neurobiology of numerical competence". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 (3): 177–190. DOI:10.1038/nrn1626. PMID 15711599. 
  13. ↑ Halberda (2008). "Individual differences in non-verbal number acuity correlate with maths achievement". Nature 455 (7213): 665–668. DOI:10.1038/nature07246. PMID 18776888. 
  14. ↑ Schwartz (1997). "The Role of Numeracy in Understanding the Benefit of Screening Mammography". Annals of Internal Medicine 127 (11): 966–972. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-127-11-199712010-00003. PMID 9412301. 
  15. ↑ Lipkus (2001). "General Performance on a Numeracy Scale among Highly Educated Samples". Medical Decision Making 21 (1): 37–44. DOI:10.1177/0272989X0102100105. PMID 11206945. 
  16. ↑ Cokely (2012). "Measuring risk literacy: The Berlin Numeracy Test". Judgment and Decision Making 7 (1): 25–47. DOI:10.1017/S1930297500001819. 
  17. ↑ Schapira (2012). "The Numeracy Understanding in Medicine Instrument: A Measure of Health Numeracy Developed Using Item Response Theory". Medical Decision Making 32 (6): 851–865. DOI:10.1177/0272989X12447239. PMID 22635285. 
  18. ↑ Fagerlin (2007). "Measuring Numeracy without a Math Test: Development of the Subjective Numeracy Scale". Medical Decision Making 27 (5): 672–680. DOI:10.1177/0272989X07304449. PMID 17641137. 
  19. ↑ Osborn (June 2013). "Development and Validation of the General Health Numeracy Test (GHNT)". Patient Education and Counseling 91 (3): 350–356. DOI:10.1016/j.pec.2013.01.001. ISSN 0738-3991. PMID 23433635. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 Ciampa (13 December 2010). "Patient Numeracy, Perceptions of Provider Communication, and Colorectal Cancer Screening Utilization". Journal of Health Communication 15 (sup3): 157–168. DOI:10.1080/10810730.2010.522699. PMID 21154091.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "CiampaOsborn2010" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ Joerg (14 December 2016). "'Girl Power' in Eastern Europe? The human capital development of Central-Eastern and Eastern Europe in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries and its determinants". European Review of Economic History. DOI:10.1093/ereh/hew017. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Melhuish (March 2008). "Effects of the Home Learning Environment and Preschool Center Experience upon Literacy and Numeracy Development in Early Primary School". Journal of Social Issues 64 (1): 95–114. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00550.x. 
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